Reproductive capacity of the dendrological resources of the Rosaceae family and their prospects for nursery management and forest flora enrichment

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-96
Author(s):  
А.В. Семенютина ◽  
А.Ш. Хужахметова ◽  
В.А. Семенютина ◽  
Д.В. Сапронова
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Forest Reclamation ◽  
Rosaceae Family ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ecological Range

Проведение научных исследований по вопросам влияния стресс-факторов на репродуктивную способность экономически важных древесных растений актуально для аридных регионов РФ, в связи с выполнением мероприятий по национальным проектам «Наука», «Экология». Механизмы приспособления биологических систем к воздействию стресс-факторов, определяются пределами устойчивости растений, раскрывают природу их целостности и сохранности. Объекты исследований – представители семейства Rosaceae (Amelanchier, Amygdalus, Aronia, Armeniaca, Chaenomeles, Cerasus, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Gydonia, Malus, Rosa, Sorbus, Spiraea и др.), произрастающие в коллекциях ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (Волгоградская, Самарская области, Алтайский край), включают виды многоцелевого назначения (лесомелиоративные, декоративные, лекарственные, пищевые и др.). Климат характеризуется небольшим количеством годовых атмосферных осадков (270-395 мм), высокими летними (+40-43°C) и низкими зимними (-35-50°C) температурами воздуха, оттепелями зимой, малым снеговым покровом. Наблюдение за поведением древесных интродуцентов оценивалось по степени роста, развития и получения репродукции. Использованы методы определения пределов толерантности в условиях действия стресс-факторов на основе кондуктомера S230Kit, устройства Dualex Scientific. Определение влияния факторов среды на цветение, плодоношение и семеношение исследуемых представителей родовых комплексов семейства Rosaceae проводилось по методическим указаниям, разработанным ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН. В кластерных коллекциях ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (дендрарии: Волгоградский, Камышинский, Поволжский, Кулундинский) выделены 33,2 % древесных видов с генеративным индексом 0,65-0,79. В эту группу вошли растения с широким экологическим ареалом произрастания (полиморфные родовые комплексы). У них наряду с высоким уровнем экологической пластичности к стресс-факторам по коллоидно-осмотическим свойствам протоплазмы (1,70-2,05) отмечено интенсивное плодоношение, высокие показатели завязываемости плодов (64-91%), развитие крупных плодов и семян, хорошая доброкачественность семян. Семена высоких качеств продуцируют представители Cydonia (80…95), Spiraea(85…93), Prunus (86…97), Aronia (88…95), Padus (89…96), Pyrus(89…99), Amygdalus (90…100), Cerasus (93…99), Chaenomeles(95…99), Physocarpus (95…100), Armeniaca (99…100). Разнообразием качества семян характеризуются следующие виды родов этого семейства: Crataegus(48…91), Sorbus (59…88), Amelanchier (60…90), Malus(68…90), у Aflatuniaulmifolia (31…50). Установлена экологическая специфика видов, связанная с ареалом их происхождения и сложным процессом адаптивной изменчивости. Выявлены биоэкологические параметры семеношения и генеративная способность деревьев и кустарников, для их эффективного непрерывного использования в питомниководстве и лесомелиорации. В результате исследований разработана теоретическая основа семеноведения, которая базируется на получении адаптивного поколения растений. Получены новые знания по пределам экологической толерантности древесных видов к стресс-факторам. Для формирования устойчивых лесомелиоративных комплексов и улучшения биоресурсов деградирующих ландшафтов рекомендованы полиморфные родовые комплексы кустарников. На основе анализа климатических характеристик, играющих