Copyright Protection in Albania – A Brief Historical Overview

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Enejda Osmanaj (Shyti)
Keyword(s):  
Copyright Protection ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Human creativity flourishes in a suitable environment, which is provided by the existence of an efficient legal system of copyright protection. In general, copyright is protected on national basis therefore the scope of protection and the requirements that must be met to ensure the protection of works and creations, differ from one country to another. Albania has its own legislation for copyright protection, as most of European countries. This paper is a historical overview of copyright legislation development in Albania. History has undeniable impact in a country's legislation. So, Albanian copyright legislation has been changed and improved from stages to stages. Copyright has found protection in Albania’s legislation, initially during the time of King Zog’s Ist (1925-1939) Reign. The Civil Code (1929) marks the first strands of copyright protection in Albania. This Code is referred to the best European legislations of the time. During the communist regime private intellectual creations and works could not be privately owned. The copyright belonged to the state. The government and the totalitarian Albanian state of that time decided to reproduce the work, or allow translation into foreign languages as well as the creation of derivative works. The Civil Code of the Republic of Albania (1981) came into force with new provisions that provided recognition and protection of copyright. After the collapse of the communism the recognition of private property was re-appeared. The authors and creators became owners of their works/performances. Firstly, Albanian Parliament adopted the law no. 7564, dated 19.05.1992 “On copyright”. Thirteen years later, the parliament enacted the Law no. 9380, dated 28.04.2005 “On copyright and other rights related to” that incorporated the provisions of the European Union Directives on Copyright Protection. Currently, the protection of copyright is provided even through some provisions of other legal acts, such as: Constitution of the Republic of Albania (1998), law no.7961/1995 “On the Labor Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended), Law no. 7895 /1995 “Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended), Law no. 7859 /1994 “On the Civil Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended) etc. In addition to the national legislation, Albania has ratified a number of international acts, which intend to protect copyright etc.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN KATA TABU DI MEDIA SOSIAL: KAJIAN LINGUISTIK FORENSIK

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Nadhifa Indana Zulfa Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Media Communication ◽  
Taboo Words ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
Equivalent Method

The freedom in social media communication have not been responded wisely by the citizen of the net (netizen). Sometimes while expressing themselves in the social media, netizens used the taboo words which potentially break the law. The problems chosen in this research is a type of taboo words used by the netizen and also whether these expressed words have a potential to violate the law. The method to collect the data is “Simak bebas libat cakap“(SBLC), it is a method where there is no active communication between interviewer and interviewee but it is only taken the data from internet, then to transcribe the taken data. The following step is analyzing data which used referential equivalent method, then the results of the analysis were presented informally. The findings showed that taboo words used in social media consisted of: (1) obscene words, (2) vulgar language, and (3) nick name and insult. These taboo words potentially violate the government regulation of the Republic Indonesia number 11 of 2008 concerning electronic information and transactions article 27 paragraph (3) and article 45 paragraph (1) as well as article 310 section (1) and article 311 section (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Code concerning defamation. Therefore, netizens must be careful in the way how communicate. Criminal Code, defamation, forensic linguistics, ITE Law, netizen, social media, taboo 

scholarly journals Status prawny mniejszości narodowych w Republice Słowackiej

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Puzyniak
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Położenie mniejszości narodowych na terenie Republiki Słowackiej regulują liczne akty prawne. Wśród nich znajdują się dokumenty przyjmowane na gruncie krajowym oraz rozwiązania o charakterze międzynarodowym. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie treści najważniejszych ustaw oraz dokumentów, które wpływają na położenie mniejszości narodowych na Słowacji, a także przybliżenie reakcji organizacji międzynarodowych na wprowadzane przez Bratysławę regulacje prawne. The legal status of national minorities in the Slovak Republic The location of national minorities in the territory of the Slovak Republic is regulated by numerous national acts, the most important of which are the constitution, the law on the use of national minority languages and the law on the state language. References to national minorities can be found in many other acts, such as the Act on counteracting discrimination, the Act on Upbringing and Education and the Act on Radio and Television. The issue of minorities is also raised in bilateral agreements, an example of which is the agreement on good neighbourliness and friendly cooperation between the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Hungary. The legal situation of minorities in Slovakia is also influenced by international organizations to which Bratislava belongs. In this case, the Council of Europe’s most significant influence, the European Union, the Central European Initiative and the United Nations. Over the years, the Slovak authorities have also created institutions responsible for activities for national minorities, and among them, an important function is performed by the Government Plenipotentiary of the Slovak Republic for National Minorities. This article aims to analyse the legal acts and institutions regulating the legal status of national minorities in Slovakia. The publication is also intended to show that the issue of minorities is covered in many legal solutions, and the Slovak authorities have developed a system of protection and support for this community over the years. The author used the institutional and legal method.

