scholarly journals Performance of Citric Acid-Bonded Oriented Board from Modified Fibrovascular Bundle of Salacca (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss) Frond

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4090
Author(s):  
Luthfi Hakim ◽  
Ragil Widyorini ◽  
Widyanto Dwi Nugroho ◽  
Tibertius Agus Prayitno
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Bonding Mechanism ◽  
Cellulose Crystallinity ◽  
Dimension Stability ◽  
Positive Effect

The fibrovascular bundle (FVB) in palm plants consists of fiber and vascular tissue. Geometrically, it is a long fiber that can be used as an oriented board raw material. This research aimed to examine the performance of citric acid-bonded orientation boards from modified FVB salacca frond under NaOH + Na2SO3 treatment and the bonding mechanism between the modified FVB frond and citric acid. The results showed that changes in the chemical composition of FVB have a positive effect on the contact angle and increase the cellulose crystallinity index. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the oriented board showed that 1% NaOH + 0.2% Na2SO3 with 60 min immersion has a higher value compared to other treatments. The best dimension stability was on a board with the modified FVB of 1% NaOH + 0.2% Na2SO3 with 30 and 60 min immersion. The bonding mechanism evaluated by FTIR spectra also showed that there is a reaction between the hydroxyl group in the modified FVB and the carboxyl group in citric acid. This showed that the modified combination treatment of NaOH+Na2SO3 succeeded in increasing the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the orientation board from the FVB salacca frond.

scholarly journals The The Effect of Concentration of Citric Acid Solution on Extraction of Pectin from Watermelon Albedo

KOVALEN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-201
Author(s):  
Tifa Paramitha ◽  
Tika Paramitha
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Citric Acid Solution

Watermelon albedo or the white flesh of watermelon rind contains pectin with high enough content. In this study was conducted the extraction of pectin from watermelon albedo by the liquid-solid extraction method. The citric acid solution was used as a solvent with concentrations varied by 4%, 7%, and 10%. The research steps include the pretreatment of raw material, the extraction, the posttreatment of extraction, and the analysis of pectin. The pretreatment aimed to reduce water content and reduce the size of raw material. The extraction process was the main process in which pectin dissolution occurred in the citric acid solvent. Furthermore, the posttreatment of extraction aimed to obtain pectin solid with the addition of ethanol. The final step was the analysis, including pectin yield, moisture content, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid content, and pectin functional group. Based on research obtained, an increase in the concentration of citric acid increased pectin yield, methoxyl content, and galacturonic acid content. The moisture content of pectin decreased with the increasing concentration of citric acid. Pectin yield, moisture content, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid content resulted from 10% concentration of citric acid solvent are 8.356%, 19.748%, 7.029%, and 69.048%, respectively. Based on FTIR analysis, the functional groups contained in pectin are hydroxyl group, methyl group, carbonyl group, and ether group. This functional groups are main constituents of pectin structure.

scholarly journals Kualitas Papan Partikel Dari Pelepah Nipah dengan Perekat Asam Sitrat dan Sukrosa

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Mahdi Santoso ◽  
Ragil Widyorini ◽  
Tibertus Agus Prayitno ◽  
Joko Sulistyo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Binding Agents ◽  
Press Time ◽  
Positive Effect

Penggunaan perekat alami dan bahan baku non kayu dalam pembuatan papan partikel masih sangat terbatas. Sukrosa dan asam sitrat adalah dua bahan alami yang potensial sebagai perekat alami pengganti perekat sintetik berbasis formaldehida. Nipah (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) merupakan bahan non kayu yang potensial dijadikan alternatif bahan baku papan partikel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas papan partikel pelepah nipah yang direkat dengan sukrosa/asam sitrat (100/0, 87,5/12,5 dan 75/25). Papan partikel yang dibuat berukuran 25 cm × 25 cm × 1 cm, target kerapatan 0,8 g/cm3. Variabel perekatan antara lain jumlah perekat 20%, waktu kempa 10 menit, suhu kempa 180°C dan tekanan spesifik 3,6 MPa. Sifat fisika dan mekanika papan partikel diuji berdasarkan standar JIS A 5908:2003, kekasaran permukaan diukur menggunakan metode yang dilakukan oleh Hiziroglu (1996). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan asam sitrat terhadap sukrosa berpengaruh positif terhadap sebagian besar sifat papan partikel pelepah nipah. Papan partikel pelepah nipah dengan perekat sukrosa/asam sitrat 87,5/12,5 mampu memberikan hasil terbaik dengan memenuhi standar JIS A 5908:2003. Karakteristik papan partikel tersebut adalah kerapatan 0,89 g/cm3, kadar air 10,21%, pengembangan tebal 2,45%, penyerapan air 23,55%, kekasaran permukaan 5,13 μm, keteguhan rekat internal 0,39 MPa, keteguhan patah 9,80 MPa dan keteguhan elastisitas 3,19 GPa.Kata kunci: papan partikel, pelepah nipah, perekat alami, sukrosa, asam sitrat AbstractUtilization of natural binder for non-wood composite is still limited. Sucrose and citric acid are potential natural binding agents for composite products. Nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) was non-wood materials which are potentially to be used as an alternative raw material for particleboards. This study aimed to determine the quality of the nipa frond particleboard bonded with sucrose/citric acid (100/0, 87.5/12.5 and 75/25). Particleboards were manufactured in 25 cm × 25 cm × 1 cm dimension, the target of density 0.8 g/cm3. The variables included resin content of 20%, press time of 10 m, pressing temperature of 180°C and specific pressure of 3.6 MPa. The physics and mechanics properties of particleboard were tested in accordance to standard JIS A 5908:2003 and surface roughness was measured by following the method performed by Hiziroglu (1996). The results showed that the addition of citric acid to sucrose give a positive effect on most of the properties of the nipa frond particleboards. The particleboard bonded with sucrose/citric acid 87.5/12.5 was able to provide the best results to meet the standards of JIS A 5908: 2003. Characteristics of the particleboard was a density of 0.89 g/cm, moisture content of 10.21%, thickness swelling of 2.45%, water absorption of 23.55%, surface roughness of 5.13 ìm, internal bonding of 0.39 MPa, modulus of rupture of 9.80 MPa and modulus of elasticity of 3.19 GPa.

