scholarly journals Regeneration of deep cut wounds of the skin with different options of local treatment

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
А.Ю. Еськова ◽  
О.В. Большакова ◽  
Е.П. Голубинская ◽  
А.В. Кубышкин ◽  
Е.Ю. Бессалова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Onset ◽  
White Male ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Microbial Transglutaminase ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
Regenerative Processes ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Aesthetic Medicine

Актуальность. Глубокие резаные раны являются одной из наиболее распространенных травм при авариях и, по-прежнему, остаются глобальной проблемой общественного здравоохранения. Несмотря на многочисленные успехи в терапии ран, все еще существует необходимость поиска и разработки новых препаратов для их местного лечения. Цель - определить возможности применения местной терапии трансглютаминазой микробного происхождения (МТГ) с вспомогательной экспериментальной субстанцией авторской фитомази при моделировании полнослойных резаных ран на основании изучения особенностей морфогенеза регенераторных процессов кожи. Методы. В эксперименте на 150 белых мышах самцах исследована динамика регенераторных процессов кожи в группах: без лечения; при использовании препарата Солкосерил и авторской фитомази; а также ее комбинации с ферментом МТГ в различных концентрациях. Применяли комплекс морфологических методов, направленных на изучение структуры кожи на органном, тканевом, клеточном и субклеточном уровнях организации: макроскопический метод - для описания и измерения размеров повреждений; гистологические методы на светооптическом уровне - для качественной оценки морфологических преобразований кожи; метод трансмиссионной электронной микроскопии - для выявления ультраструктурных преобразований различных клеток эпидермиса и дермы. Результаты. Наиболее эффективным препаратом для заживления полнослойных резаных ран по итогам визуальной оценки и гистологического исследования является комбинация фитомази с МТГ в концентрации 0,1%, что подтверждается остановкой кровотечения и образованием фибринового сгустка в 3 раза быстрее, чем в других экспериментальных и контрольной группах; ранним началом эпителизации (на 3 сутки эксперимента), окончательным завершением регенераторных процессов к 10 суткам, что свидетельствует о перспективах использования трансглютаминаз в хирургии и эстетической медицине. Заключение. Применение инновационной методики местной терапии глубоких резаных ран кожи ферментом микробной трансглютаминазой с вспомогательной экспериментальной субстанцией авторской фитомази характеризуется ранним началом эпителизации, что свидетельствует о перспективах использования трансглютаминаз в хирургии и эстетической медицине. В то же время, механизмы репарации должны быть дополнительно исследованы в серии клинических испытаний. Background. Deep cut wounds are one of the most common injuries in accidents and still remain a global public health problem. Despite much success in treatment of wounds searching for and developing new medicines for local treatment are still relevant. The study objective was to test a possibility of local treatment with microbial transglutaminase (MTG) supplemented with an auxiliary experimental substance of the author’s herbal ointment by studying morphogenesis of skin regenerative processes on a model of full-thickness cut wounds. Methods. We studied the dynamics of skin regenerative processes using the following groups: no treatment; a standard treatment with the medicine Solcoseryl in combination with the author’s ointment; the ointment alone; and the ointment in combinations with the enzyme MTG at different concentrations. A set of morphological methods was used for studying the skin structure at organ, tissue, cell, and subcellular levels in experiments on 150 white male mice. The methods included macroscopic description and measurement of skin lesions; histological methods at the light-optical level for qualitative evaluation of skin morphologic changes; and transmission electron microscopy for identifying ultrastructural transformations of different epidermal and dermal cells. Results. Visual evaluation and histological study showed that he most effective treatment for healing of full-thickness cut wounds was 0.1% MTG as evidenced by arrest of bleeding and formation of a fibrin clot, which occurred three times faster than in other experimental and control groups; an early onset of epithelialization on day 3 of the experiment; and the completion of regenerative processes by day 10, which suggested prospective benefits of using transglutaminases in surgery and aesthetic medicine. Conclusions. The innovative local treatment of deep cut wounds of the skin with microbial transglutaminase supplemented with an auxiliary experimental substance of the author’s herbal ointment is characterized by an early onset of epithelization, which suggested prospective benefits of using transglutaminases in surgery and aesthetic medicine. At the same time, mechanisms of reparation need further investigation in clinical trials.

scholarly journals Clinical and epidemiological profile of hypertensive patients at the primary health care level in the state of Alagoas

