Water exchange in lupine grain under infrared radiation

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
С.В. Зверев ◽  
В.М. Косолапов ◽  
А.Э. Ставцев ◽  
С.И. Тютюнов ◽  
А.С. Цыгуткин
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Working Zone

Операция термообработки зерна с использованием радиационного (инфракрасного) энергоподвода, известная в России как высокотемпературная микронизация (ВТМ), чаще всего применяется на малых предприятиях по производству кормов, круп быстрого приготовления и зерновых хлопьев. Целью работы являлось изучение процесса нагрева и влагопотери зерна белого люпина в потоке ИК-излучения, а также разработка математических моделей изменения влажности зерна в зависимости от времени (экспозиции) нагрева, исходной влажности, температуры в рабочей зоне установки ИК-нагрева, при оценке поверхностной температуры радиационным методом. Объектом исследований было зерно белого люпина сорта Дега урожая 2019 года. Рассмотрение данной проблемы на примере белого люпина важно не только из-за её актуальности в кормопроизводстве, но и потому что люпин является перспективным источником растительного белка для пищевой промышленности. Факторами, оказывающими влияние на температуру зерна и его влажность, являются время обработки, температура среды в зоне обработки и исходная влажность зерна. Высота излучателя над поддоном определяет облучённость монослоя зерна и температуру среды в зоне обработки и является обобщающим фактором. Предлагаемые модели позволяют прогнозировать результаты ИК-термообработки семян белого люпина в зависимости от исходной влажности и времени нагрева при постоянстве остальных режимов. Обычно ВТМ установки не предполагают оперативного изменения параметров излучения и температуры среды в рабочей зоне. В то же время влажность сырья может существенно меняться. Однако следует учитывать, что данные модели удовлетворительно описывают процесс обезвоживания в пределах, ограниченных верхним значением температуры семян немногим более 100ºС. Grain heat treatment known as high-temperature micronization is often used at small-scale organizations producing forage, instant cereals and grain flakes. The goal of the investigation was to analyze heating and water loss of lupine grain under infrared rays as well as develop mathematical models of grain water content variation as affected by heating time, initial water content in grain, temperature in the working zone. The object of this study was white lupine “Dega” harvested in 2019. This investigation has a high value both for food and forage production since lupine is a good source of protein. The distance between a radiator and tray directly affects grain exposure rate and air temperature in the working zone. The models developed are able to prognose the possible outcomes when treating seeds of lupine. Initial water content in grain and exposure time has the most significant effect on the final result. Normally it is not possible to control radiation intensity and air temperature when using such an equipment. At the same time water content can vary significantly in raw materials used. Such models fit heating process most accurately under the temperature of slightly over 100ºС.

scholarly journals Unrepresented model errors – effect on estimated soil hydraulic material properties

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Jaumann ◽  
Kurt Roth
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Scale Heterogeneity ◽  
Sensor Positions

Abstract. We investigate the quantitative effect of unrepresented (i) sensor position uncertainty, (ii) small scale-heterogeneity, and (iii) 2D flow phenomena on estimated effective soil hydraulic material properties. Therefore, a complicated 2D subsurface architecture (ASSESS) was forced with a fluctuating groundwater table. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), and hydraulic potential measurement devices monitored the hydraulic state during the experiment. Since the measurement data are analyzed with an inversion method, starting close to the measurement data is key. Therefore, we developed a method which estimates the initial water content distribution by approximating the soil water characteristic on the basis of TDR measurement data and the position of the groundwater table. In order to reduce parameter bias due to unrepresented model errors, we implemented a structural error analysis to identify uncertain model components which have to be included in the parameter estimation. Hence, focussing on TDR and hydraulic potential data, we realized a 1D and a 2D study with increasingly complex setups: Starting with estimating effective hydraulic material properties, we added the estimation of sensor positions, the estimation of small-scale heterogeneity, or both. The analysis of these studies with a modified Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm demonstrates three main points: (i) The approximated soil water characteristic for the initial water content distribution is reasonably close to inversion results. (ii) Although the material properties resulting from 1D and 2D studies are similar, the 1D studies are likely to yield biased parameters due to unrepresented lateral flow. (iii) Representing and estimating sensor positions as well as small-scale heterogeneity improves the mean absolute error by more than a factor of 2.

