scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN BUKU AJAR BERORIENTASI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER PADA MATA KULIAH PEMBELAJARAN PKn SD DI PROGRAM STUDI S1 PGSD

Author(s):  
Widya Trio Pangestu

<p>Textbooks have become the main element of teaching and learning process. Studies have been conducted to develop instructional materials for the subject of PKn SD at Elementary School Teacher Training Study Program, but there is still limited textbooks with character content, when character have been debating recently. This research is attempetd to develop textbook of PKn SD with character content, by measuring students’ activity, achievement and response. This research is cunducted by class evaluation research method by applying 4-D model. The subjects of the research are 20 students of 5D and 20 of 5I, PGSD-IKIP PGRI Madiun. The results of the research shows that: the learning activity is good by 77.6% of sctive students; 95% of students achieve threshold level by 80.75; textbook is suitable used in average 83.2% and have positive response against the textbook.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Textbook, character education, PKn SD.</p>

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-112
Author(s):  
Rosdiana Rosdiana ◽  
Raharjo Raharjo ◽  
Sifak Indana

Abstact. This research aims was to produce a decent learning device IPA (valid, practical, and effective) to complete the learning outcomes in human circulatory system material. To achieve these objectives, the authors developed a learning device that consists of a syllabus, lesson plans, worksheet, Instructional Materials for Students and Student Assessment Instrument using 4-D model of development.This learning device validated and revised before it tested on twenty five students of eight grader of SMP Negeri 2 Losari Brebes with one group pretest-posttest design. In analyzing data, this study used observation, test, and questionnaire. The technique of analyzing data used descriptive qualitative and quantitative design. The result of the study showed that first, the learning device was valid. Second, teaching and learning activity done well. Third, learning outcome was 100% complete. Fourth, students gave positive response with excellent category. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that the learning device for science subject with guided discovery based had been valid, practical, and effective it could be used to complete the learning outcomes of students.Keywords: development of learning device, guided discovery, human circulatory system, completing the learning outcomes. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran IPA yang layak (valid, praktis, dan efektif) untuk menuntaskan hasil belajar siswa pada materi sistem peredaran darah manusia. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penulis mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran yang terdiri atas Silabus, Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran, Lembar Kegiatan Siswa, Bahan Ajar Siswa dan Instrumen Penilaian Siswa dengan menggunakan model pengembangan 4-D. Perangkat hasil pengembangan yang telah divalidasi dan direvisi, kemudian diujicobakan pada 25 orang siswa Kelas VIII H SMPN 2 Losari Brebes dengan menggunakan rancangan One Group Pretest-Postest. Pengumpulan data menggunakan validasi, observasi, tes dan angket respon siswa. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskripsi kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil analisis data penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Perangkat yang dikembangkan valid; (2) Pembelajaran terlaksana dengan kategori baik; (3) Hasil belajar menunjukkan 100% tuntas, (4) Siswa memberikan respon positif dengan kategori sangat baik terhadap pembelajaran. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran IPA berbasis guided discovery yang telah dikembangkan valid, praktis, dan efektif sehingga layak digunakan untuk menuntaskan hasil belajar siswa.


EDUTECH ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Novrian Satria Perdana