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 349-357
Author(s):  
Raphaela Costa Ferreira ◽  
Bruna Merten Padilha ◽  
Yasmin Eugênia Santos e Silva Pedrosa ◽  
Rosielle Batista Ferreira ◽  
Poliana Coelho Cabral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

Study design: This was a cross-sectional, population-based and descriptive study. Study objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of hypertensive patients at the primary health care of Alagoas state. Methods: This study was carried out in the Basic Health Units of 12 cities of Alagoas, between 2014 and 2015, with hypertensive individuals between 20 and 60 years, of both gender. Socioeconomic, demographic, clinical, lifestyle, anthropometric and biochemical data were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics by Epi-Info version 7. Results: We evaluated 645 individuals. Of these, 86.2% were women, 62.3% had uncontrolled blood pressure, 41.9% had low educational level, 11.1% were smokers, 26.3% were alcohol users, 64.7% were sedentary, 48.4% were obese, 73.6% had high cardiovascular risk, according to waist circumference; 54.4% and 47.2% had elevated total cholesterol and triglycerides, respectively. Conclusion: Since hypertension is an important public health problem that has serious consequences, the knowledge of the hypertensive population profile of Alagoas will facilitate the treatment for the health of patients with this condition.

scholarly journals Endoscopic full thickness resection vs. transanal endoscopic microsurgery for local treatment of rectal neuroendocrine tumors - a retrospective analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Brand ◽  
Stanislaus Reimer ◽  
Joachim Reibetanz ◽  
Sven Flemming ◽  
Marko Kornmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
R0 Resection ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
Resection Rate ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endoscopic Full Thickness Resection ◽  
Endoscopic Microsurgery

Abstract Purpose Local treatment of small well-differentiated rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is recommended by current guidelines. However, although several endoscopic methods have been established, the highest R0 rate is achieved by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). Since a recently published study about endoscopic full thickness resection (eFTR) showed a R0 resection rate of 100%, the aim of this study was to evaluate both methods (eFTR vs. TEM). Methods We retrospectively analyzed all patients with rectal NET treated either by TEM (1999–2018) or eFTR (2016–2019) in two tertiary centers (University Hospital Wuerzburg and Ulm). We analyzed clinical, procedural, and histopathological outcomes in both groups. Results Twenty-eight patients with rectal NET received local treatment (TEM: 13; eFTR: 15). Most tumors were at stage T1a and grade G1 or G2 (in the TEM group two G3 NETs were staged T2 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy). In both groups, similar outcomes for en bloc resection rate, R0 resection rate, tumor size, or specimen size were found. No procedural adverse events were noted. Mean procedure time in the TEM group was 48.9 min and 19.2 min in the eFTR group. Conclusion eFTR is a convincing method for local treatment of small rectal NETs combining high safety and efficacy with short interventional time.

scholarly journals Factors Associated With Being Pleased With a Female Partner Pregnancy Among Sexually Active U.S. Adolescent Males

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-206
Author(s):  
May Lau ◽  
Hua Lin ◽  
Glenn Flores
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Pregnancy ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Adolescent Males ◽  
Female Partner ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment

Adolescent pregnancy remains a major U.S. public health problem. Little is known about pregnancy attitudes in U.S. adolescent males. The study objective was to identify factors from different domains that are associated with sexually active U.S. adolescent males who would be pleased with a female partner pregnancy (hereafter known as pleased with a pregnancy). The National Survey of Family Growth is a nationally representative survey of those 15 to 44 years old. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed of the 2002 and 2006-2010 cycles to examine factors associated with being pleased with a pregnancy among sexually active U.S. males. Among the 1,445 sexually active U.S. adolescent males surveyed, 25% would be pleased with a pregnancy. In bivariate analyses, ever being suspended from school, having sporadic health insurance, age, and ever HIV tested were significantly associated with being pleased with a pregnancy. In final multivariable analyses, sporadic insurance was associated with almost triple the odds, and being older and ever HIV tested with double the odds of being pleased with a pregnancy. Higher educational attainment for both adolescent males and adolescent males’ fathers was associated with reduced odds of a being pleased with a pregnancy. One quarter of sexually active U.S. adolescent males would be pleased with a pregnancy. Adolescent males who have been sporadically insured, are older, and ever HIV tested have higher odds of being pleased with a pregnancy. Targeting these adolescent males for more focused pregnancy-prevention counseling may prove useful in reducing adolescent pregnancy rates.

