scholarly journals Morphological Adaptation of Anglicisms in the Albanian Press

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Irena Pata Kapo
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Paper Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Morphological Adaptation ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

The flux of Anglicisms in Albanian language is a phenomenon of the last two decades. Similarly to many other European languages Albanian has been under the influence of English language for some time now and in a wide range of areas of life, study, etc. This paper, which is only a part of the author’s research study of Anglicisms’ ‘behavior’ in Albanian, aims at analyzing the morphological adaptation of English loan words in Albanian; their grammatical categories, how they adapt to Albanian grammatical system and the changes they go through in order to ‘survive’ permanently, stay and be used temporarily by Albanian speakers or leave the Albanian lexis, due to their equivalents already existing in Albanian or to the high level resistance Albanian language poses to them. This analysis is performed referring to the counterpart categories of these loans in Albanian, thus adaptation of nouns and how does their declension, gender and number fit within the noun category in Albanian, adaptation of adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc.; a part of this paper analysis are also the acronyms borrowed directly from English, compounds as well as some forms of word formation under the influence of English language.

scholarly journals The Idea of Ethnopoetics in Contemporary Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Zakharov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Formation Model ◽  
Written Text ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Cultural Code

<p>In recent decades, ethnopoetics has become one of the new philological disciplines. Its idea first appeared in the treatise of Nicolas Boileau &ldquo;The Art of Poetry&rdquo; (1674), in which the classicist theorist formulated the requirement of local and historical color in art. His rule was followed by many poets, playwrights and novelists of Modern history. In Anglo-American criticism, the term ethnopoetics was introduced in 1968. Jerome Rotenberg, who, along with Dennis Tedlock and Dell Himes, founded the principles and methods of studying American Indian poetry. In the 2000s. this concept has entered encyclopedic dictionaries in English and other European languages, but this word is still not in Russian terminological dictionaries. So far, the concept of poetics, which restricts the semantics of words forming a term, has received recognition. Already in the process of formation of ethnopoetics, its subject was expanded at the expense of middle Eastern and Jewish folklore, and later the oral creativity of other peoples. The word formation model (ἔ&theta;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;/ ethnos&nbsp;+&nbsp;&pi;&omicron;&iota;&eta;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ή/poetics) cancels limited interpretations of the term. In modern usage, the term ethnopoetics is used in a wide range of meanings that have not yet been marked by lexicographers, but convey the full semantics of the words forming the term. The idea of ethnopoetics gave rise to not one, but several of its concepts. The author of the article develops his earlier understanding of ethnopoetics as a discipline that should study the national identity of the oral and written text, describe in the categories of poetics the specific things that make national literature national. It is characterized by concepts and conceptospheres, they form the mentality, reveal the cultural code of national literatures. The analysis of ethnopoetics opens up great opportunities in the comparative analysis of thesauri of different authors and their works.</p>

scholarly journals Ivan Bobersky as the creator of the Ukrainian football terminology in Halychyna

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Iryna Protsyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Text Book ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Football Game ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Verbal Definition

This article analyzes the football terms proposed for use in the Ukrainian football discourse by a well-known public figure, the founder of the national physical education and sports tradition Ivan Bobers’kyi. Emphasis is placed on the basic approach of Bobers’kyi to the development of the Ukrainian football terminology – the search for specific equivalents to foreign names (se-mantic derivation) and the creation of terms on national grounds (morphological and syntactic word formation), which would be clear to the general public, easily perceived and assimilated. The most important thematic groups of football vocabulary used by Bobers’kyi in his text-book Zabavy i Hry Rukhovi. Chast III. Kopanyi Miach (Entertainments and Moving Games) have been singled out. The content of these groups of names is demonstrated through a series of syno-nyms to outline a special concept at the initial stage of term formation. Also, modern analogues to the football terms of the early 20th century, unknown today to both football fans and profes-sionals and linguists, are presented. It is argued that the football terminology suggested by Bo-bers’kyi in the first Ukrainian football textbook Kopanyi Miach (Football) proved successful in the creation of the names of football concepts on a national basis. In fact, there are more Ukrai-nian names in all the thematic groups of football vocabulary used by the author in this manual than borrowings, barbarisms, and hybrid names found in the text. Bobers’kyi did not copy foot-ball terminology used in other European languages but searched for a verbal definition for foot-ball concepts trying to preserve the spirit of the native language. In an effort to demonstrate the richness of his native language and its word-formation potential, Bobers’kyi coined the Ukrai-nian term for football kopanyi miach (a kicked ball) – a term that most accurately conveys the dy-namics of the football game itself. It is emphasized that Ukrainians owe to Bobers’kyi not only the dissemination of informa-tion about football but also the beginning of the Ukrainian football discourse in the native lan-guage and the creation of football terminology on a national basis. Keywords: football discourse, Ukrainian football terminology, Ivan Bobers’kyi, native terms, loan-words.

