scholarly journals Cellulose Microfibers from Salacca Midrib Fiber Isolated by the Mechanical Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Venditias Yudha ◽  
Ferriawan Yudhanto ◽  
Heru Santoso Budi Rochardjo ◽  
Satriawan Dini Hariyanto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Cellulose Crystallinity ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Cellulose Microfibers ◽  
Speed Rotation ◽  
Fiber Dimensions ◽  
Bond Effect

Salacca midrib fibers are abundant natural waste in Turi, Sleman Regency, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Cellulose Microfibers from the salacca midrib fiber has been isolated by mechanical treatment and successfully has good physical characteristics. Cellulose fibers with micro sizes can strengthen the bond effect between the matrix and the fiber due to the vast contact area. The method for isolated cellulose microfibers by mechanical treatment for speed rotation of 5000, 10000 and 15000 rpm. Mechanical stirrer treatment aims to fibrillation and reduces fiber dimensions because of their high rotation. The characterization by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The XRD results showed that the mechanical stirrer treatment did not damage the crystallinity index of cellulose microfibers. The crystallinity index of the raw material is 64.3%, increased to 79.1% for the microfiber cellulose crystallinity index. Identification of functional groups using FTIR did not show changes in cellulose compounds resulting from mechanical treatment. Morphological observation of fibers by SEM shows that the diameter cellulose microfibers size obtained from salacca midrib fiber ranges 5-10 µm with 100-300 µm in length. Cellulose microfibers have potential materials as reinforcement in the micro composite and extraction into nanocellulose materials.

scholarly journals Performance of Citric Acid-Bonded Oriented Board from Modified Fibrovascular Bundle of Salacca (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss) Frond

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4090
Author(s):  
Luthfi Hakim ◽  
Ragil Widyorini ◽  
Widyanto Dwi Nugroho ◽  
Tibertius Agus Prayitno
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Bonding Mechanism ◽  
Cellulose Crystallinity ◽  
Dimension Stability ◽  
Positive Effect

The fibrovascular bundle (FVB) in palm plants consists of fiber and vascular tissue. Geometrically, it is a long fiber that can be used as an oriented board raw material. This research aimed to examine the performance of citric acid-bonded orientation boards from modified FVB salacca frond under NaOH + Na2SO3 treatment and the bonding mechanism between the modified FVB frond and citric acid. The results showed that changes in the chemical composition of FVB have a positive effect on the contact angle and increase the cellulose crystallinity index. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the oriented board showed that 1% NaOH + 0.2% Na2SO3 with 60 min immersion has a higher value compared to other treatments. The best dimension stability was on a board with the modified FVB of 1% NaOH + 0.2% Na2SO3 with 30 and 60 min immersion. The bonding mechanism evaluated by FTIR spectra also showed that there is a reaction between the hydroxyl group in the modified FVB and the carboxyl group in citric acid. This showed that the modified combination treatment of NaOH+Na2SO3 succeeded in increasing the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the orientation board from the FVB salacca frond.

Green composites and their contribution toward sustainability: A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110093
Author(s):  
Edgar Vázquez-Núñez ◽  
Andrea M Avecilla-Ramírez ◽  
Berenice Vergara-Porras ◽  
María del Rocío López-Cuellar
Keyword(s):  
Natural Fiber ◽  
World Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Green Composites ◽  
Green Materials ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Green Economies ◽  
Green Polymer ◽  
World Environment

The current world environment scenario demands new and more eco-friendly solutions to global problems that cover the demands for materials. This sector has included green polymer-based composites and natural reinforcers from origins of renewable sources, these Green Composites (GC), natural-fiber-reinforced bio-composites in which the matrix is a bio-based polymer, have shown attractive characteristics. Biodegradability is one of the most important attributes for these new “green” materials, in that this characteristic allows for their introduction into the world market as an environmental solution. The manufacturing processes for obtaining these materials have observed important improvements because each raw material exhibits different properties and characteristics and their eco-friendly character has facilitated its incorporation into diverse sectors, such as construction, automotive, packaging, and medicine, among others. At present, this segment represents an important income for some economies, especially those where these resources are available, enhancing the creation of green economies, strengthening the world’s efforts toward sustainability.

scholarly journals Preliminary Characterization of Three Metallurgical Bauxite Residue Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Angelopoulos ◽  
Maria Georgiou ◽  
Paschalis Oustadakis ◽  
Maria Taxiarchou ◽  
Hakan Karadağ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Alumina Production ◽  
Preliminary Characterization ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Bulk Chemical