scholarly journals ATIM-15. SUSTAINED COMPLETE RADIOGRAPHIC RESPONSE AND PROLONGED SYSTEMIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN A PATIENT WITH MGMT UNMETHYLATED MIDLINE GLIOBLASTOMA RECEIVING CMV pp65-LAMP RNA-PULSED DENDRITIC CELL VACCINES

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi4-vi4
Author(s):  
Maryam Rahman ◽  
Ashley Ghiaseddin ◽  
Oleg Yegorov ◽  
Changlin Yang ◽  
Anjelika Dechkovskaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
White Male ◽  
Immune Monitoring ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Radiographic Response ◽  
Dc Vaccine ◽  
Dendritic Cell Vaccines ◽  
Dc Vaccines

Abstract BACKGROUND We initiated a Phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of autologous CMV pp65-LAMP RNA pulsed dendritic cell vaccines mixed with GM-CSF and administered during cycles of adjuvant dose-intensified temozolomide (ATTAC II, NCT02465268). STUDY OBJECTIVE A patient with partially resected GBM experienced a sustained complete radiographic response after receiving five DC vaccines. Peripheral blood responses were characterized to examine possible immunologic biomarkers concordant with a sustained clinical response. METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma undergoing surgical resection are eligible and randomized 2:1 to DC vaccine arms vs placebo (PBMCs in saline). DC vaccines consist of CMV pp65 RNA conjugated either to the full-length lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP) or to the short LAMP signal sequence. Patients undergo leukapheresis for DC generation prior to standard chemoradiation and receive cycle 1 of dose-intensified temozolomide (100 mg/m^2 x 21 days) before first three biweekly intradermal DC vaccines admixed with GM-CSF. Subsequent DC vaccines (total of 10) are given monthly with each diTMZ cycle with an intradermal tetanus-diphtheria booster given 6-24hrs before the third, fifth, seventh, and ninth DC vaccines. PBMCs and serum are collected for immune monitoring. RESULTS A 58-year old white male with partially-resected, MGMT-unmethlyated, p53 mutant, H3.3 mutant, midline glioblastoma was enrolled on the ATTAC II study and experienced a complete radiographic response after the fifth DC vaccine that has been sustained > 10 months. Immune monitoring by Elispot, cytokine array, and single-cell RNA sequencing have revealed significant expansion of CMV pp65-specific immune responses, increased circulating IFNg, and marked systemic expansion of cytotoxic T cells and iNKT cells during vaccination. These responses were sustained through cycles of diTMZ despite profound lymphopenia. CONCLUSIONS CMV pp65-LAMP RNA-pulsed DC vaccination was associated with profound immunologic and clinical response in a patient with MGMT unmethylated midline glioblastoma.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC CHANGES OF THE RAT TESTES AFTER EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL INJURY AND APPLICATION OF XENODERMAL SUBSTRATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Mukha
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
White Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Regenerative Processes ◽  
Vascular Disorders ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Thermal Trauma ◽  
Relative Normalization

The aim of this work was to establish the histological and morphometric changes of the structural components of the rat testes after experimental thermal trauma and under condition of correction. Object and methods. The study was performed on 48 sexually mature outbred white male rats following the rules of bioethics. The experimental animals were divided into three groups: intact; with severe thermal trauma; with burn injury and application of xenodermal substrate after early necrectomy of the damaged tissues. Results and discussion. Already on the 7th day after application of xenodermal substrate the processes of reparative regeneration of hemocapillaries is activated, the degree of vascular disorders and damages of the structural components of the testes are decreased, and regenerative processes are activated. The percentage of significantly altered seminiferous tubules is 1.90-fold lower than in animals without correction. In the later stages of the experiment, the usage of the xenodermal substrate contributes to an active flow of regenerative processes and a relative normalization of all the structural components of the testes. Morphometric indicators of mean values of diameter and area of convoluted tubes on the 21th day were significantly (p<0.001) higher by 1.39 times and 2.00 times relative to the indicators in the group of animals without correction. Areas with unchanged histostructure are dominated in the testes at this term. The percentage of significantly altered tubules was 10.58 times lower than the corresponding value in animals with burn injury without correction. Conclusions. Thus, the application of a xenodermal substrate on a wound formed after necrectomy of thermally damaged areas was found to contribute to a significant reduction of vascular disorders and destructive changes of spermatogenic cells. Better state of intracellular components and activation of regeneration contribute to a relative normalization of the testicular structure and morphometric indices in the later terms of the experiment.