Abstract. Many cases of juvenile delinquency that occurred in the community allegedly be-cause there are lack of exemplary and intensive supervision in our educational and community components. According to this reality, it is urgent to know the strategy of strengthening character education in schools to prevent juvenile delinquency. The purpose of this paper is to examine strat-egies in preventing juvenile delinquency through strengthening character education. This paper uses the theory of habituation from the Skinner, such as spontaneous activities, exemplary meth-ods are also a series of behaviorism theory from John Watson, and conditioning activities that are similar to behaviorism theory from Edwin Guthrie . This study includes the type of literature study research by finding reference theory that relevant to the cases or problems found. The data that have been obtained then analyzed by descriptive analysis method. The conclusions from this litera-ture study includes 1) education in Indonesia still focused on cognitive aspect or academic, while the aspect of soft skills or non academic which is the main element of character education so far still get less attention. 2) implementation of strategies to strengthen character education in schools in preventing juvenile delinquency, can be integrated into existing subjects, local content, self-development. 3) the headmaster as the leader of the school organization is fully responsible for the character building of students, so as a model school requires special efforts to integrate the values of character into the learning process and routine activities in schools. Based on the above conclu-sions, some suggestions were formulated: 1) learning in schools should focus on soft skills or non academic (affective and psychomotor) which are the main elements of character education through teaching and learning activities or extracurricular activities; 2)The national education ministries should formulate learning models that use the character component as the largest com-ponent; 3) the national education ministry should cooperate with TNI and POLRI by conducting education to defend the country that there are character and nationalism elements. Abstrak. Maraknya kasus kenakalan remaja yang terjadi di masyarakat diduga ku-rangnya keteladanan dan pengawasan intensif dari komponen pendidikan dan masyarakat. Ber-dasarkan hal tersebut, mendesak untuk diketahui strategi penguatan pendidikan karakter di sekolah dalam mencegah kenakalan remaja. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengkaji strategi dalam mencegah kenakalan remaja melalui penguatan pendidikan karakter. Penulisan ini menggunakan teori pembiasaan dari Skinner, berupa kegiatan-kegiatan spontan, metode keteladanan yang juga sejalan dengan teori behaviorisme dari John Watson, dan kegiatan pengkondisian yang sejalan dengan teori behaviorisme dari Edwin Guthrie. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian studi literatur dengan mencari referensi teori yang relefan dengan kasus atau per-masalahan yang ditemukan. Data-data yang sudah diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan metode analisis deskriptif. Kesimpulan dari studi literatur ini antara lain: 1) Pendidikan di Indonesia masih terfokus pada aspek-aspek kognitif atau akademik, sedangkan aspek soft skills atau non-akademik yang merupakan unsur utama pendidikan karakter selama ini masih kurang mendapatkan per-hatian; 2) Implementasi strategi penguatan pendidikan karakter di sekolah dalam upaya pencega-han kenakalan remaja dapat diintegrasikan ke dalam mata pelajaran yang sudah ada, muatan lokal, pengembangan diri, dan budaya sekolah, dan 3) Kepala sekolah sebagai pemimpin organisasi sekolah bertanggungjawab penuh terhadap pembinaan karakter peserta didik, sehingga sebagai teladan sekolah diperlukan upaya khusus untuk mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai karakter ke dalam proses pembelajaran dan aktivitas rutin di sekolah.. Berdasarkan kesimpulan di atas, dirumuskanbeberapa saran: 1) Pembelajaran di sekolah sebaiknya diutamakan menekankan pada soft skills atau non-akademik (afektif dan psikomotorik) yang merupakan unsur utama pendidikan karakter melalui KBM dan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler; 2) Kemendikbud sebaiknya merumuskan model penilaian yang menggunakan komponen karakter sebagai komponen terbesar; 3) Kemendikbud bekerjasama dengan TNI dan POLRI sebaiknya mengadakan pendidikan bela Negara yang dida-lamnya memuat unsur budi pekerti dan nasionalisme.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-162
Author(s):  
Ainy Faizah

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the teaching and learning program for Arabic language at Integrated Islamic Junior High School of Nurul Islam Tengaran, based on the quality of lesson planning, the process of teaching and learning activities and the assessment of Arabic lesson. This was an evaluation research by using Countenance Stake model, with descriptive quantitative approach. This research was conducted at Integrated Islamic Junior High School of Nurul Islam Tengaran, putting teachers and students as research subjects. In collecting data, the researcher uses observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The instruments of collecting data for this research have been validated. Instruments for observation and questionnaires have also been estimated to be reliable. After conducting the analysis, the instruments were stated to be valid and reliable so they could be used as a measuring tool in this research. Data analysis technique used for the research was descriptive quantitative. The result of this research showed that (1) the completeness of components in the lesson plan of Arabic language is very good, meanwhile its concordance with the syllabus is in a good category (2) the teaching and learning activity of Arabic language is good, (3) the assessment of Arabic language, is also good, and (4) the learning outcomes of learners have met the passing grade (KKM).


