Системная эндотоксинемия и показатели жирового обмена у новорожденных детей: одномоментное исследование

Введение. Установлено, что ожирение сопровождается высоким провоспалительным фоном и повышенным содержанием эндотоксина (ЭТ) у взрослых. Одним из факторов риска развития ожирения у взрослых является низкий вес при рождении и чрезмерная прибавка массы тела в раннем возрасте. Цель. Определение взаимосвязи между показателями системной эндотоксинемии (СЭЕ) и жирового обмена у новорожденных детей. Методика. Обследовано 44 ребенка, находившихся в отделении патологии новорожденных и недоношенных детей Научного Центра Акушерства, Гинекологии и Перинатологии им. Кулакова в июле 2016 года. Определяли концентрацию ЭТ в плазме крови; антител к ЭТ; липидный профиль; состав тела методом воздухо-заместительной плетизмографии. Результаты. У детей с патологией, по сравнению с контрольной группой, концентрация ЭТ и липопротеинов высокой плотности (ЛПВП) были выше (2,31 ± 0,15 против 1,2 ± 0,13EU/ml и 1,15 ± 0,05 против 0,69 ± 0,1 ммоль/л соответственно), а содержание антител к ЭТ и холестерина были ниже 122 ± 9 против 202 ± 36 у.е.о.п.. и (1,97 ± 0,34 против 2,91 ± 0,09 мг/дл). Обратная корреляция обнаружена между уровнем ЭТ в крови и процентным содержанием жира в организме и между уровнем ЭТ и индексом атерогенности. Прямая корреляция была между уровнем ЭТ и ЛПВП. Заключение. Феномен системной эндотоксинемии сопровождает период новорожденности, что свидетельствует об участии кишечного ЛПС в адаптации к постнатальному периоду жизни, а избыточный уровень ЭТ в общем кровотоке сопутствует или предшествует развитию неонатальной патологии. Недостаточное содержанием жира в организме новорожденного может являться причиной ограниченного депонирования ЛПС и повышенного содержания его в крови. Background. It is established that obesity is accompanied by a low-grade inflammation and increased Endotoxin (ET) content in adults. Low birth weight and excessive weight gain in early infancy are associated with an increased risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease in adults. Objective. To determine the relationship between systemic endotoxemia and fat metabolism in newborn infants. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study included 44 infants who were at the department of newborn pathology of Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology in July 2016. The concentration of ET in the blood plasma, ET antibodies, lipid profile, body composition using air-displacement plethysmography were assessed. Results. In children with pathology in comparison with the control group the concentration of ET and high density lipids (HDL) were higher (2,31 ± 0,15 vs. 1,2 ± 0,13 EU/ml and 1,15 ± 0,05 vs. 0,69 ± 0,1 mmol/l respectively), while ET antibodies level was lower (122 ± 9 vs. 202 ± 36 O.D.) The inverse correlation observed between the ET plasma level and body fat percentage and between the ET plasma level and atherogenic index. Direct correlation between the ET and HDL levels was found. Conclusion. The phenomenon of systemic endotoxemia accompanies the neonatal period, which indicates the involvement of ET to postnatal adaptation, and excess levels of ET in the general circulation is accompanied or proceed to development of neonatal pathology. Lack of fat in the body of the newborn may be a reason for the limited deposit of ET and its high content in the blood.

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Prior Bariatric Surgery in COVID-19 Positive Patients May Be Protective

10.1101/2020.12.29.20248991 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Megan Jenkins ◽

Gabrielle Maranga ◽

G. Craig Wood ◽

Christopher M. Petrilli ◽

Christine Ren-Fielding

Keyword(s):

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Emergency Room ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of