scholarly journals Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of uropathogens isolated from catheterized patients in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Sunzida Arina ◽  
SM Shamsuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Drug Resistance Pattern

Among nosocomial infections catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is one of the most common infection. The antibiotic resistance amongst the uropathogens isolated from CAUTI are multi-drug resistant and a growing public health problem in the world including Bangladesh. The study objective was to determine the aetiology of uropathogens in catheter associated urinary tract infection and find out their anti-microbial sensitivity pattern among the isolates. A cross sectional study was done from July 2016 to June 2017 in Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh. Urine samples were collected from 400 patients with suspected CAUTI which were processed microbiologically and antimicrobial sensitivity was performed. Out of 400 patients Escherichia coli (38.93%) was the most common isolated organism followed by Pseudomonas spp, (15.98%), Klebsiella spp, (8.61%), Proteus spp. (7.38%) Enterobacter spp, (6.56%) and Acinitobacter spp. (1.22%). Among the Gram positive isolates Staphylococcus aureus (1.64%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococeus (6.97%%) were isolated. Enterobacteriaceae showed high resistant to commonly used antimicrobials Amoxiclav, Gentamycin, Ceftriaxone, azithromycin , ciprofloxacin, cortimoxazole and were sensitive to colistin ,nitrofurantoin ,imepenem, Meropenem. Many isolates showed multi- drug resistance pattern hence strict aseptic precaution has to be taken prior to catheter insertion and after to prevent infection.

scholarly journals The Unique Disease Course of Children with Very Early onset-Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith R Kelsen ◽  
Maire A Conrad ◽  
Noor Dawany ◽  
Trusha Patel ◽  
Rawan Shraim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Background Insight into the pathogenesis of very early onset-inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) has expanded through the identification of causative monogenic defects detected in a subset of patients. However, the clinical course of this population remains uncertain. The study objective is to determine whether VEO-IBD is associated with more severe disease, defined as increased surgical intervention and growth failure, than older pediatric IBD. Secondary outcomes included therapeutic response and hospitalizations. Methods Subjects with IBD diagnosed younger than 6 years old (VEO-IBD) were compared with children diagnosed 6 to 10 (intermediate-onset) and older than 10 years of age (older-onset IBD). Metadata obtained from the medical record included age of onset, disease phenotype and location, surgeries, medical therapy, and comorbid conditions. Length of follow-up was at least 1 year from diagnosis. Results There were 229, 221, and 521 subjects with VEO, intermediate-onset, and older-onset IBD, respectively. Very early onset-inflammatory bowel disease subjects underwent more diverting ileostomies (P < 0.001) and colectomies (P < 0.001) than the older children. There was less improvement in weight- and height-for-age Z scores during the follow-up period in subjects with VEO-IBD. Additionally, subjects with VEO-IBD had higher rates of medication failure at 1 year and were more frequently readmitted to the hospital. Targeted therapy was successfully used almost exclusively in VEO-IBD. Conclusion Patients with VEO-IBD can have a more severe disease course with increased surgical interventions and poor growth as compared with older-onset IBD patients. Further, VEO-IBD patients are more likely to be refractory to conventional therapies. Strategies using targeted therapy in these children can improve outcome and, in some cases, be curative.

scholarly journals Treatment of hepatitis induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs (experimental research)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Fedorov ◽  
Nikolai A. Smirnov ◽  
Vladimir P. Vdovichenko ◽  
Tatyana B. Fedorova ◽  
Edgar E. Kerbenev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
White Male ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Regenerative Processes ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
Healthy Control