QUALITY ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tedi Rohadi

<p><em>Character education is perceived differently and has been implemented partially. In addition, its execution in classroom context seems to simply be on the concept level which later on leads to the ineffectiveness of the program. Therefore, a reference or guidance in the form of applicable curriculum is necessitated. The study seeks to create a model of an adaptive mutual curriculum that can provide a clear cut practical guidance for teachers in implementing character education and validates it. The </em><em>mutual adaptive curriculum as the product of the study</em><em> </em><em>in its implementation is adjusted to contextual needs, real and existing condition, and adopted developmental requirements. </em><em>The design and content of curriculum is designed and determined by the external contexts of teaching and learning. The adaptation is carried out in pre and whilst the process of the implementation. </em><em>The design of mutual adaptive curriculum is actualized in the forms of objectives, content or materials, learning experiences, and evaluations which are realized in the form of curriculum manual and instructional materials and activities for students. Despite the weaknesses and the problems that the mutual adaptive curriculum has, it has in certain extent proven to be a validated model of curriculum in character education</em></p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-159
Author(s):  
Haris Munandar ◽  
Safrina Junita

Psychomotor assessment can be carried out in every learning activity, one of them is in the science practicum activities. The implementation of science practicum for students of Elementary School Teacher Education Study Program also demands aspects of skills in carrying out practical activities. The large number of students in one class causes educators to only be able to assess the ability of student performance in groups. One strategy that can help educators in assessing student performance in science practicum activities is through peer assessment techniques. The research design used here is a research development with a 4-D model, namely Define, Design, Development and Disseminate. Based on the results of the needs analysis carried out at the define stage, it was obtained that psychomotor evaluation instruments are needed in the implementation of practical science activities. In the design phase, an initial draft of the instrument sheet will be carried out in accordance with the stages contained in the science practicum activities. At the development stage, an instrument sheet development phase will be carried out through expert validation activities and limited field trials. Disseminate stage which is the last stage, which is carried out dissemination of products on a larger sample. The results of the responses obtained from students showed that all students involved found it easier to carry out the assessment process with peer assessment techniques. They can use the time well in the assessment process so that the science practicum activities can run optimally. Every student who acts as a practitioner also seems eager to do practical activities because they know that they are being assessed directly, so that the assessment process becomes more objective. Abstrak Penilaian psikomotorik dapat dilaksanakan pada setiap kegiatan pembelajaran, salah satunya pada kegiatan praktikum IPA. Pelaksanaan praktikum IPA bagi mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar juga menuntut aspek keterampilan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan praktikum. Jumlah mahasiswa yang banyak dalam satu kelas menyebabkan pendidik hanya mampu menilai kemampuan kinerja mahasiswa secara berkelompok. Salah satu strategi yang dapat membantu pendidik dalam menilai kinerja mahasiswa pada kegiatan praktikum IPA yaitu dengan teknik peer assessment (penilaian teman sejawat). Desain penelitian yang digunakan di sini adalah penelitian pengembangan dengan model 4-D yaitu Define, Design, Development dan Disseminate. Berdasarkan hasil analisis kebutuhan yang dilakukan pada tahap define diperoleh informasi bahwa Instrumen evaluasi psikomotorik sangat dibutuhkan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan praktikum IPA.  Pada tahap design akan dilakukan sebuah perancangan draft awal lembar instrumen disesuaikan dengan tahapan-tahapan yang terdapat dalam kegiatan praktikum IPA. Pada tahap development akan dilakukan tahap pengembangan lembar instrumen melalui kegiatan validasi para ahli dan uji coba lapangan terbatas. Tahap disseminate yang merupakan tahap terakhir, yaitu dilakukan penyebarluasan prosuk pada sampel yang lebih banyak. Hasil respon yang diperoleh dari peserta didik menunjukkan bahwa seluruh peserta didik yang dilibatkan merasa lebih mudah dalam melaksanakan proses penilaian dengan teknik peer assessment. Mereka dapat memanfaatkan waktu dengan baik dalam proses penilaian sehingga kegiatan praktikum IPA dapat berjalan maksimal. Setiap peserta didik yang berperan sebagai praktikan juga terlihat bersemangat melakukan kegiatan praktikum karena mengetahui bahwa mereka sedang dinilai secara langsung, sehingga proses penilaian menjadi lebih objektif. Kata Kunci:  Psikomotorik, Peer Assessment, Praktikum IPA