scholarly journals Mechanism of High-Level Daptomycin Resistance in Corynebacterium striatum

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas K. Goldner ◽  
Christopher Bulow ◽  
Kevin Cho ◽  
Meghan Wallace ◽  
Fong-Fu Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Systems ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Clinical Failure ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Corynebacterium Striatum ◽  
High Level ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Level Resistance

ABSTRACT Daptomycin, a last-line-of-defense antibiotic for treating Gram-positive infections, is experiencing clinical failure against important infectious agents, including Corynebacterium striatum. The recent transition of daptomycin to generic status is projected to dramatically increase availability, use, and clinical failure. Here we confirm the genetic mechanism of high-level daptomycin resistance (HLDR; MIC = >256 µg/ml) in C. striatum, which evolved within a patient during daptomycin therapy, a phenotype recapitulated in vitro. In all 8 independent cases tested, loss-of-function mutations in phosphatidylglycerol synthase (pgsA2) were necessary and sufficient for high-level daptomycin resistance. Through lipidomic and biochemical analysis, we demonstrate that daptomycin’s activity is dependent on the membrane phosphatidylglycerol (PG) concentration. Until now, the verification of PG as the in vivo target of daptomycin has proven difficult since tested cell model systems were not viable without membrane PG. C. striatum becomes daptomycin resistant at a high level by removing PG from the membrane and changing the membrane composition to maintain viability. This work demonstrates that loss-of-function mutation in pgsA2 and the loss of membrane PG are necessary and sufficient to produce high-level resistance to daptomycin in C. striatum. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance threatens the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment options, including last-line-of-defense drugs. Understanding how this resistance develops can help direct antimicrobial stewardship efforts and is critical to designing the next generation of antimicrobial therapies. Here we determine how Corynebacterium striatum, a skin commensal and opportunistic pathogen, evolved high-level resistance to a drug of last resort, daptomycin. Through a single mutation, this pathogen was able to remove the daptomycin’s target, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), from the membrane and evade daptomycin’s bactericidal activity. We found that additional compensatory changes were not necessary to support the removal of PG and replacement with phosphatidylinositol (PI). The ease with which C. striatum evolved high-level resistance is cause for alarm and highlights the importance of screening new antimicrobials against a wide range of clinical pathogens which may harbor unique capacities for resistance evolution.

The impact of English in Greece

English Today ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agapios Oikonomidis
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Academic Medical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Illustrative Material

This article provides an illustrated account of the extent to which elements of the English language have become commonplace in Greek, particularly in magazine and other texts, and particularly where Greek has long had a powerful influence on English and other Western European languages, especially in adding to their academic, medical, and technological lexicon. English now appears to be paying Greek back in kind and in full – across a wide range of registers. The illustrative material that accompanies the article helps demonstrate the extent to which present-day Greek has absorbed lexical material from English.

scholarly journals Resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin: an emerging clinical problem.

1990 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Johnson ◽  
A H Uttley ◽  
N Woodford ◽  
R C George
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vancomycin Mics ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

Vancomycin and teicoplanin are glycopeptides active against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria. For 30 years following the discovery of vancomycin in 1956, vancomycin resistance was not detected among normally susceptible bacteria recovered from human specimens. Since 1986, however, bacteria resistant to vancomycin or teicoplanin or both have been described. Strains of the genera Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Erysipelothrix seem inherently resistant to glycopeptides. Species and strains of enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci appear to have acquired or developed resistance. There are at least two categories of glycopeptide resistance among enterococci, characterized by either high-level resistance to vancomycin (MIC, greater than or equal to 64 mg/liter) and teicoplanin (MIC, greater than or equal to 8 mg/liter) or lower-level vancomycin resistance (MIC, 32 to 64 mg/liter) and teicoplanin susceptibility (MIC, less than or equal to 1 mg/liter). The two categories appear to have similar resistance mechanisms, although genetic and biochemical studies indicate that they have arisen independently. Among coagulase-negative staphylococci, strains for which vancomycin MICs are up to 20 mg/liter or teicoplanin MICs are 16 to 32 mg/liter have been reported, but cross-resistance between these glycopeptides varies. The selective advantage accorded to glycopeptide-resistant bacteria and the observation that high-level resistance in enterococci is transferable suggest that such resistance may be expected to increase in incidence. Clinicians and microbiologists need to be aware of this emerging problem.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and genetic barriers to establishment of horizontally transferred genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Yadav ◽  
Linnéa Garoff ◽  
Douglas L Huseby ◽  
Diarmaid Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Nucleotide Composition ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genetic Barriers ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance ◽  
Ribosomal Protection

