Influence of Gender Inequality in Employment and Inequal Employment Opportunities on Women's participation in the Saudi Labor Market during (2010- 2020): تأثير عدم المساواة بين الجنسين في التوظيف وتكافؤ الفرص الوظيفية على مشاركة المرأة في سوق العمل السعودي خلال الفترة 2010- 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (20) ◽  
pp. 173-157
Author(s):  
Abeer Kamel Alfarran Abeer Kamel Alfarran
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Participation Of Women

The study aimed at identify the influence of gender inequality in employment and inequal employment opportunities on women's participation in the Saudi labor market. The importance of the study lies in addressing the scientific gap due to the lack of previous scientific studies, which dealt with gender inequality and the extent of their impact on women's participation in the Saudi labor market. Moreover, to documenting and evaluating the legal reforms and regulations of the Saudi labor market that aimed to reduce the gender inequality in employment and inequal employment opportunities. The researcher used the relational research method based on hypotheses, which depends on an in-depth review and compilation of evidence from previous secondary sources during (2010-2020), related to the study problem. For data analysis, the researcher used (EViews software), and performed statistical treatments using the Victor autoregressive (VAR) model. The study found that gender inequality in employment and equal employment opportunities cause about 30% of the low participation of women in the Saudi labor market. The study recommended passing clear, explicit and binding legislation related to both employment and job opportunities on an equal footing for both genders.    

Labour Force Participation and Nature of Employment Among Women in Selangor, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-139
Author(s):  
Rulia Akhtar ◽  
Muhammad Mehedi Masud ◽  
Md Sohel Rana
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Developed Nations

There is an honest nexus between women’s participation in the workforce and national economic growth. However, the participation of women in the workforce in developing countries is still lagging behind compared to developed nations. Hence, the fundamental question that arises here is what are the key determinants to influence women to participate in the workforce with a special reference to Malaysia? To answer this research question, this study aims to identify the influencing determinants that motivate women to participate in the labour market in Malaysia. Based on data that have been collected from primary and secondary sources, logit model is used to analyse the factors affecting female labour force participation. The findings reveal that education, household income, financial condition of the households, family size and family background play a substantial role for female participation in the workforce. It implies that educated women and those who belong to joint families are more willing to participate in the workforce due to financial obligation. Based on the positive findings of this study, policymakers can take substantive steps to accelerate women’s participation in the workforce in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Gender Equality and Women Participation in Government: the case of Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
A. A. Kireyeva ◽  
G. K. Kenzhegulova ◽  
Osama Rajkhan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
The State ◽  
Gender Policy ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The World ◽  
Women In Parliament

Gender equality today is gaining all the relevance in the planning of the State program around the world. When planning government programs, they follow certain steps to achieve this goal. However, the goal of this system remains acute in many countries around the world. This article is devoted to the issue of gender policy in Kazakhstan. The article examined indicators such as women’s participation in leadership positions, employment in the labor market, education, the wage gap and how they participate in women’s participation in parliament. The participation of women in parliament was identified as one of the key factors in the development of gender equality. The article considered the theory of context. The results of the study confirmed the theory of context. To promote gender equality policies, the application of policies must be considered. The results showed that the wage gap and women’s participation in the labor market have a significant impact on women’s participation in parliament. The activity of women in education, that is, the increase in the number of women among students, however, did not have a significant impact on the participation of women in parliament. The SPSS program was used for the regression analysis. Also, a statistical analysis was carried out for a deeper study of the influence of factors on the activity of women in the state. The SPSS program was used for the regression analysis.

Evolution of the Employment Gender Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-45
Author(s):  
Marina Faďoš ◽  
Mária Bohdalová
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Opposite Behavior ◽  
Employment Inequality

Participation of women on the labor market and in employment increased in the recent years, while men seem to be pulling out of the labor force. This is not true for all countries. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview and a comparison of gender employment inequality and the relation with policy implications. The authors have found evidence, based on data, of the opposite behavior. When gender inequality is mentioned, people usually depict women being at a disadvantage. Although this is true for many countries, there are also countries where women are better positioned in the labor market than men. However, this also depends on such characteristics as age, education, and economic sector. Policy implications were proposed based on the obtained findings of this chapter.

scholarly journals Explicaciones Teóricas de la Discriminación de la Mujer en el Mercado de Trabajo: Fundamentos Microeconómicos / Theoretical Explanations od Discriminations of Women in the Labour Market: Microeconomic Foundations

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Borja Sepúlveda ◽  
Ángel Algarra Paredes ◽  
Rodolfo Ramos Melero
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Labor Market Participation ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Desarrollo Profesional ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Microeconomic Foundations

ABSTRACTThe presence of women in the labor market is increasing gradually, but this has not prevented the fact that they find more problems in their careers than men. This area of gender inequality in the labor market poses new challenges for gender equality policies, aimed at ensuring full labor market participation of women as well as equal opportunities for the development of their professional careers. Discrimination against women is a "glass ceiling" for professional development, promotion, and occupation of the highest positions at the companies. This article covers the main explanatory theories of discrimination suffered by women in the labor market from a microeconomic point of view.RESUMENLa presencia de las mujeres en el mundo laboral va aumentando progresivamente; sin embargo, esta situación no ha evitado que las mujeres se encuentren con más problemas en su promoción profesional que los hombres. Este ámbito de desigualdad por razón de sexo en el mercado laboral plantea nuevos retos a las políticas de igualdad, tendentes a garantizar la plena incorporación al mercado laboral de las mujeres y asimismo a establecer los cambios que posibiliten el ascenso profesional de las mismas en igualdad de condiciones con los hombres. La discriminación que sufren las mujeres supone un "techo de cristal" al desarrollo profesional y a la promoción y ocupación de los puestos más altos de las organizaciones en las que trabajan. En el presente artículo se recogen las principales teorías explicativas de la discriminación que sufre la mujer en el mercado de trabajo desde un punto de vista fundamentalmente microeconómico.