определяющую роль в успешности интродукции, установлены виды с широким экологическим ареалом, как растения многоцелевого назначения. Они перспективны для насаждений в аридных регионах. Scientific research on the impact of stress factors on the reproductive ability of economically important woody plants is relevant for arid regions of the Russian Federation in connection with activities under the national projects "Science" and "Ecology". Mechanisms of adaptation of biological systems to the impact of stress factors are determined by the limits of plant resistance and reveal the nature of their integrity and preservation. The objects of research are representatives of the Rosaceae family (Amelanchier, Amygdalus, Aronia, Armeniaca, Chaenomeles, Cerasus, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Gydonia, Malus, Rosa, Sorbus, Spiraea, etc.) growing in the collections of the Federal Research Center ofAgroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Volgograd and Samara Regions, Altai Territory), including multi-purpose species (forest-reclamation, decorative, medicinal, food, etc.). The climate is characterized by a small amount of annual precipitation (270-395 mm), high summer precipitation (+40-43°C), and low winter (- 35-50°C) air temperatures, thawing in winter, low snow cover. Observation of the behavior of introduced trees was evaluated by the degree of growth, development,and reproduction. Methods for determining tolerance limits under stress factors based on an s230kit conductometer and a Dualex Scientific device were used. The effect of environmental factors on the flowering, fruiting, and seed production of the studied representatives of generic systems in the Rosaceaefamily was determined according to guidelines developed by the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the cluster collections of the Federal Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (arboretums: Volgograd, Kamyshin, the Volga Region, Kulunda), 33.2 percent of woody species with the generative index 0.65-0.79 were allocated. This group includes plants with a wide ecological range of growth (polymorphic generic complexes). Along with a high level of environmental plasticity to stress factors, the colloid-osmotic properties of protoplasm (1.70-2.05) showed intensive fruiting, high fruit set rates (64-91%), development of large fruits and seeds, and good seed quality. Seeds of high quality are produced by representatives of Cydonia (80 ... 95), Spiraea(85...93), Prunus (86...97), Aronia (88...95), Padus(89...96), Pyrus (89...99), Amygdalus (90...100), Cerasus(93...99), Chaenomeles (95...99), Physocarpus (95...100), andArmeniaca(99...100). The following species of genera of this family are characterized by a variety of seed quality: Crataegus (48 ... 91), Sorbus(59...88), Amelanchier (60...90), Malus (68...90), and Aflatuniaulmifolia(31…50). The ecological specificity of the species, associated with the range of their origin and with a complex process of adaptive variability, was established. Bioecological parameters of seed production and generative capacity of trees and shrubs for their effective continuous use in nursery and forest reclamation were identified. As a result of research, a theoretical basis for seed science has been developed, which is based on obtaining an adaptive generation of plants. New knowledge has been obtained on the limits of ecological tolerance of tree species to stress factors. Polymorphic generic complexes of shrubs are recommended for the formation of sustainable forest-reclamation complexes and improvement of bioresources of degraded landscapes. Based on the analysis of climatic characteristics that play a decisive role in the success of introduction, species with a wide ecological range, as multi-purpose plants, are promising for plantings in arid regions.