Abstract Background Ribosomal protection proteins (RPPs) interact with bacterial ribosomes to prevent inhibition of protein synthesis by tetracycline. RPP genes have evolved from a common ancestor into at least 12 distinct classes and spread by horizontal genetic transfer into a wide range of bacteria. Many bacterial genera host RPP genes from multiple classes but tet(M) is the predominant RPP gene found in Escherichia coli. Objectives We asked whether phenotypic barriers (low-level resistance, high fitness cost) might constrain the fixation of other RPP genes in E. coli. Methods We expressed a diverse set of six different RPP genes in E. coli, including tet(M), and quantified tetracycline susceptibility and growth phenotypes as a function of expression level, and evolvability to overcome identified phenotypic barriers. Results The genes tet(M) and tet(Q) conferred high-level tetracycline resistance without reducing fitness; tet(O) and tet(W) conferred high-level resistance but significantly reduced growth fitness; tetB(P) conferred low-level resistance and while mutants conferring high-level resistance were selectable these had reduced growth fitness; otr(A) did not confer resistance and resistant mutants could not be selected. Evolution experiments suggested that codon usage patterns in tet(O) and tet(W), and transcriptional silencing associated with nucleotide composition in tetB(P), accounted for the observed phenotypic barriers. Conclusions With the exception of tet(Q), the data reveal significant phenotypic and genetic barriers to the fixation of additional RPP genes in E. coli.

scholarly journals ABSTRACT DEVERBAL FORMATIONS WITH BASES OF GREEK ORIGIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Nataliya SOTIROVA-MILCHEVA
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Morphological Adaptation ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Specific Position ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Special Category

The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word formation are the secondary derivatives formed from denominative verbs motivated by Greek nous and adjectives. The transformation of borrowed words into productive bases, which are combined with local word-forming suffixes, is the final stage of the complex process of lexical borrowing, which follows the stage of morphological adaptation of borrowed words, i. e. their grouping into a certain lexical-grammatical type. Many of them have formed large groups of derivatives. Being composed of elements of different languages, the new lexemes are hybrid in nature regarding their word-formation and their separation into a special category reflects the new status of the Greek bases of the borrowings. The hybrid formations of this type are the final result of the assimilation of the Greek loan words into the Bulgarian language, which is why they occupy a specific position in the Bulgarian lexical und. The use of some of them is dialect or archaic, but they all contribute to the enrichment of the vocabulary and the ways of expression in Bulgarian.

scholarly journals Blending: A brief history of misconception

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Streltsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Word Play ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Level

The article considers the main aspects of word-fusion, which is a means of word-building that has become popular in the last few decades. As a result, many scientific papers appeared whose authors are quite often not familiar with each other’s findings. That is why we aimed to highlight the major challenging aspects as well as little-known aspects of word-fusion and to present the main results obtained by researchers. We have shown that word-fusion has been in use at least since the 16th century, and not only in the English language. Now words derived according to the pattern are found in many languages of Continental Europe (German, French, Italian, etc.) and presumably existed in some languages, that are now extinct. There is a considerable number of literature on the subject that first appeared in the early 20th century, whereas in this country it happened half a century later. However, there were no less than ten theses, defended by Soviet and Russian linguists indicating a relatively high level of scrutiny. Nowadays, practically everyone recognizes the fact, that word-fusion is a separate productive word-building means used not only for word-play but also for term-building, and nomination of new objects and phenomena, mostly hybrid ones. As far as there is still no universally accepted term for the word-formation means in question, we propose “blending” which is mostly used by foreign and many Russian scholars, or “word-fusion” which is brief and semantically transparent.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE OSSETIAN AND ENGLISH WORDS FOR “SWEETHEART” AND “FRIEND”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Т. ГУТИЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
English Language ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Germanic Languages