scholarly journals study on sedimentation characteristics of soft clay

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02039
Author(s):  
Wang Xuekui ◽  
Wang Qingqing
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Hydraulic Fill ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Property Index

There are large areas of soft clay distributed in coastal areas of China, which are often used as raw materials for hydraulic fill engineering in recent years, and its sedimentation characteristics have attracted more and more attention. In this paper, the influence of initial water content on the sedimentation characteristics of soft clay is studied through the experiment. The results show that: (1) the sedimentation process of soft clay can be divided into two stages: sedimentation stage and self weight consolidation stage. The sedimentation stage has a short time, and the soil property index tends to be stable quickly; the self weight consolidation stage is very slow, and the soil property index almost has no change; (2) the larger the initial water content of soft clay, the greater the sedimentation rate and the faster the sedimentation; (3) the higher the initial water content, the faster the sedimentation, the higher the water content and the void ratio, the smaller the density.

Influence of initial water content and strain rate on remolded yield stress in marine clay

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Xiaobing Li ◽  
Jianpeng Chen ◽  
Xiuqing Hu ◽  
Hongtao Fu ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Marine Clay ◽  
Initial Water

scholarly journals Application of the Calorimetric Methods to the Characteristics of Seeds from Olives

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bryś ◽  
Joanna Bryś ◽  
Marko Obranović ◽  
Dubravka Škevin ◽  
Szymon Głowacki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Initial Water

The olive oil industry represents an important productive sector in the Mediterranean basin countries. Olive stone is an essential by-product generated in the olive oil extraction industries and it represents roughly 10% by weight of the olive fruit. The seeds of pickled olives are also a significant waste product. In the present study, we have investigated the possibility of the use of differential scanning calorimetry for the thermal characterization of seeds from green and black pickled olives from Croatia. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) with a normal pressure cell equipped with a cooling system was used to determine the thermal properties of seeds from olives. The following analyses were also performed: the determination of calorific values in a pressure bomb calorimeter, the determination of initial water content, the determination of changes of water content during drying at the temperatures of 30 °C, 50 °C and 80 °C, the determination of a percentage content of seeds mass to the mass of the whole olives, and the determination of ash content. Seeds from olives are characterized by very good parameters as a biomass. The analyzed olive seeds were characterized by low water content, low ash content, and a relatively high caloric value.

scholarly journals Effects of Initial Water Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lean Clay Soil Stabilized by Compound Calcium-Based Stabilizer

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenglong Yin ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xunli Jiang ◽  
Zhiyi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
X Ray

Initial water content significantly affects the efficiency of soil stabilization. In this study, the effects of initial water content on the compressibility, strength, microstructure, and composition of a lean clay soil stabilized by compound calcium-based stabilizer were investigated by static compaction test, unconfined compression test, optical microscope observations, environment scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that as the initial water content increases in the range studied, both the compaction energy and the maximum compaction force decrease linearly and there are less soil aggregates or agglomerations, and a smaller proportion of large pores in the compacted mixture structure. In addition, for specimens cured with or without external water supply and under different compaction degrees, the variation law of the unconfined compressive strength with initial water content is different and the highest strength value is obtained at various initial water contents. With the increase of initial water content, the percentage of the oxygen element tends to increase in the reaction products of the calcium-based stabilizer, whereas the primary mineral composition of the soil-stabilizer mixture did not change notably.

scholarly journals Solidification of High Organic Matter Content Sludge by Cement, Lime and Metakaolin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Rui ◽  
Wang Hongxing ◽  
Tan Yunzhi ◽  
Wang Lehua
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Lime Content ◽  
Sheet Structure