Bauxite Metallurgical Residue (BR) is a highly alkaline and very fine-grained by-product of the Bayer process for alumina production. Its huge global annual production has resulted in increasing accumulation of BR, causing deposition problems and serious environmental issues. RM contains oxides and salts of the main elements Fe, Al, Ca, Na, Si, Ti, and rare earths—REEs (Sc, Nd, Y, La, Ce, Ds)—many of which have been categorised by EU as critical metals (CMs). The valorisation of BR as a low-cost secondary raw material and metal resource could be a route for its reduction, introducing the waste into the economic cycle. REEScue constitutes a research project that aims to instigate the efficient exploitation of European bauxite residues, resulting from alumina production from Greece (MYTILINEOS SA), Turkey (ETI Aluminium), and Romania (ALUM SA), containing appreciable concentrations of scandium and REEs, through the development of a number of innovative extraction and separation technologies that can efficiently address the drawbacks of the existing solution. The consortium consists of three alumina producers from Greece (MYTILINEOS SA), Turkey (ETI Aluminium), and Romania (ALUM SA) and two academic partners from Greece (National Technical University of Athens) and Turkey (Necmettin Erbacan University). We present preliminary characterization results of three different BR samples that originate from the three aluminium industries, in respect of bulk chemical analysis (XRF, ICP), mineralogical investigation (XRD), and morphological observation through microscopy.

scholarly journals technical level of small-town shoemaking in Gdańsk Pomerania in the 14th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Blusiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Professional Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Purposeful Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Based on the late medieval leather artefacts from Puck, Gniew, Lębork and Chojnice, an attempt was made to assess the level of shoemaking production at that time. Microscopic analyses of leather goods and production waste proved that in the field of tanning the activities related to the mechanical treatment of leather were carefully performed, although with insufficient professional knowledge concerning the process. The results of the identification of the animal origin of the leather confirmed the purposeful selection of raw material with different properties for individual footwear elements and the ability to properly cut it. The quality of the shoemaking products was highly rated in terms of technology and style. However, in the analysed collections a clearly perceptible difference in craftsmanship and assortment of products from Gniew and the other three towns was noticed.

scholarly journals Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Treatment on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of the Fe-22Cr-5Al-0.1Y Alloy

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5696
Author(s):  
Hongyan Che ◽  
Yazhong Zhai ◽  
Yingjie Yan ◽  
Yongqing Chen ◽  
Wei Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Oxide Dispersion Strengthened ◽  
Fusion Reactors ◽  
Oxide Dispersion ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Powder Metallurgy Process ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Thermo Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Metallurgy Process

Oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steel is considered an important structural material in fusion reactors due to its excellent resistance to radiation and oxidation. Fine and dispersed oxides can be introduced into the matrix via the powder metallurgy process. In the present study, large grain sizes and prior particle boundaries (PPBs) formed in the FeCrAlY alloy prepared via powder metallurgy. Thermo-mechanical treatment was conducted on the FeCrAlY alloy. Results showed that microstructure was optimized: the average grain diameter decreased, the PPBs disappeared, and the distribution of oxides dispersed. Both ultimate tensile strength and elongation improved, especially the average elongation increased from 0.5% to 23%.

scholarly journals Functional Application for the Corn Leaf Fibre to Make Reinforced Polymer Composites Sheet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramratan Guru ◽  
Anupam Kumar ◽  
Rohit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Corn Husk ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Composite Product

This research work has mainly utilized agricultural waste material to make a good-quality composite sheet product of the profitable, pollution free, economical better for farmer and industries. In this study, from corn leaf fibre to reinforced epoxy composite product has been utilized with minimum 35 to maximum range 55% but according to earlier studies, pulp composite material was used in minimum 10 to maximum 27%. Natural fibre-based composites are under intensive study due to their light weight, eco-friendly nature and unique properties. Due to the continuous supply, easy of handling, safety and biodegradability, natural fibre is considered as better alternative in replacing many structural and non-structural components. Corn leaf fibre pulp can be new source of raw material to the industries and can be potential replacement for the expensive and non-renewable synthetic fibre. Corn leaf fibre as the filler material and epoxy as the matrix material were used by changing reinforcement weight fraction. Composites were prepared using hand lay-up techniques by maintaining constant fibre and matrix volume fraction. The sample of the composites thus fabricated was subjected to tensile, impact test for finding the effect of corn husk in different concentrations.