Physico-chemical parameters of the best varieties of peach in the subtropics of Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.S. Abilfazova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Subtropical Zone ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Federal Research ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

the characteristic the best varieties peach plants cultivated in the subtropical zone Krasnodar Territory is given. The study collection plantations peach in the subtropical zone Krasnodar Territory has been carried out since 2009 at the Federal Research Center Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The results of many years of research have identified the best peach varieties (Redhaven, Favorita Morettini, Larisa, Medin red, Veteran, Fayet), distinguished by resistance to stress factors and high palatability of the fruits.

scholarly journals On physico-chemical biology in Russia from the perspective of studying the dynamics of an array of publications

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-137
Author(s):  
Yulia V. Mokhnacheva
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Chemical Biology ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Publication Activity ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Average Citation ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

The article presents an analysis of the current state of the Russian segment of publications on physical and chemical biology (PCB) in the international database Web of Science Core Collection (WoS CC) for the period 2000–2019. The main task of the study is to analyze the dynamics of changes in the arrays of Russian publications in the field of physical and chemical biology, including determining the average citation rate of publications; analysis of the impact of international cooperation on publication activity; identification of leaders at the level of research institutions and individual specialists. The study is based on a bibliometric analysis of publication arrays presented in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS CC) database for the period 2000–2019. It is shown that after a period of decline in publication activity, starting in 2015, previously lost positions in the share of publications in the world array were restored in Russia. However, the citation of Russian publications lags significantly behind the performance of the of the main competitor countries. It is shown that Russian publications without foreign participation are cited 3–4 times less often than workswith foreign co-authorship. Throughout the entire study period, there was an increase in the number of co-authors in publications, as well as the share of publications made with the participation of five or more co-authors: by 2019, such publications accounted for almost 64%, in 2000 there were about 40% of such publications. It is shown that the main contribution to the Russian documentary stream on physical and chemical biology is made by the research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RI RAS) – 68% of publications and 67% of all citations. Research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences have a significant impact on the publication activity of universities: in the period 2012–2019. The share of joint publications of universities and research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences was 55% of the array of university documents and 62% of all citations to university publications. The article presents the ratings of Russian scientific organizations by the share of publications in the Russian array in the field of physicochemical biology, as well as scientists by the largest number of publications and the highest average citation.

scholarly journals Impact of seasonal variations of ambient seismic noise level on the number of registered earthquakes in the Arctic regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
ER Morozova ◽  
AP Turova
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
European Arctic ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
International Seismological Centre ◽  
The Impact

Researchers at the Seismological Laboratory of the Institute of Geodynamics and Geology of the Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FCIARctic) have been engaged in the seismological monitoring of the European Arctic sector since 2011. In this paper, we present a comparative assessment of the earthquakes spatial distribution in this region based on the data from the International Seismological Centre (ISC) and the FCIARctic’s Arkhangelsk Seismic Network (ASN) obtained in 2012–2016. The paper presents the waveforms of earthquakes occurred at the Gakkel Ridge and the Svalbard archipelago processed with the use of a Russian software package WSG (Windows Seismic Grafer) recommended by the Unified Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A standard 4–8 Hz bandpass filter was used for the processing of regional Arctic earthquakes. The impact of seasonal variations on the quality of earthquakes registration was analysed based on the seismograms recorded by the ASN’s island-based Arctic stations from 2012 to 2014 The same analysis was done for the central broadband sensor SPA0 of the Norwegian NORSAR-owned SPITS group installed at the Svalbard archipelago. A correlation has been established between the number of earthquakes recorded by the ASN’s island Arctic stations and SPA0 station. The number of regional earthquakes, recorded by ASN’s island Arctic stations is is smaller in summer-autumn periods than in winter periods. Forthe SPA0 station, which is part of SPITS group, there is not seasonality in the number of registered earthquakes. Generally, earthquakes are recorded uniformly, exception on January. This might be due to the increased seismic activity in the Svalbard archipelago during that period.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC CAREER OF V.F. PIVOVAROV, A MEMBER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (RAS)

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
A. V. Soldatenko ◽  
O. N. Pishnaya ◽  
L. K. Gurkina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Russian Plant ◽  
Scientific Adviser ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

On the 21th September of 2018 Pivovarov Victor Fedorovich – scientific adviser of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Scientist of Russian Federation, State Laureate of Science and Technology, Doctor of Agricultural Science, Professor, is celebrating 50 years of his scientific and pedagogical activity. Dr. Pivovarov V.F. is the leading scientist in the field of ecology, introduction, horticulture, breeding and seed production of vegetable crops. Since having been appointed to a director of VNIISSOK, V.F. Pivovarov has continued to keep up the best traditions of Russian plant breeding school. By now, the VNIISSOK has become a scientific and methodical center for vegetable plant breeding and seed production, where many theoretical studies, the advanced technologies and methods of development of initial breeding material of vegetable plants for further breeding programs are carried out.

scholarly journals History of Academician Alexander Braunstein’s Nomination for the Nobel Prize: Materials from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences

2019 ◽  
pp. 408-416
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Kursanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Soviet Science ◽  
Nobel Committee ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact

The article reviews the history of nomination for the Nobel Prize of the Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Alexander E. Braunstein (1902-1986), biochemist and molecular biologist. The author has studied documents of the Brownstein fond from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences and materials from the Archive of the Nobel Committee, as well as literary sources on the topic. Having studied the historiography, the author concludes that the interpretation of the issue in the national scholarship is inaccurate. The task is complicated by the fact that, according to the rules of the Nobel Committee, the names of nominees are not publicly announced, nominees are not informed of their nomination, promulgation of names of nominees is allowed only fifty years after the nomination. It was the study of archival materials that has allowed to supplement and clarify the history of the Russian scientist’s nomination for the Nobel Prize. 1950s saw many works on molecular biology that laid foundation for the subsequent research and received recognition of the Nobel Committee. The study refutes the tendency to underestimate the impact of Soviet science by showing the foreign scholars’ attitude to Alexander Braunstein’s discoveries. The chronological framework of the study is determined by submissions for nomination stored in the fond and dated 1952-1985. The article examines four nominations of Braunstein to the Nobel Committee for his work on processes and enzymes of nitrogen metabolism. Braunstein was one of Russian biochemists who could have been awarded the Nobel Prize, but never has. And yet his repeated nomination for the award shows high evaluation of his work by scientists of global renown.

scholarly journals KRASNOOBSKAYA - NEW VARIETY OF SOYBEAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF NORTH URALS

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Евгений Ренев ◽  
Evgeniy Renev ◽  
Ольга Вьюшина ◽  
Ol'ga V'yushina
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Siberian Research Institute ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Research Institute

The article presents field trials results of Krasnoobskaya variety soybean cultivation, developed jointly by the scientists of Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of North Urals - branch of Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, (Tyumen region) and Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk Region) are presented by individual selection of somaclonal lines from Siberian Research Institute of Feedstuff 315 type of soybean. An economic morphological signs of a new Krasnoobskaya variety of soybean was conducted when growing it on dark gray forest soils in the northern forest-steppe of the Northern Urals. The variety is early maturing, the duration of the growing season is 79-95 days, it is intended for grain use. The productivity for the years of competitive testing (Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk) averaged 2.07 tons per hectare, 0.31 tons per hectare higher than Siberian Research Institute of Feedstuff 315 type. The maximum yield of seeds is 2.42 tons per hectare. According to the results of research in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of Tyumen region, Krasnoobskaya - a new variety of soybean of early maturation type showed satisfactory results in the morphology of plant development, productivity and seed quality. Morphologically, the attachment of the lower bean is 1.1 cm higher than that of Siberian Research Institute of Feedstuff 315 type, the average protein content in the Krasnobobskaya soybean was 34.0% on average over 2 years, 2.2% higher than the standard, and 19.6% higher in fat standard level. The productivity of the variety for 2 years of research exceeded the standard of Siberian Research Institute of Feedstuff 315 type by an average of 0.08 tons per hectare or 10.6%.

CONSTRUCTION OF A NOMOGRAM FOR DETERMINING THE PARAMETERS OF DBWIN THE PIT’S CONTOUR ZONE

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
S.N. ZHARIKOV ◽  
◽  
V.A. KUTUEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Significance ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Wave Processes ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Seismic Vibrations ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact

The article presents some results of research in the direction of studying the seismics of explosions of dredging blocks. Questions and solutions for studying the distribution of wave processes in a mountain range are described specifically for mining engineers with minimal theoretical deviations and maximum practical significance. The article presents methodological developments of The Institute of mining of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for determining protective measures against the impact of blasting on protected objects, depending on the mass of explosives in the deceleration stage, the coefficient of ground conditions and the permissible speed of seismic vibrations.