IntroductionPatients infected with novel COVID-19 virus have a spectrum of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic to death. Data has shown that age, gender and obesity are strongly correlated with poor outcomes in COVID-19 positive patients. Bariatric surgery is the only treatment that provides significant, sustained weight loss in the severely obese. We look at whether prior bariatric surgery correlates with increased risk of hospitalization and outcome severity after COVID-19 infection.MethodsA cross-sectional retrospective analysis of a COVID-19 database from a single, NYC-based, academic institution was conducted. A cohort of COVID-19 positive patients with a history of bariatric surgery (n=124) were matched in a 4:1 ratio to a control cohort of COVID-19 positive patients who were eligible for bariatric surgery (BMI ≥40 kg/m2 or BMI ≥35 kg/m2 with a comorbidity) (n=496). A comparison of outcomes, including mechanical ventilation requirements and deceased at discharge, was done between cohorts using Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Additionally, overall length of stay and duration of time in ICU were compared using Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. Conditional logistic regression analyses were done to determine both unadjusted (UOR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR).ResultsA total of 620 COVID-19 positive patients were included in this analysis. The categorization of bariatric surgeries included 36% Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB, n=45), 35% laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB, n=44), and 28% laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG, n=35). The body mass index (BMI) for the bariatric group was 36.1 kg/m2 (SD=8.3), which was significantly lower than the control group, 41.4 kg/m2 (SD=6.5) (p<0.0001). There was also less burden of diabetes in the bariatric group (32%) compared to the control group (48%) (p=0.0019). Patients with a history of bariatric surgery were less likely to be admitted through the emergency room (UOR=0.39, p=0.0001), less likely to have had a ventilator used during the admission (UOR=0.42, p=0.028), had a shorter length of stay in both the ICU (p=0.033) and overall (UOR=0.44, p=0.0002), and were less likely to be deceased at discharge compared to the control group (OR=0.42, p=0.028).ConclusionA history of bariatric surgery significantly decreases the risk of emergency room admission, mechanical ventilation, prolonged ICU stay, and death in patients with COVID-19.

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The Association of Obesity and Liver Enzyme Activities in a Student Population at Increased Risk for Cardiovascular Disease / Veza Između Gojaznosti I Aktivnosti Jetrenih Enzima U Studentskoj Populaciji Sa Povećanim Rizikom Za Nastanak Kardiovaskularnih Bolesti

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.2478/v10011-012-0024-z ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 26-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emina Čolak ◽

Dragana Pap ◽

Nada Majkić-Singh ◽

Ivana Obradović

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Liver Enzyme ◽

Body Mass ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Increased Risk

Summary Background: It has been reported that obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk but also with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is increasing rapidly all over the world. The aim of this study was to analyze the value of liver enzymes: AST, ALT and γGT in a group of obese students in order to establish their correlation to anthropometric parameters such as: BMI (body mass index), WC (waist circumference), HC (hip circumference), and WHR (waist-to-hip ratio) compared to non-obese students who comprised the control group (CG). Methods: In this study, 238 students from the University of Novi Sad of both sexes (126 men and 112 women) with a mean age of 22.32 ± 1.85 years were included. According to the body mass index (BMI) lower and higher than 25 kg/m2 and waist circumference (WC) lower and higher than 94 cm (80 cm for females) the whole group of 238 students was divided into 2 subgroups: the obese group at increased risk for CVD (Group 1) and the group at lower risk for CVD (Group 2). AST, ALT and γGT activities were determined in fasting blood samples. Results: Statistical processing data revealed significantly higher values of AST, ALT and γGT in the group of students with BMI>25 kg/m2, WC>94 cm for males and WC>80 cm for females, HC>108 cm for males and HC>111 cm for females, and WHR>0.90 for males and WHR>0.80 for females (P<0.001). Significant association was established between anthropometric parameters and liver enzyme levels (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Obese students with higher BMI, WC, HC and WHR values have higher liver enzyme activites and a higher chance to develop NAFLD in the future.

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Validation of the SavvyCheckTM Vaginal Yeast Test for Screening Pregnant Women for Vulvovaginal Candidosis: A Prospective, Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7030233 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 233

Author(s):

Philipp Foessleitner ◽

Herbert Kiss ◽

Julia Deinsberger ◽

Julia Ott ◽

Lorenz Zierhut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Gram Stain ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Point Of Care Test ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vulvovaginal Candidosis

Pregnant women have an increased risk of vulvovaginal candidosis. Recurrent candidosis is under debate as a contributor to preterm birth, and vertical transmission may cause diaper dermatitis and oral thrush in the newborn. Apart from cultural methods, the gold standard for diagnosing candidosis is Gram staining, which is time-consuming and requires laboratory facilities. The objective of this prospective study was to validate a point-of-care vaginal yeast detection assay (SavvyCheckÔ Vaginal Yeast Test) and to evaluate it in asymptomatic pregnant women. We enrolled 200 participants, 100 of whom had vulvovaginal candidosis according to Gram stain (study group) and 100 were healthy pregnant controls (control group). Of these, 22 participants (11%) had invalid test results. The point-of-care test of the remaining 85 and 93 study participants in the study and control groups, respectively, showed a sensitivity of 94.1%, specificity of 98.9%, positive predictive value of 90.3%, and negative predictive value of 99.4% when compared with Gram stain. In conclusion, we found a high correlation between the SavvyCheckÔ Vaginal Yeast Test and Gram-stained smears during pregnancy. This suggests a potential role of this point-of-care test as a screening tool for asymptomatic pregnant women in early gestation.