Properties of PP Wood-Plastic Composites with Biocompatibility Additives

2019 ◽  
Vol 944 ◽  
pp. 509-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Shan Liu ◽  
He Yi Ge ◽  
Yu Zou ◽  
Juan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Interfacial Compatibility

Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene compatibilizer (MAPP) and chitosan (CS) were mixed and used as a compound coupling agent to modify the PP matrix. 5 wt% NaOH and 10 wt% NaOH aqueous solution were used to treat corn stalk fiber (CSF), respectively. The effect of the complex coupling agent and the alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of CSF/PP composite was investigated. Morphological observation of the fracture surfaces was accepted to confirm CSF dispersion and wetting with the help of SEM. The results of the water absorption further demonstrated the binding of the interface between the CSF and the PP matrix. The wetting of the CSF in the PP was improved with the addition of the complex compatibilizer (5% MAPP + 5% CS). The formation of chemical bonding between the fiber and the matrix resulted in enhancing the interfacial compatibility between them. Compared with the pure PP, the flexural strength of 15-UT-5MAPPCS (63.14 MPa) and 15-UT-5MAPPCS (69.35 MPa) increased by 22.5% and 34.5%, respectively. The complex compatibilizer can replace alkaline treatment process to improve the mechanical properties of the composite.

Composition, technology and provenance of Roman pottery fromNapoca(Cluj-Napoca, Romania)

Clay Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ágnes Gál ◽  
Corina Ionescu ◽  
Mátyás Bajusz ◽  
Vlad A. Codrea ◽  
Volker Hoeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ceramic Body ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Technological Constraints

ABSTRACTSecond-century CE (common era) household pottery sherds found in the city ofNapoca(present day Cluj-Napoca, Romania) in Roman Dacia were investigated by polarized light optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and cold field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to obtain information on technology, raw materials and site of production. Compositionally, all samples are similar with comparable fine and semi-fine microstructures and oriented microtextures. Optically, there is a gradual transition from microcrystalline to an amorphous illitic-muscovitic matrix. The small aplastic inclusions are mostly quartz and feldspar. Fine-grained carbonate aggregates are distributed inhomogeneously in the ceramic body. Well-preserved Middle Miocene foraminifera tests are characteristic of the ceramics. The gradual thermal changes of the matrix and the newly formed phases upon firing, such as ‘ceramic melilite’, Fe-gehlenite, clinopyroxene, glass, hematite and some maghemite support inferences regarding the technological constraints in producing the pottery. The firing took place in a mostly oxidizing atmosphere and the temperature extended from at least 850°C to >900°C. The Middle Miocene marly clay from the area surrounding the site shows similar mineralogical and micropalaeontological contents to those of the ceramic specimens and is the best candidate for the raw material used for local production of the Roman pottery.

An Improved Method to Extract Crystalline Cellulose from Alternatives Sources

2017 ◽  
Vol 371 ◽  
pp. 128-130
Author(s):  
M. Sánchez ◽  
Mauro Cesar Terence ◽  
Juan Alfredo Guevara Carrió
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Crystallinity ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
High Cellulose

Crystalline cellulose can be obtained from alternative sources like waste wood by hydrolysis with hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In this study we report a process for producing crystals with high cellulose crystallinity index of approximately 82%. We chose to work with eucalyptus FSC certified as a way to ensure the reproducibility of experiments. Said wood samples were subjected to acid hydrolysis with nitric acid. The resulting mass was dried out and measured by the X-ray diffraction method.

Experimental Investigation of the Thermoplastic Tapioca Starch/Sisal Fiber Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 586-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Zhong Mo ◽  
Yu Xiang Zhong ◽  
Jin Ying Pang ◽  
Ting Guo ◽  
Xiang Qi
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Sisal Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Crystallinity ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Tapioca Starch ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

As the matrix of sisal fiber, thermoplastic tapioca starch(TPS) was prepared with the mixed plasticizer, formamide and urea (mass ratio 2:1). X-ray diffractograms showed that with increasing fiber content(below 30phr), cellulose crystallinity at 22.5° gradually got stronger but starch crystallinity at 15.3°, 17.1°, 18.2°, 23.5° already disappeared, showed that this matrix still restrained the retrogradation of starch. SEM micrographs showed good dispersion and adhesion between starch and fiber. Studies in the dependence of mechanical properties of reinforced TPS on the fiber content from 0 to 30phr, the initial tensile strength was quadrupled up to the maximum 21.83MPa at 20phr fiber content, while the elongation at break was reduced from 72% to 0.44%. TG mass loss curves showed that thermal stability of this composites had great improved under 500°C.

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