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Suyanti Suyanti

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) perencanaan pendidikan karakter melalui pembelajaran sejarah, (2) pelaksanaan pendidikan karakter melalui pembelajaran sejarah, dan (3) penilaian pendidikan karakter dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar. Penelitian ini menggunakan kasus tunggal karena penelitiannya hanya dilakukan pada satu sasaran (satu lokasi atau satu objek), sehingga strategi penelitian yang relevan adalah studi kasus (study case). Tehnik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan teknik nontes (angket, observasi, wawancara, dan dokumen). Untuk mengecek keabsahan data digunakan triangulasi metode dan sumber. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) perencanaan penerapan pendidikan karakter dalam pembelajaran Sejarah diawali dengan menyusun berbagai perangkat pembelajaran seperti Silabus, Format Penilaian, dan RPP. (2).Pelaksanaan pembelajaran sejarah di SMKN 1 Wonosari secara keseluruhan sudah mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai karakter, melalui tahapan pendahuluan, inti, dan penutup. (3). Penilaian pembelajaran Sejarah di SMKN 1 Wonosari berdasarkan RPP yang dibuat guru sejarah sudah meliputi penilaian afektif. Penilaian dilakukan melalui pengamatan, soal, dan diskusi klasikal. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan penanaman nilai karakter dapat diintegrasikan melalui pembelajaran sejarah di SMKN 1 Wonosari.Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran Sejarah, Pendidikan KarakterABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is (1) character education planning through learning history, (2) implementation of character education through learning history, and (3) character education assessment in teaching and learning activity. This study uses a single case because the research is only done on one target (one location or one object), so that the relevant research strategy is a case study (study case). Data collection techniques using techniques nontes (questionnaires, observations, interviews, and documents). To check the validity of data used triangulation method and source. The results obtained in this study are (1) planning the application of character education in learning History begins by arranging various learning tools such as Prota, Promes, Syllabus, Assessment Format, and RPP. (2) .The implementation of history learning in SMKN 1 Wonosari as a whole has integrated character values, through preliminary, core, and closing stages. (3). Historical learning assessment in SMKN 1 Wonosari based on RPP made by history teacher have included affective assessment. Assessment is done through observation, questions, and classical discussions. Based on the results obtained by this research, it can be concluded that the planting of character values can be integrated through learning history in SMKN 1 Wonosari.Keywords: History Learning, Character Education.


Imaji ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Seriati ◽  
Kuswarsantyo Kuswarsantyo ◽  
Marwanto Marwanto ◽  
Rumiwiharsih Rumiwiharsih