Scientific basis for the formation of multifunctional cluster dendrological expositions of collections of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of Russian Academy of Sciences

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-63
Author(s):  
А.В. Семенютина ◽  
А.Ш. Хужахметова ◽  
С.Е. Лазарев ◽  
В.А. Семенютина ◽  
Д.В. Сапронова
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Federal Research ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Regions Of Russia

В последние годы в связи с реализацией нацпроектов «Экология» актуальность приобретают вопросы сохранения, восстановления и непрерывного использования дендроколлекций в озеленении при формировании комфортной городской среды и применения отобранного генофонда растений в лесомелиорации, плодоводстве, парфюмерной промышленности и др. Цель – разработать научные основы и этапы формирования полифункциональных кластерных дендрологических экспозиций коллекций ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН при их реновации в биоресурсные искусственные и озелененные ландшафтные пространства рекреационного типа в малолесных регионах России. Выявлено, что в системе ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (ранее ВНИАЛМИ) имеются несколько дендрариев (Волгоградский, Камышинский, Кулундинский, Поволжский), в которых собран основной генофонд видов древесных и кустарниковых растений из различных стран мира (Европы, Азии, Северной Америки и др.) для агролесоводства и озеленения аридных территорий РФ. Они ориентированы на подбор деревьев и кустарников, пригодных в первую очередь для защитного лесоразведения и озеленения, а также здесь проводятся фундаментальные научные исследования в области биоэкологии древесных растений и питомниководства. В настоящее время они испытывают ряд негативных воздействий (факторы и угрозы): деградация растительности – диффузное и куртинное усыхание деревьев и кустарников вследствие недостаточного орошения, вытаптывания почвы, пожары 2010, 2015, 2017 гг. (г. Волгоград); загрязнение воздушного бассейна (связано с общей неблагоприятной ситуацией, сложившейся в городе, воздействием выбросов автотранспортом); визуальное загрязнение – замусоренность территории вследствие высокой рекреационной нагрузки. Установлены наиболее острые проблемные ситуации, не связанные с состоянием окружающей природной среды – отсутствие буферной зоны, нерегулируемая рекреация, отсутствие ограждений. Дорожно-тропиночная сеть представлена грунтовыми протопами. Освещение и цветочное оформление отсутствует. Разработана концепция реконструкции, структура и функциональное зонирование на примере дендрологического парка ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (г. Волгоград). Формирование кластерных дендрологических экспозиций и биоресурсов коллекций полифункционального типа служат не только хорошим полигоном с контролируемой территорией, где можно безопасно испытывать виды растений, но и разрабатывать соответствующие рекомендации по реновации озелененных пространств рекреационных ландшафтов с учетом комплексной оценки искусственных урбофитоценозов в малолесных регионах России. In recent years, in connection with the implementation of the Ecology national projects, the issues of conservation, restoration and continuous use of dendrocollections in landscaping during the formation of a comfortable urban environment and the use of selected plant gene pools in forest reclamation, horticulture, perfumery, etc. have become urgent. The goal is to develop the scientific foundations and stages of the formation of multifunctional cluster dendrological expositions of the collections of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences during their renovation in bioresource artificial and landscaped of a recreational type in sparsely forested regions of Russia. It was revealed that in the system of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly VNIALMI) there are several arboretums (Volgogradsky, Kamyshinsky, Kulundinsky, Volga), in which the main gene pool of species of woody and shrub plants from different countries of the world (Europe, Asia, North America, etc.) is collected for agroforestry and landscaping of arid territories of the Russian Federation. They are focused on the selection of trees and shrubs suitable primarily for protective afforestation and landscaping, and fundamental scientific research is also carried out in the field of bioecology of woody plants and nursery farming. Currently, they are experiencing a number of negative impacts (factors and threats): vegetation degradation - diffuse and curtain drying of trees and shrubs due to insufficient irrigation, trampling of the soil, fires in 2010, 2015, 2017. (Volgograd city); air pollution (due to the general unfavorable situation in the city, the impact of emissions from vehicles); visual pollution - the clutter of the territory due to the high recreational load. The most acute problem situations that are not related to the state of the environment — the absence of a buffer zone, unregulated recreation, and the absence of fences are established. The road-path network is represented by unpaved protopes. Lighting and flower design is missing. The reconstruction concept, structure and functional zoning were developed on the example of the dendrological park of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Volgograd). The formation of cluster dendrological expositions and bioresources of multifunctional type collections not only serves as a good testing ground with a controlled territory where plant species can be safely tested, but also develop appropriate recommendations for the renovation of green spaces of recreational landscapes, taking into account a comprehensive assessment of artificial urbophytocenoses in sparsely forested regions of Russia.