Based on orthogonal experimental design, the key solidification controlling technology of Solidified/Stabilized (S/S) sludge with high total organic content (TOC) by cement, lime and metakaolin was explored by macroscopic tests, chemical components measurements and microscopic analysis. The macroscopic tests show that, the permeability coefficient is mainly affected by initial water content and lime content, and the unconfined compression strength is mainly affected by cement content and lime content. The chemical components measurements show that, the solidification effect of S/S sludge with high TOC is controlled by organic matter consumption, and organic matter consumption is determined by the alkaline environment from the cement and lime hydration reactions, which is mainly affect by the initial water content and lime-metakaolin content ratio. The microscopic analysis results show that, lime consumes parts of organic matter while excess lime produces weak Ca(OH)2 crystal fluffy sheet structure, matakaolin produces pozzolanic reactions with cement and lime instead of soil particles, and consumes the weak Ca(OH)2 crystal fluffy sheet structure produced by superfluous lime. The research has confirmed key controlling points of S/S sludge in case of high TOC, which will provide theoretical guidance and technical support for S/S sludge promotion with high TOC.

Determination of the tensile strength of unsaturated tailings using bending tests

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1874-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibiana Narvaez ◽  
Michel Aubertin ◽  
Faustin Saleh-Mbemba
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Apparent Cohesion

Bending tests were conducted on specimens of unsaturated tailings from three hard rock mines to evaluate their tensile strength. Saturated samples were prepared at an initial water content, w0, of 40% and then naturally dried under ambient conditions to pre-selected degrees of saturation, Sr, which can be related to the corresponding suction using the water retention curve. The basic interpretation of the bending tests results is based on an elastic–brittle behavior. The results show how the tensile strength, σt, of unsaturated tailings varies with water content, w (and Sr). The experimental data are also used to evaluate Young’s modulus in tension, Et, and to estimate the apparent cohesion, capp, as a function of Sr. Predictive equations are also applied to estimate the values of σt of unsaturated tailings using the water retention curve.

scholarly journals Temperature and seed moisture content affect electrical conductivity test in pea seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bernardes da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Nayara Alves Fernandes ◽  
Luan Costa de Aquino ◽  
Anderson Rodrigo da Silva ◽  
Warley Marcos Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Test Efficiency ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Initial Seed

Abstract: Several factors affect the electrical conductivity test efficiency, with emphasis given to the initial water content and the temperature during imbibition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the initial water content of pea seeds and the temperature on the electrical conductivity test efficiency. Six lots of ‘Mikado’ pea were used, which were previously tested for initial characterization. In the first trial, based on the initial value of the samples, the seed moisture content was adjusted to 9, 11, 13 and 15% and then the seeds were submitted to the electrical conductivity test. In the second trial, the water for seed imbibition was kept for 24 hours at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ºC, and after that time the seeds were added and soaked for other 24 hours at the temperatures already mentioned. It was observed that initial seed moisture content and water temperature during imbibition influenced the results of the electrical conductivity test. This test should be carried out with distilled water, previously maintained for 24 hours at 25 °C for temperature stabilization. Then, the seeds with seed moisture content between 11 and 15% should be put to soak at 25 °C, and maintained at this temperature for 24 hours.

scholarly journals Study on the Mechanical Criterion of Ice Lens Formation Based on Pore Size Distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 8981
Author(s):  
Yuhang Liu ◽  
Dongqing Li ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Feng Ming
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Unfrozen Water Content ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lens Formation

Ice lens is the key factor which determines the frost heave in engineering construction in cold regions. At present, several theories have been proposed to describe the formation of ice lens. However, most of these theories analyzed the ice lens formation from a macroscopic view and ignored the influence of microscopic pore sizes and structures. Meanwhile, these theories lacked the support of measured data. To solve this problem, the microscopic crystallization stress was converted into the macro mean stress through the principle of statistics with the consideration of pore size distribution. The mean stress was treated as the driving force of the formation of ice lens and induced into the criterion of ice lens formation. The influence of pore structure and unfrozen water content on the mean stress was analyzed. The results indicate that the microcosmic crystallization pressure can be converted into the macro mean stress through the principle of statistics. Larger mean stress means the ice lens will be formed easier in the soil. The mean stress is positively correlated with initial water content. At the same temperature, an increase to both the initial water content and the number of pores can result in a larger mean stress. Under the same initial water content, mean stress increases with decreasing temperature. The result provides a theoretical basis for studying ice lens formation from the crystallization theory.

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