Tujuan Penelitian evaluasi kurikulum 2014 Jurusan Pendidikan Seni Tari untuk: (1) Mendeskripsikan hasil evaluasi kurikulum Prodi Pendidikan Seni Tari yang dibutuhkan masyarakat. (2) Mendapatkan data dari alumni/stake hoder mahasiswa untuk mengembangkan konsep kurikulum yang ideal untuk menghasilkan lulusan Prodi Pendidikan Seni Tari yang kompetitif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Realisasi dari penelitian ini adalah riset evaluasi yang memiliki arah tujuan untuk memperoleh umpan balik dari hasil kebijakan. Objek penelitian adalah kurikulum 2014 pada Jurusan  Pendidikan Seni Tari yang akan dilihat dari isi kurikulum, sebaran mata kuliah pada setiap semester, dan diskripsi mata kuliah. Subjek penelitian ini berjumlah 30 orang yang terdiri dari  alumni Prodi Pendidikan Seni Tari dan  stake holder15  orang  dan mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan seni Tari15 orang. Setting penelitian  ini dilaksanakan di Jurusan Pendidikan Seni Tari  Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan  melalui FGD pertemuan langsung dengan responden . Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian terhadap evaluasi kurikulum 2014 Prodi Pendidikan Seni Tari mencangkup tiga bidang yaitu: (1) isi kurikulum, (2) sebaran mata kuliah, (3) deskripsi mata kuliah.Uji materi kepada alumni dan stake holder  tentang isi kurikulum  didapatkan hasil bahwa kerikulum perlu ditambahkan mata kuliah  Apresiasi Seni, sementara hasil uji materi dengan  mahasiswa dipandang perlu untuk menambahkan mata kuliah olah tubuh dan koreografi. Uji materi pada sebaran mata kuliah responden dari mahasiswa merekomendasikan untuk menempatan mata kuliah seminar pada semester tujuh. Untuk uji materi tentang deskripsi mata kuliah kepada alumni dan stake holder  diperoleh hasil untuk mencantumkan pendidikan karakter dan nasionalisme mata kuliah PKN, Kewarganegaraan, Agama. Penilaian pada mata kuliah praktik perlu dilengkapi dengan penilaian sikap. Sedangkan dari mahasiswa  diperoleh hasil untuk perlu ditambahkan tentang pengelolaan sanggar mata kuliah kewirausahaan.Kata Kunci: Evaluasi, kurikulum 2014, Prodi pendidikan Seni tari Curriculum 2014 Evaluation: Dance EducationAbstractThe purposes of this study were to: (1) describe the result of dance art education study program curriculum evaluation needed by the community; (2) get data from stake holders or alumni to develop ideal curriculum concepts to produce competitive dance arts education study program graduates. This was a qualitative study. The realization of this research was evaluation research that has a direction to get feedback from the policy results. The object of the study was curriculum 2014 in the dance art education study program that will be seen from its content, distribution of courses for each semester, and course descriptions. The subjects of the research were 30 people consisting of alumni of the dance arts education study program: 15 stakeholders and 15 students of the department of dance art education study program. Results on the evaluation of curriculum 2014 in dance art education study program consist of 3 fields: (1) the content of the curriculum; (2) course distribution; (3) course description. Material testing on the alumni and stakeholders about the content of the curriculum revealed that art appreciation course should be added in the curriculum; while material testing on the students suggested adding body training and choreography course. Material testing on the students about the course description recommended putting seminar course on the seventh semester. Then, material testing on alumni and stake holders about course description suggested adding character education and nationalism on citizenship education, citizenship, and religion courses. Scoring on practical courses need to be completed with attitude assessment. Nevertheless, material testing on students showed a need to add management of entrepreneurship courses.Keywords: Evaluation, curriculum 2014, dance art education study program