Географическое соседство сарматов-аланов с тевтонцами на континенте, объеди- нение носителей иранских и германских языков для многочисленных военных походов и захватнических экспедиций должны были приводить к многоуровневому взаимовлиянию этих языков в период античности и раннего Средневековья. Это обусловило то, что не- которые явления следует рассматривать не в контексте генетического родства данных индоевропейских языков, а в свете позднейших языковых контактов. Фонетическое и се- мантическое сходство между осетинской лымæн / lymæn и английской лексемой leman в отсутствие параллелей в других индоевропейских языках позволяют предполагать факт сепаратного заимствования. Больший возраст осетинской лексемы, ее более широкий се- мантический объем, исторические данные о времени и формах контактов между предками носителей обоих языков указывают на возможность заимствования английским языком слова leman из сарматского, аланского. Кроме того серьезным аргументом в пользу заим- ствованного характера английского слова leman является нарушение узуального морфоло- гического регламента для слов со словообразовательным элементом -man и развитие им регулярной формы множественного числа lemans. Данное обстоятельство не позволяет согласиться с традиционной трактовкой слова leman как результата словосложения двух корней в раннесреднеанглийский период. Morphological features of the English word leman contradict to its etymological interpretation, which categorizes it as a compound native word. Its semantic and phonetic similarity with the Ossetic word лымæн / lymæn give solid ground for classifying it as a direct loan from the Iranian language. The geographical proximity of the Sarmatians-Alans and the Teutons on the continent, the union of the speakers of Iranian and Germanic languages for numerous military campaigns and expeditions could not but lead to a multi-level mutual influence of these languages in the period of antiquity and the early Middle Ages. This accounts for the fact, that some phenomena should be viewed not in the context of the genetic relatedness of these Indo-European languages, but in the light of their later language contacts. The phonetic and semantic similarities between the Ossetian lymæn / lymæn and the English lexeme leman in the absence of parallels in other Indo-European languages prompt to regard this fact as separate borrowing. The greater age of the Ossetian lexeme, its wider semantic volume, historical data on the time and forms of the contacts between the ancestors of the speakers of both languages indicate the possibility of borrowing by the English language of the word leman from the Sarmatian, Alanian. Moreover, a serious argument in favor of the borrowed character of the English word leman is a violation of the usual morphological rules for words with the word-formation element -man and the development of the regular plural form: lemans. This fact contradicts with the traditional interpretation of the word leman as a result of the composition of two roots in the early Middle English period.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activities of Garenoxacin (BMS 284756) against Asia-Pacific Region Clinical Isolates from the SENTRY Program, 1999 to 2001

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 2049-2055 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Christiansen ◽  
J. M. Bell ◽  
J. D. Turnidge ◽  
R. N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

ABSTRACT Between 1999 and 2001, 16,731 isolates from the Asia-Pacific Region were tested in the SENTRY Program for susceptibility to six fluoroquinolones including garenoxacin. Garenoxacin was four- to eightfold less active against Enterobacteriaceae than ciprofloxacin, although both drugs inhibited similar percentages at 1 μg/ml. Garenoxacin was more active against gram-positive species than all other fluoroquinolones except gemifloxacin. For Staphylococcus aureus, oxacillin resistance was high in many participating countries (Japan, 67%; Taiwan, 60%; Hong Kong, 55%; Singapore, 52%), with corresponding high levels of ciprofloxacin resistance (57 to 99%) in oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (ORSA). Of the ciprofloxacin-resistant ORSA isolates, the garenoxacin MIC was >4 μg/ml for only 9% of them. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin nonsusceptibility and macrolide resistance were high in many countries. No relationship was seen between penicillin and garenoxacin susceptibility, with all isolates being susceptible at <2 μg/ml. There was, however, a partial correlation between ciprofloxacin and garenoxacin MICs. For ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates for which garenoxacin MICs were 0.25 to 1 μg/liter, mutations in both the ParC and GyrA regions of the quinolone resistance-determining region could be demonstrated. No mutations conferring high-level resistance were detected. Garenoxacin shows useful activity against a wide range of organisms from the Asia-Pacific region. In particular, it has good activity against S. aureus and S. pneumoniae, although there is evidence that low-level resistance is present in those organisms with ciprofloxacin resistance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document