scholarly journals Potassium fertilization improves growth, yield and seed quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under drought stress at different growth stages

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256075
Author(s):  
Javed Shabbir Dar ◽  
Mumtaz Akhtar Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani ◽  
Shahnwaz Khuhro ◽  
Shahjahan Rajput ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Semi Arid

Water scarcity is a major concern for sunflower production in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world. Potassium (K) application has been found effective to alleviate the influence of drought stress; however, the impact of drought stress on seed quality of sunflower has not been reported frequently. Therefore, a field experiment was performed to determine the optimum K requirement for mitigating the adverse effects of water stress and improving growth and seed quality of spring-planted sunflower. Sunflower plants were exposed to water stress at different growth stages, i.e., Io = no stress (normal irrigation), I1 = pre-anthesisi stress (irrigation skipped at pre-anthesis stage), I2 = anthesis stress (irrigation skipped at anthesis stage) and I3 = post-anthesis stress (irrigation skipped at post-anthesis stage). Potassium was applied at four different rates, i.e., Ko = 0, K1 = 50, K2 = 100 and K3 = 150 kg ha-1. The results revealed that water stress at pre- and post-anthesis stages significantly reduced plant height, head diameter, number of achenes, oleic acid contents, and phosphorus (P) uptake. However, pre-anthesis stress improved linoleic acid contents. Treatment IoK3 (stress-free with 150 kg ha-1 K) was optimum combination for 1000-achene weight, biological and achene yields, oil contents, protein contents, and N and P uptake. Results indicated that a higher amount of K and irrigation resulted in higher yield, whereas yield and yield components decreased with early-stage water stress. Nevertheless, potassium application lowered the impacts of waters stress compared to no application. Keeping in view these results, it is recommended that sunflower must be supplied 150 kg ha-1 K in arid and semi-arid regions to achieve higher yield and better seed quality.

scholarly journals Adapting the seasonal rhythms of development on the example of dendrological collection of the federal scientificcenter of agroecology of the russian academy of sciences

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
А.В. Семенютина ◽  
Д.В. Сапронова ◽  
А.Ш. Хужахметова
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Generative Organs