scholarly journals Cellulose Microfibers from Salacca Midrib Fiber Isolated by the Mechanical Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Venditias Yudha ◽  
Ferriawan Yudhanto ◽  
Heru Santoso Budi Rochardjo ◽  
Satriawan Dini Hariyanto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Cellulose Crystallinity ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Cellulose Microfibers ◽  
Speed Rotation ◽  
Fiber Dimensions ◽  
Bond Effect

Salacca midrib fibers are abundant natural waste in Turi, Sleman Regency, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Cellulose Microfibers from the salacca midrib fiber has been isolated by mechanical treatment and successfully has good physical characteristics. Cellulose fibers with micro sizes can strengthen the bond effect between the matrix and the fiber due to the vast contact area. The method for isolated cellulose microfibers by mechanical treatment for speed rotation of 5000, 10000 and 15000 rpm. Mechanical stirrer treatment aims to fibrillation and reduces fiber dimensions because of their high rotation. The characterization by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The XRD results showed that the mechanical stirrer treatment did not damage the crystallinity index of cellulose microfibers. The crystallinity index of the raw material is 64.3%, increased to 79.1% for the microfiber cellulose crystallinity index. Identification of functional groups using FTIR did not show changes in cellulose compounds resulting from mechanical treatment. Morphological observation of fibers by SEM shows that the diameter cellulose microfibers size obtained from salacca midrib fiber ranges 5-10 µm with 100-300 µm in length. Cellulose microfibers have potential materials as reinforcement in the micro composite and extraction into nanocellulose materials.

scholarly journals Pre-treatments of pre-consumer cotton-based textile waste for production of textile fibres in the cold NaOH(aq) and cellulose carbamate processes

Cellulose ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjo Määttänen ◽  
Maria Gunnarsson ◽  
Helena Wedin ◽  
Sara Stibing ◽  
Carina Olsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Textile Waste ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Degree Of Polymerisation ◽  
Textile Fibres ◽  
Cellulose Carbamate ◽  
Regenerated Fibres ◽  
Inorganic Content

AbstractRecycling of textiles is of importance due to the large amount of waste generated from the increasing consumption and use worldwide. Cotton-rich pre-consumer textiles are considered as potential raw material for production of man-made regenerated fibres, but demands purification from the blends with synthetic fibres as well as the dyes and finishing chemicals. In this study we explore the use of different pre-treatments of pre-consumer textiles to meet specific parameters for production of fibres in the cold NaOH(aq) or cellulose carbamate process. The pre-treatments consisted of different bleaching sequences and were performed on both uncoloured and coloured pre-consumer textiles. For the uncoloured textile, degree of polymerisation and amount of inorganic content was efficiently reduced making the material suitable for both the cold NaOH(aq) and the cellulose carbamate process. In case of the coloured textile, the pre-treatments were able to remove the dye and decrease the inorganic content as well as reduce the degree of polymerisation but only sufficiently enough for production of fibres in the cellulose carbamate process. The work was able to prove a fibre-to-fibre concept while further optimisation of the regeneration steps is expected to improve the mechanical properties of the produced fibres in future studies.

scholarly journals Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Nanocellulose: Structure and Chemical Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Lee ◽  
S. B. A. Hamid ◽  
S. K. Zain
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Chemical Process ◽  
Catalyst Design ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Cellulose Crystallinity ◽  
Biomass Recalcitrance ◽  
Cellulose Accessibility ◽  
High Cellulose

Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex biopolymer that is primary composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The presence of cellulose in biomass is able to depolymerise into nanodimension biomaterial, with exceptional mechanical properties for biocomposites, pharmaceutical carriers, and electronic substrate’s application. However, the entangled biomass ultrastructure consists of inherent properties, such as strong lignin layers, low cellulose accessibility to chemicals, and high cellulose crystallinity, which inhibit the digestibility of the biomass for cellulose extraction. This situation offers both challenges and promises for the biomass biorefinery development to utilize the cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, multistep biorefinery processes are necessary to ensure the deconstruction of noncellulosic content in lignocellulosic biomass, while maintaining cellulose product for further hydrolysis into nanocellulose material. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure basis for biomass recalcitrance, reengineering process of lignocellulosic biomass into nanocellulose via chemical, and novel catalytic approaches. Furthermore, review on catalyst design to overcome key barriers regarding the natural resistance of biomass will be presented herein.

scholarly journals Numerical Studies of the Effects of Water Capsules on Self-Healing Efficiency and Mechanical Properties in Cementitious Materials

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoliang Huang ◽  
Guang Ye
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Healing Efficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

In this research, self-healing due to further hydration of unhydrated cement particles is taken as an example for investigating the effects of capsules on the self-healing efficiency and mechanical properties of cementitious materials. The efficiency of supply of water by using capsules as a function of capsule dosages and sizes was determined numerically. By knowing the amount of water supplied via capsules, the efficiency of self-healing due to further hydration of unhydrated cement was quantified. In addition, the impact of capsules on mechanical properties was investigated numerically. The amount of released water increases with the dosage of capsules at different slops as the size of capsules varies. Concerning the best efficiency of self-healing, the optimizing size of capsules is 6.5 mm for capsule dosages of 3%, 5%, and 7%, respectively. Both elastic modulus and tensile strength of cementitious materials decrease with the increase of capsule. The decreasing tendency of tensile strength is larger than that of elastic modulus. However, it was found that the increase of positive effect (the capacity of inducing self-healing) of capsules is larger than that of negative effects (decreasing mechanical properties) when the dosage of capsules increases.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROTATIONALLY MOLDED PET MICROFIBRIL REINFORCED COMPOSITES

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (25n27) ◽  
pp. 4613-4618 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. T. LIN ◽  
D. BHATTACHARYYA ◽  
S. FAKIROV
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Polymer Processing ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Rotational Molding ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
Set Up

Being a fast growing plastic manufacturing industry, rotational molding has been using the linear polyethylenes extensively as the raw material. As these materials have shown insufficient mechanical properties for certain applications where strength and stiffness of the products are the main concerns, worldwide rotational molders have expressed a need for stronger and stiffer materials to be available for rotomolding. A possible attractive solution may be the recently developed microfibril reinforced composites (MFCs). Blends of linear medium density polyethylene/polyethylene terephthalate (LMDPE/PET) with an MFC structure are manufactured on a commercial-scale set-up and thereafter used in rotational molding. The samples are characterized morphologically and tested mechanically. The results obtained show that the MFC-concept has good application opportunities in the polymer processing including rotational molding.

Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes as Raw Material in the Replacement of Fluxes for Applications on Porcelain Tile

2016 ◽  
Vol 881 ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimundo J.S. Paranhos ◽  
Wilson Acchar ◽  
Vamberto Monteiro Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Porcelain Tile

This study evaluated the potential use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes (SBA) as a flux, replacing phyllite for the production of enamelled porcelain tile. The raw materials of the standard mass components and the SBA residue were characterized by testing by XRF, XRD, AG, DTA and TGA. Test samples were fabricated, assembled in lots of 3 units and sintered at temperatures of 1150 ° C to 1210 ° C. The results of the physical properties, mechanical properties and SEM of the sintered samples, showed that the formulation, G4 - in which applied 10% of SBA replacing phyllite, sintering temperature 1210 ° C showed better performance as the previously mentioned properties due to the formation of mullite crystals, meeting the prerequisites of standards for enamelled porcelain tile, while reducing the environmental impact and the cost of production.

scholarly journals Characterization and Analysis of the Carbonation Process of a Lime Mortar Obtained from Phosphogypsum Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6664
Author(s):  
María Isabel Romero-Hermida ◽  
Antonio María Borrero-López ◽  
Vicente Flores-Alés ◽  
Francisco Javier Alejandre ◽  
José María Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Barium Sulphate ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Porous System ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Liesegang Rings ◽  
Carbonation Process ◽  
Ultrasonic Propagation

This work addresses the reuse of waste products as a raw material for lime putties, which are one of the components of mortar. 1:3 Lime/sand mortars very similar to conventional construction mortars were prepared using a lime putty obtained from the treatment of phosphogypsum with sodium hydroxide. The physical, rheological and mechanical properties of this phosphogypsum-derived mortar have been studied, as well as the mineralogical composition, microstructure by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and curing process by monitoring carbonation and ultrasonic propagation velocity. Considering the negative influence of sulphates on the hardened material, the behaviour of the material after sulphates precipitation by adding barium sulphate was additionally tested. Carbonation progressed from the outside to the inside of the specimen through the porous system by Liesegang rings patterns for mortars with soluble sulphates, while the carbonation with precipitated sulphates was controlled by diffusion-precipitation. Overall, the negative influence of low-sulphate contents on the mechanical properties of mortars was verified. It must be highlighted the importance of their precipitation to obtain adequate performance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document