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TSH Levels as an Independent Risk Factor for NAFLD and Liver Fibrosis in the General Population

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10132907 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. 2907

Author(s):

Alba Martínez-Escudé ◽

Guillem Pera ◽

Anna Costa-Garrido ◽

Lluís Rodríguez ◽

Ingrid Arteaga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Liver Fibrosis ◽

General Population ◽

Transient Elastography ◽

Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽

Control Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Tsh Levels

Thyroid hormones may be a risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to liver fibrosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, NAFLD, and liver fibrosis in the general population. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in subjects aged 18–75 years randomly selected from primary care centers between 2012 and 2016. Each subject underwent clinical evaluation, physical examination, blood tests and transient elastography. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with NAFLD and fibrosis. We included 2452 subjects (54 ± 12 years; 61% female). Subjects with TSH ≥ 2.5 μIU/mL were significantly associated with obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypertransaminasemia and altered cholesterol and triglycerides. The prevalence of NAFLD and liver fibrosis was significantly higher in subjects with TSH ≥ 2.5 (μIU/mL). We found a 1.5 times increased risk of NAFLD, 1.8 and 2.3 times increased risk of liver fibrosis for cut-off points of ≥ 8.0 kPa and ≥ 9.2 kPa, respectively, in subjects with TSH ≥ 2.5 μIU/mL compared with TSH < 2.5 μIU/mL (control group), independent of the presence of MetS. These findings remained significant when stratifying TSH, with values ≥ 10 μIU/mL.

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ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CELL PHONE USAGE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN

Journal of Musculoskeletal Research ◽

10.1142/s0218957722500038 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sujata Mandhwani ◽

Sadaf Zia ◽

Emad Salman Shaikh ◽

Dante Duarte ◽

Erum Tanveer

Keyword(s):

Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

Cell Phone ◽

Smart Phone ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

The Body ◽

Camera Phone ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Margin Of Error

The adverse effects of excessive mobile phone (MP) use on children include deprivation from sleep, increased risk of lack of concentration, depression, anxiety and obesity. No such study has been conducted in children from Pakistan. Objectives: To assess the association of MP usage and musculoskeletal disorders in school going children. Methods: This was a cross sectional survey. Data were collected from different private schools of Karachi, Pakistan. Convenient non probability sampling technique was used. A sample size of 385 students was taken keeping a confidence interval of 95% with 5% margin of error. Results: A total of 385 subjects participated. It was also noticed that 75.6% (291) students have smart phone and 5.2% (20) have conventional phone and remaining 19.2% (74) have camera phone. It was noticed that the participants 306 (79.5%) said they slept for 1–2[Formula: see text]h daily and 30 (7.8%) had sleep for 3–4[Formula: see text]h daily. One hundred and four 104 (27%) had noticed pain in neck. Conclusion: The use of MP for any activity was associated with sleep deprivation and pain in wrist/hands followed by neck and upper back pain. The usage of MP should be limited to avoid the stress on musculoskeletal parts of the body.

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Low CD36 and LOX-1 Levels andCD36Gene Subexpression Are Associated with Metabolic Dysregulation in Older Individuals with Abdominal Obesity

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2016/5678946 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Perla-Monserrat Madrigal-Ruíz ◽

Rosa-Elena Navarro-Hernández ◽

Sandra-Luz Ruíz-Quezada ◽

Fernanda-Isadora Corona-Meraz ◽

Mónica Vázquez-Del Mercado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Scavenger Receptor ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Atherogenic Index ◽

World Health ◽

Scavenger Receptors ◽

Low Grade ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Metabolic Dysregulation