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a widely spread infection. While treating patients for it, they are given simultaneously and for a long period 5-6 antibacterial drugs, which are, as a rule, bad for the liver. It quite often (up to 20%) causes drug-induced hepatitis. As experimental means of protecting the liver, the following peptides are suggested: chorionic gonadotropin, a recombinant drug of luteinizing hormone – luveris, and oligopeptide drugs: semax and selank. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted on 104 outbred white male rats weighing 170-220 g. Each group included at least 10 animals. Drug-induced hepatitis was simulated through the combined 21-day administration of isoniazid, rifamycin, and ethanol. Chorionic gonadotropin, luveris, semax and selank, as well as a comparison drug mexidol, were administered once a day during the experiment. Healthy control animals and rats with drug-induced hepatitis were used as comparison groups. For evaluation of the efficiency of administered drugs, the obtained biochemical and histomorphological research data was used. Results and Discussion: During the experiment, chorionic gonadotropin (ChG), semax and selank showed a greater therapeutic activity than mexidol and luveris. Only in the case of administering ChG, selank and semax, there was parallelism between the restoration of biochemical parameters of blood and histomorphological parameters of the liver. Administering both selank and ChG was also characterized by more active regenerative processes. Conclusion: Administering ChG, selank and semax to patients with tuberculosis would significantly reduce the number and severity of hepatotoxic reactions.

scholarly journals Effects of a Physical Exercise Program on the Level of Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure of Obese Workers in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Godefroid K. Mabele ◽  
Constant N. Ekisawa ◽  
Christophe DELECLUSE ◽  
Teddy B.Linkoko ◽  
Nicaise K.Ngasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Working Day

Background: Obesity has become a public health problem in the world today, especially in the workplace, where workers are subjected to long-term work in a sitting position and in front of computers. The absence of a program of structured physical exercises in our context on obesity in a professional environment in Kinshasa motivated us to carry out this study. Objective: To investigate the effect of a structured exercise program on the level of physical activity and energy expenditure of obese workers. Methods: In a 6-month follow-up study, 157 obese patients with a mean age of 47 ± 9.54 years were enrolled in a 3-day, one-hour structured exercise program. Day of moderate to high intensity and walking combined with a nutritional education (low calorie, high fiber and vitamins) at the Multimodal Freight Management Office of Kinshasa between January and June 2014. We used the paired Student's T test to compare continuous variables before and after the programs. Results: A significant increase was obtained in six months of the structured exercise program combined with nutrition education for most of the studied parameters: number of steps on the working day (p <0.0001) ; number of steps on the weekend (p <0.0001); energy expenditure on the working day (p <0.0001); energy expenditure on the weekend day (p<0.0001). In contrast, weight, Body Mass Index, Waist circumference and Hip Abdomen Ratio significantly decrease d respectively: weight (p<0.0001); Body Mass Index (p <0.0001); waist circumference (p < 0.0001); Hip Abdomen Ratio (p <0.0001).Conclusion: Structured exercise combined with nutrition education significantly increases the level of physical activity, energy expenditure and decreases weight, Body Mass Index, waist circumference and morbidity and mortality risk of obese workers.

scholarly journals The Role and Sustainability of Community-based County Government Funded Agricultural Infrastructure Projects: A Case of Community Cattle Dips and Acaricides Use in Kilifi, Kajiado and Nakuru Counties

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo ◽  
Norbert Adum Atego ◽  
Paul Sifuna Oshule ◽  
Job Mapesa ◽  
Suliman Essuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
County Governments ◽  
Study Objective

The study objective was to provide baseline and reference data on status and use of acaricides based on type or active ingredients by individual farmers and in public cattle dip maintained by county governments. The survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study in three counties (Kilifi, Kajiado and Nakuru), based on livestock farming intensive (low, medium and high) respectively. A total of 72 farmers were sampled where Questionnaire and informal interview were used to collect data on acaricides use, grazing method, herd characteristics, production and marketing. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Grazing systems were conventional grazing (31), zero grazing (10) and fenced pastures (41). Collapse of county governments maintained cattle dips was observed. Hence use of alternative methods by farmers; spray race (22) and mechanical (hand) spray (31). Chemicals used included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers (32) spraying once a week. Water sources for use were tap (piped) water (8), Borehole (54), community dams (3), river water (4) and harvested rain water (1). Majority of farmers (43) used manual methods of milking while 29 farmers used automated machines. Nakuru had highest number of lactating cattle (1422) and milk production (22,480 litres), followed by Kajiado (247) with low milk production (371 litres) compared to production Kilifi production (1470 litres) herd (150). Milk was sold to KCC, Brookside and vendors with farmers adding little value (Yoghurt and Mala). In conclusion, extensive use of chemicals may accumulate in the ecosystem thus a public health problem with little productivity. Data forms basis for further research and policy formulation on acaricides use. Analysis of hydro-chemical parameters and acaricides in the water source is recommended to ascertain its suitability for Agricultural and domestic use.

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