Gender features of digitalization on the Russian labor market

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
Aisuly Ilimbetova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Health Care Information ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Information And Communication

Digitalization changes the nature of work and the demands for competences of a modern employee, but the speed and volume of digitalization differ by type of economic activity. In the context of existing gender differentiation on the labor market, differences in the degree of digitalization lead to the fact that male and female types of employment change differently. The aim of the article is to determine the degree and features of digitalization of "women's" and "men's" spheres of employment and draw conclusions on the prospective impact of these differences on gender inequality. Data analysis concerning current gender differentiation on the labor market, the scale of occupational digitalization and the use of information technologies for various purposes allows us to conclude that both "male" and "female" professions are highly digitalized, but the nature of the changes is different. Data on the gender distribution in the areas of employment and the degree of digitalization of these areas allow us to distinguish 3 categories of women's participation in digital economy: 1. Household use of digital technologies; 2. Digital technologies use while performing labor functions; 3. Creation of digital technologies and direct participation in digitalization. The areas of women's primary employment (health care, information and communication, finance, education) are currently the leaders in employing digital technologies, so computer technologies penetrate more intensively into the professional activities of women than in "male" professions (for example, construction). However, in software development and digital technology management, women are less represented, acting as users of technologies created mainly by men. Since creation is primary related to usage, digitalization enhances gender inequality determining the innovative role for men and the user role for women, which should be taken into account while implementing policies aimed at overcoming inequality.

scholarly journals Women Representation in Nepalese Local Election 2017: Issues and Challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Sanju Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Meaningful Participation ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Numeric Representation ◽  
Election Commission

Democracy is for power and justice. Women's participation in politics is for achieving these twin goals.  The main objective of this study is to reviews the women representation at Nepalese local in political domain. The essential data and information are collected from secondary sources. Reports, information, facts, figures, policies, acts and program published by Nepal Election Commission-2017 and other related sources reports are basically used in this paper. One of the key factors to ensure higher and meaningful participation of women in politics is these favorable (reservation) electoral provisions. The 2017 local elections were significant in advancing female political representation in Nepal. However, what has been achieved so far is not enough and continued concentrated action is essential. There are more issues and challenges to be resolve for fair and meaningful political participation of women. The women's representation in politics should not be just a numeric representation. It should rise in the societal awareness for women and build capacity of female leaders and ultimately helps in the overall development of the country. 

THE EFFECT OF SELF CONFIDENCE, QUALITY EDUCATION AND FAMILY ENVIRONMENT ON INDONESIAN YOUTH IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Novita Novita ◽  
Damar Aji Irawan ◽  
Benyamin Suwitorahardjo
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

The biggest challenge faced by students nowadays and in the future, is how to deal with the increasingly high competition in the world, the increasing number of undergraduate and limited job opportunities. In this kind of situations, the students had to find a creative way and change the approach of being a university graduate looking for a job, to become scholars who can create their own jobs, or even able to create jobs for others. The purpose of this study was to determine the youth interest on entrepreneurship in Indonesia. It seems that the youth are unaware to see that the job is increasingly difficult to find nowadays. So through this study, researchers wanted to find out what causes youth in Indonesia, reluctant to become an entrepreneur. While being an entrepreneur, the youth can open or create jobs for others and can reduce the level of unemployment in Indonesia. Self-confidence is an important factor in entrepreneurship. Family environment and quality education also participate in creating interest for youth in entrepreneurship. This research is using basic research method; where researchers will try to link the theories of the existing variables. Thus, researchers can conduct research by distributing questionnaires to the youth throughout Indonesia. This study aims to determine the cause of Indonesian youth lack of interest in entrepreneurship.

Assessment of Regional Inequality in Female Work Participation: Measurement of Disparity and Determinants

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sheuli Ray ◽  
Manoj Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Female Work Participation

The regional difference of complex Indian social structure and customs have a different impact on the nature of women’s work participation. The present study aims at unravelling the influence of social, cultural and economic forces in differentiating the level of women work participation in different eco-regions of West Bengal. The study is based purely on secondary sources and data have been collected from the Census of India. It is in the rural areas that the female work participation is directly linked to agriculture and allied activities and the study confines itself to an understanding of work participation of women only in the rural areas. The modern technological implication as a result of green revolution has a worse impact on women work participation particularly in the South Bengal plain and some parts of East Rarh Plain region. The high gender gap is noticed in Nadia district located in the middle part of South Bengal Plain causes very high withdrawn of female from there. Effect of socioeconomic variables, work participation of Scheduled component in main economic activity is also varied from the non-scheduled component. Non-scheduled worker participated more in non-agricultural sector rather than the scheduled counter parts. Subsequently, the low growth rate of female work participation represents a distress picture in work force structure which is a cause of worried also.

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