Background. Obesity study in the context of scavenger receptors has been linked to atherosclerosis. CD36 and LOX-1 are important, since they have been associated with atherogenic and metabolic disease but not fat redistribution. The aim of our study was to determinate the association between CD36 and LOX-1 in presence of age and abdominal obesity.Methods. This is a cross-sectional study that included 151 healthy individuals, clinically and anthropometrically classified into two groups by age (<30 and ≥30 years old) and abdominal obesity (according to World Health Organization guidelines). We excluded individuals with any chronic and metabolic illness, use of medication, or smoking. Fasting blood samples were taken to perform determination of CD36 mRNA expression by real-time PCR, lipid profile and metabolic and low grade inflammation markers by routine methods, and soluble scavenger receptors (CD36 and LOX-1) by ELISA.Results. Individuals ≥30 years old with abdominal obesity presented high atherogenic index, lower soluble scavenger receptor levels, and subexpression ofCD36mRNA (54% less). On the other hand, individuals <30 years old with abdominal adiposity presented higher levels in the same parameters, except LOX-1 soluble levels.Conclusion. In this study, individuals over 30 years of age presented low soluble scavenger receptors levels pattern andCD36gene subexpression, which suggest the chronic metabolic dysregulation in abdominal obesity.

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Cortisol secretion pattern in overweight/obese and normal-weight infants: a cross-sectional study

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2019-0273 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 241-246

Author(s):

Ana Cristina Resende Camargos ◽

Pedro Henrique Scheidt Figueiredo ◽

Sueli Ferreira da Fonseca ◽

Mariana Aguiar de Matos ◽

Katherine Simone Caires Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Cortisol Levels

AbstractBackgroundThe salivary circadian diurnal cortisol plays an important role in growth and development. Inappropriate levels may induce changes associated with an increased risk of obesity later in life. It is unknown if there are differences in cortisol secretion pattern between overweight/obese infants when compared with theirs peers in infancy. Thus, this study aimed to compare the salivary cortisol secretion pattern in overweight/obese and normal-weight infants.MethodsThirty-three (overweight/obese = 17 and normal weight = 16) infants between 6 and 24 months of age had saliva samples collected upon awakening (T1), 30 min after waking (T2), at 12:00 am or before the baby’s meal (T3), and prior to bedtime (T4). Highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays were used for cortisol analyses.ResultsSalivary cortisol levels were similar between the groups: T1 (p = 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −5.65, 1.37), T2 (p = 0.24; 95% CI: −8.23, 2.17), T3 (p = 0.95; 95% CI: −3.16, 2.96), and T4 (p = 0.81; 95% CI: −1.39, 1.08); and no differences were observed between area under the curve (AUC) (p = 0.80; 95% CI: −4.58–13.66). The cortisol level reduced in T4 (95% CI: 1.35–2.96) compared to T1 (95% CI: 5.15–8.49) and T2 in the overweight/obese group (p < 0.001; 95% CI: 6.02–11.04). In the normal-weight group, the cortisol reduced in T3 (95% CI: 2.86–8.18) compared to T1 (95% CI: 5.64–12.28) and decreased until T4 (p = 0.001; 95% CI: 1.25–3.37).ConclusionsThe overweight/obese infant group presented a different pattern of cortisol secretion, although cortisol levels did not differ between the control group.

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Challenges and results of a school-based intervention to manage excess weight among school children in Tunisia 2012–2014

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2015-0035 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jihen Maatoug ◽

Sihem Ben Fredj ◽

Zeineb Msakni ◽

Emna Dendana ◽

Jihene Sahli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

The Body ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Groups ◽

Post Intervention ◽

School Based ◽

Increased Risk ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: Obesity is a serious health issue and predisposes individuals to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Its prevalence in children has increased worldwide. Objective: To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of a school-based management program based on healthy lifestyle promotion for obese and overweight adolescents in Sousse, Tunisia. Methods: We conducted a quasi-experimental study among overweight and obese school children enrolled in 7th and 8th grades in Sousse, Tunisia with two groups, intervention and control. The 1-year intervention was based on promoting healthy eating and physical activity through a collective intervention for all recruited children and an individual intervention only for obese children who require intensive managing. Data collection was done before, at the end and at a 4-month follow up of the intervention, both in intervention and control groups. Results: The body mass index Z score decreased significantly from pre-intervention to post-intervention (1.89±0.57 to 1.76±0.63, p<0.001) and from post-intervention to the follow-up (1.76±0.63 to 1.55±0.68, p<0.001) in the intervention group. In the control group, it decreased significantly from pre-intervention to post-intervention but not significantly from post-intervention to follow-up assessment. Calorie intake decreased significantly both in intervention and control groups. Conclusion: This project began with introducing a new culture of health management in schools on one side and with increasing awareness of the importance of obesity prevention and treatment. The support of authorities for this type of action is very important to guarantee its sustainability.