Оценка успешности адаптации древесных растений к почвенным и годичным изменениям сезонных метеорологических условий засушливого региона произрастания на основе метода фенологических наблюдений позволяет выявить синхронность развития вегетативных и генеративных органов культивируемых растений. Получены многолетние экспериментальные материалы (по 20-летним периодам: 1979, 1989, 2019 г.г.) по сезонному развитию 47 древесных растений, произрастающих на участках с каштановыми почвами в дендроколлекциях Нижневолжской станции по селекции древесных пород – филиала ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (г. Камышин, Волгоградская область). Выявлено, что для каждого вида характерен свой годичный цикл с определенной последовательностью и длительностью периодов роста и развития, размножения и т.д. Установлена сопряженность фенофаз с сезонной ритмикой климатических параметров и важных фенофаз друг с другом, приведена частотная характеристика фенофаз сезонного развития. Биоритмы растений связаны с анатомо-морфологическими, физиологическими, биохимическими признаками и свойствами, которые влияют на степень адаптации к экологическим факторам. Установлены фенологические закономерности развития деревьев и кустарников необходимые для прогнозирования их перспективности для защитного лесоразведения и озеленения в условиях воздействия стресс-факторов и изменения климата. По анализу многолетних (60 лет) фенологических наблюдений, выявлено, что изменчивость дат наступления внутри фазы заметно ниже, чем между фазами развития. Это согласуется с энергетическими потребностями фенофаз развития в онтогенезе и видовой принадлежностью и географическим происхождением. Выявленные закономерности между биоритмами растений и сезонными изменениями климатических факторов в условиях Волгоградской области. У большинства видов распускание листовых почек начинается и достигает максимума при солнечном сиянии свыше 13,5 часов в сутки и среднесуточной температуры воздуха в пределах 5-10-15°C. Максимум фенофазы начала цветения у древесных растений приходится на продолжительность солнечного сияния 14-16 часов в сутки при температуре воздуха в пределах 10-18°C. Конец цветения смещён на декаду позже примерно при тех же параметрах солнечной радиации и температуры воздуха. Облиствение у всех растений укладывается за три декады мая - это 15-16 часов солнечного сияния и температура воздуха 15-21°C. Окончание роста побегов приходится на период года, когда солнечная радиация достигает максимума в 16 часов в сутки и температура воздуха приближается к максимуму среднесуточной температуры воздуха + 24оС. В последовательном ряду изученных фенофаз существуют определённые соотношения: каждая последующая начинается по завершении предыдущей; иногда возможно наложение фенофаз развития (вегетативных и генеративных органов). Assessment of the success of adaptation of woody plants to soil and annual changes in seasonal meteorological conditions of the arid growing region based on the method of phenological observations allows us to identify the synchronicity of the development of vegetative and generative organs of cultivated plants. The years of experimental materials (for a 20-year period: 1979, 1989, 2019) seasonal development of 47 woody plant species growing in areas with brown soils in dendrological collection Nizhnevolzhsky station on selection of tree species, branch of Federal scientific center of agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kamyshin, Volgograd oblast). It is revealed that each species has its own annual cycle with a certain sequence and duration of periods of growth and development, reproduction, etc. The conjugation of phenophases with the seasonal rhythm of climatic parameters and important phenophases with each other is established, and the frequency characteristic of phenophases of seasonal development is given. Plant biorhythms are associated with anatomical, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and properties that affect the degree of adaptation to environmental factors. The phenological patterns of trees and shrubs development necessary for predicting their prospects for protective afforestation and landscaping under the influence of stress factors and climate change are established. Based on the analysis of long-term (60 years) phenological observations, it was found that the variability of onset dates within the phase is significantly lower than between the development phases. This is consistent with the energy needs of phenophases of development in ontogenesis and species affiliation and geographical origin. The revealed regularities between plant biorhythms and seasonal changes in climatic factors in the conditions of the Volgograd region. In most species, leaf budding begins and reaches its maximum when the sun shines for more than 13.5 hours a day and the average daily air temperature is between 5-10-15°C. The maximum phenophase of the beginning of flowering in woody plants is the duration of sunshine 14-16 hours a day at an air temperature within 10-18°C. The end of flowering is shifted a decade later at approximately the same parameters of solar radiation and air temperature. The foliage of all plants is laid in three decades of may - this is 15-16 hours of sunshine and the air temperature is 15-21°C. The end of the growth of runs occurs during the period of the year when solar radiation reaches a maximum of 16 hours per day and the air temperature is approaching the maximum of the average daily air temperature of + 24°C. In a series of studied phenophases, there are certain relationships: each subsequent one begins at the end of the previous one; sometimes it is possible to overlap the phenophases of development (vegetative and generative organs). Keywords phenology, regularities, adaptation, variability, tree species, dendrological collections The research was carried out within the framework of state task No. 0713-2019-0004 "To Develop scientific bases and methods for preserving the biodiversity of tree species in order to select an adapted gene pool of economically valuable plants for the formation of protective forest stands for various purposes in the steppe and semi-desert" (state registration no. AAAA-A16-116032950058-8) financing of the Ministry of science and higher education of the Russian Federation

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document