1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Prayitno Prayitno

Teachers in pre-learning activities of appreciation of poetry in high school need to select appropriate learning materials in order to meet the curriculum 2013. In 2013, the educational curriculum is oriented to national values, because it is one of the parts of the character education, which consists of education of values, education of ethics, education of moral, and education of characters. One of the implementations of the character education is by selecting instructional materials for appreciation of poetry that focuses on religious and nation values. In the pre-stage of this learning activity, the teacher needs to prepare the content of the poem that contains character education, namely religious and nation values, by means of interpreting connotative words, ambiguity associated with denotative words, and interpreting the meaning of the poem to understand its meaning. An alternative learning material of appreciation of poetry in high school can be taken from W.S. Rendra’s poems called Penance, After Confession, Come O God, Prayer of Hunger, and A Soldier's Prayer Before the War. Guru dalam tahap pra-kegiatan pembelajaran apresiasi puisi di Sekolah Menengah Atas perlu melaksanakan pemilihan materi pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan Kuriklum 2013. Dalam Kurikulum 2013 nilai pendidikan tersebut berorientasi kepada 18 nilai pendidikan karakter bangsa yang merupakan bagian dari pendidikan karakter yang terdiri atas pendidikan nilai, pendidikan budi pekerti, pendidikan moral, dan pendidikan watak. Salah satu implementasi nilai pendidikan berkarakter bangsa dalam pemilihan materi pembelajaran apresiasi puisi ini berfokus pada nilai religius. Pada tahap pra- kegiatan pembelajaran ini guru perlu mempersiapkan materi puisi yang mempunyai kandungan nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter bangsa, yaitu nilai religius dengan cara mengartikan kata-kata konotatif dan ambiguity yang dihubungkan dengan kata-kata denotatif, dan menginterpretasi makna dalambait puisi sehingga makna puisi secara keseluruhan dapat diketahui. Alternatif pemilihan materi pembelajaran apresiasi puisi di Sekolah Menengah Atas dapat diambil puisi-puisi karya W.S. Rendra yang berjudul Tobat, Setelah Pengakuan Dosa, Datanglah Ya Allah, Doa Orang Lapar, dan Doa Seorang Serdadu Sebelum Perang.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKHIRUDDIN ◽  
S.Pd. Akhiruddin

Inside Outside Circle (IOC) is the inner - outer circle group that emphasizes students’ activities to be active in sharing information with their group of friends.This research aimed to develop instructional materials based on inside-outside-circle (IOC) in sociology students of Megarezky University.The development model used is Four-D Model which consists of 4 stages of development namely define, design, develop and disseminate. The instruments of this study used observation, questionnaire, test and documentation. The result of the research showed that IOC model had good quality which met valid, practical, and effective product criteria. It can be concluded that IOC model is one of the improvement from cooperative learning model. Based on practicality, lecturers of teaching and learning can implement IOC learning model in universities (classrooms). then all students achieved individually in teaching and learning courses, it means that students' learning outcomes reached the classical graduation criteria that had been set, that was 100% of students passed. It means that they met the criteria that set the teaching and learning course.It shows instructional materials with IOC model that had been developed consisting of semester lesson plan (RPS), students learning outcomes assessment sheets (LPHBM) that can be used in teaching and learning courses in general and especially in sociology education of Megarezky university.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Isa Ansori ◽  
Trimurtini Trimurtini ◽  
Elok Fariha Sari ◽  
Florentina Widihastrin

Laboratory utilization is very important to support learning. The laboratory is very useful for measuring the standards of scienceand theory. Theoretical learning and practicum in the laboratory are integral activities in the teaching and learning process.This study aims to describe and find a laboratory readiness solution for the Department of Primary School Teacher Education,Faculty of Education, Semarang State University which supports the implementation of e-learning. The research variables werethe completeness of laboratory facilities, laboratory governance system of the Department of Primary School Teacher Education,lecturer and technical management, and users of the Laboratory of Primary School Teacher Education Study Program. Thesubjects of this study were lecturers, students of the Department of Primary School Teacher Education. Data items throughquestionnaires, observation, interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive. The resultsshowed the level of satisfaction of students and lecturers as laboratory users. This also illustrates the problems that often occurin managing laboratories of the Department of Primary School Teacher Education. Integrated laboratories at the Department ofPGSD FIP Semarang State University have a dual role in the fields of education, research and community service, although thethree are still in a sufficient category. Integrated laboratory management requires special management that is different fromlaboratory management in the field of study


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