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Serum ferritin contributes to racial or geographic disparities in metabolic syndrome in Taiwan

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980013001596 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 1498-1506 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jung-Su Chang ◽

Shiue-Ming Lin ◽

Jane C-J Chao ◽

Yi-Chun Chen ◽

Chi-Mei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Indigenous People ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Han Chinese ◽

The Body ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Geographic Disparities ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractObjectivesAsians and Pacific Islanders have higher circulating serum ferritin (SF) compared with Caucasians but the clinical significance of this is unclear. There is a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Taiwanese Indigenous than Han Chinese. Genetically, Indigenous are related to Austronesians and account for 2 % of Taiwan's population. We tested the hypothesis that accumulation of Fe in the body contributes to the ethnic/racial disparities in MetS in Taiwan.DesignA population-based, cross-sectional study.SettingNational Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan and Penghu Island.SubjectsA total of 2638 healthy adults aged ≥19 years. Three ethnic groups were included.ResultsHan Chinese and Indigenous people had comparable levels of SF. Austronesia origin was independently associated with MetS (OR = 2·61, 95 % CI 2·02, 3·36). After multiple adjustments, the odds for MetS (OR = 2·49, 95 % CI 1·15, 5·28) was significantly higher among Indigenous people in the highest SF tertile compared with those in the lowest tertile. Hakka and Penghu Islanders yielded the lowest risks (OR = 1·08, 95 % CI 0·44, 2·65 and OR = 1·21, 95 % CI 0·52, 2·78, respectively). Indigenous people in the highest SF tertile had increased risk for abnormal levels of fasting glucose (OR = 2·34, 95 % CI 1·27, 4·29), TAG (OR = 1·94, 95 % CI 1·11, 3·39) and HDL-cholesterol (OR = 2·10, 95 % CI 1·18, 3·73) than those in the lowest SF tertile.ConclusionsOur results raise the possibility that ethnic/racial differences in body Fe store susceptibility may contribute to racial and geographic disparities in MetS.

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Screening of Glaucoma or Cataract Prevalence in Vitiligo Patients and Its Relationship With Periorbital Steroid Use

Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1203475415615325 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 146-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Huma Khurrum ◽

Khalid M. AlGhamdi ◽

Essam Osman

Keyword(s):

Topical Corticosteroid ◽

Task Force ◽

Open Angle Glaucoma ◽

Direct Consequence ◽

Corticosteroid Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Topical Steroids ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Steroid Use ◽

Increased Risk

Background/Aim: There is scarce literature connecting vitiligo and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Most literature reports that secondary complications are a direct consequence of corticosteroid treatment of vitiligo. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of ocular problems in patients with vitiligo and to determine its association with periorbital topical corticosteroid use. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 90 patients with vitiligo. The Vitiligo European Task Force questionnaire was completed for each patient. A control group comprising 90 healthy individuals who did not have vitiligo and who were matched on age and gender was used for comparison. A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed. A family history of glaucoma and the use of topical steroids were recorded. Results: Two (2/90, 2.2%) of the patients with vitiligo had glaucoma compared with none of the individuals in the control group ( P = .25). Nineteen of the 90 patients with vitiligo used periorbital steroids, and of these patients, 10.5% (2/19) developed glaucoma. The duration of periorbital corticosteroid use was 4.50 ± 2.1 years. Eighty-nine percent (17/19) of the vitiligo patients who applied the potent topical corticosteroid (class I) clobetasol propionate to the periorbital area did not develop glaucoma. In contrast, glaucoma was not observed in 79% (71/90) of the vitiligo patients who did not use steroids. Cataract, uveitis, or fundus problems were not observed in either group. Conclusion: The study suggests that patients who have vitiligo and use topical steroids periorbitally do not have an increased risk of glaucoma or cataracts. Future studies that have a larger sample size and use a detailed steroid use protocol are needed.

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