scholarly journals PENGATURAN HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA TENTANG INVESTASI BODONG (FOREX ILEGAL)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1119
Author(s):  
Lie Natanael ◽  
Cindy Cintya Lauren ◽  
Della Kristina ◽  
Tatang Ruchimat
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Investment Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Fake investment is becoming a phenomenon that has been occurring a lot lately in Indonesia, especially the online kind. Investment is a commitment to invest some fund to one or more asset(s) in some period of time. This article is written with a goal to do research on law enforcement of Indonesian investment law. The method of research that is used is normative law research. It’s found that: Investment in Indonesia is regulated by the Law of The Republic of Indonesia number 25 of 2007 on Capital Investments. System of investing in Indonesia is protected by Law of The Republic of Indonesia number 10 of 1998. The presence of fake investment is bringing negative influence to Indonesian investment scene. Act of fraud or embezzlement in the form of investments can be prosecuted criminally and sentenced up to 4 years of imprisonment according to the Indonesian criminal code article 372 and 378. It is to be expected that public can differentiate which is a legal and which is a fake investment. That could be realized if the public is educated on economics and law. It is a joint responsibility of the government, investment organizers, and academics. Investasi bodong menjadi sebuah fenomena yang sering terjadi belakangan ini sangat marak terjadi di Indonesia, khususnya investasi online. Investasi merupakan komitmen menanamkan sejumlah dana pada satu atau lebih aset selama beberapa periode. Artikel ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk meneliti penegakkan hukum tentang investasi di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Dan ditemukan bahwa: Investasi di Indonesia diatur dalam Undang-Undang No. 25 Tahun 2007 Tentang Penanaman Modal. Sistem investasi di Indonesia dilindungi oleh UU No. 10 tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan. Kehadiran investasi bodong membawa pengaruh negatif bagi iklim investasi Indonesia. Tindakan penipuan dan penggelapan uang yang berkedok investasi dapat dijerat pidana penjara paling lama empat tahun sesuai Pasal 372 dan 378 UU KUHP. Diharapkan kedepannya masyarakat dapat membedakan mana investasi yang legal dan yang bodong. Hal itu dapat terjadi bila masyarakat teredukasi soal ekonomi dan hukum. Ini menjadi tanggung jawab bersama pemerintah, penyelenggara investasi, dan akademisi.

Wyzwanie dla tożsamości międzynarodowej Macedonii – grecko macedoński spór o nazwę państwa

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-350
Author(s):  
Artur Adamczyk ◽  
Mladen Karadzoski
Keyword(s):  
The European Union ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
On The Road ◽  
International Identity ◽  
Of Greece

The main purpose of the article is to present how the Greek- -Macedonian naming dispute influenced the problem of implementation the international identity of Macedonia. Despite the initial problems of the government in Skopje related to determining their international identity, Macedonians managed to define the principles regarding the identification of a new state on the international stage. As a small country with limited attributes to shape its international position, Macedonia has basically been determined to seek guarantees for its existence and security in stable and predictable European international structures such as NATO and the European Union. The main obstacle for Macedonians on the road to Euro-Atlantic structures was the veto of Greece, a member of these organizations, resulting from Athens’ refusal to accept the name the Republic of Macedonia. The Prespa Agreement of 2018 gave a new impetus to the realization of the international identity of North Macedonia.

THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROPERTY RELATIONS ON THE INSTITUTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vugar Nazarov ◽  
◽  
Jamal Hajiyev ◽  
Vasif Ahadov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Scale Transformation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Property System ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Local and foreign scientists are now paying growing attention to various issues of property and the philosophical and ethical, political, economic, institutional, social, psychological, and other aspects of its formation, taking into account the requirements of large-scale transformation, which primarily concern post-industrial areas of social development. In consequence, as modern studies rightfully point out, considering property relations, two general restrictions should be taken into account: this is an attempt to explain the absoluteness of their roles, the presence and content of all aspects of socio-economic relations by property relations; and the denial of the role of property as one of the most important factors determining the direction of social development in the present and future.This situation forces a new look at the economic policy of the state in this area, because any financial and monetary measures taken by the government will be doomed to failure if their implementation will be without interaction with the mechanisms of the private property system. The article defines the entrepreneurial sector of the region, its interaction with the institutions of the market system operating in all sectors and spheres of the region's economy, and also shows the influence of the development of property relations on the institutions of entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals MODERN LEGISLATION REGULATING STATUS OF LEGAL ENTITY

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (390) ◽  
pp. 250-255
Author(s):  
K. S. Zhylkichieva ◽  
A. A. Kalybaeva ◽  
G. Zh. Koshokova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
General Regulation ◽  
Legal Entities

The article analyzes using the normative and systematic methods, as well as analysis and synthesis, the content of the statements of Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, Civil Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic «About Normative Legal Acts of the Kyrgyz Republic», the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic «On the Regulations of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic» and the works of the legal scholars. It examined the provisions of laws adopted for general regulation and concludes they are serious problems, because of them there is a "blurring" of the contour of the legislation on legal entities in the article. The publication supports the opinion of the authors of the Concept for Development, according to which the regulation of the status of legal entities in the civil legal field can be characterized by a set of the laws and regula-tions in force in the Kyrgyz Republic, which do not always correspond to each other, as well as to the Civil Code. The low legal and technical level and ineffectiveness in practice are also shown by some adopted laws. It noted the Civil Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, adopted on May 8, 1996, created the new foundation for the regulation of legal entities, which was supplemented by many new laws over the next decades in the article. The authors come to the conclusion the fairly honest assessment can be applied to the established regulation – that with the main vector of development of the Concept of Civil Legislation in Kyrgyzstan, in general, there is an economic, social and well-grounded the logic and generally justifiable modern civil law in relation to legal entities. But at the same time, for many problems, correct solutions have not yet been found and no efficiency ratings have been given.

scholarly journals Tinjauan Yuridis Penjatuhan Hukuman terhadap Bidan yang Melakukan Tindakan Pidana Aborsi

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Sanjaya Abidin ◽  
Fiony Gustin ◽  
Andre Hakim Pasaribu ◽  
Sonya Airini Batubara
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government

<p>Pregnancy is a very happy situation for every partner who has been legitimate. In connection with this we still often encounter couples who do not value pregnancy so take the decision to do inhumane actions, one of which is abortion. Abortion is a form of criminality that is still very difficult to be handled by the public or the government, this is because there are still gaps for the perpetrators to carry out these actions and the deterrent effect is still lacking for abortion. This study aims to determine the legal arrangements and accountability for abortionists. This study uses normative juridical research methods, to address abortion problems that occur without looking at it from one perspective, but comprehensively. The results showed that the legal arrangements for the crime of abortion have been regulated in the law adjustment for abortion has been regulated ib article 194 law number 36 year 2009, about a midwife who help those who committed abortion is included in criminal code article 349</p>

scholarly journals Islamic Justice Perspective On Notary The Perpetrators Criminal Action

Jurnal Akta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Ira Alia Maerani
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Public Official ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Law ◽  
Notary Public ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

This study aims to find out to know the form of violations and witnesses to the notary position based on Law No. 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary and the perspective of Islamic justice in viewing a notary who is indicated to have committed a crime in connection with an authentic deed he made.            This research uses normative law research or dogmatic law research using the doctrinal method. Normative legal research includes research on legal principles, research on legal systematics, research on vertical and horizontal synchronization stages, comparison of law and legal history.            This research concludes that the notary public is a public official who makes an authentic deed and has the authority as regulated in Article 15,16, 17 of Law No. 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary Public. The notary is obliged to act on trust; honest; independent; objective and safeguard the interests of parties involved in legal actions. Notaries in carrying out their duties and positions if convicted of violations, may be subject to sanctions or sanctions in the form of civil, administrative, and notary code of ethics in accordance with Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2014 concerning Notary Positions. Even so, the Notary Position Law does not regulate criminal sanctions against Notaries. Whereas in practice there is an opportunity for a legal action or violation by a notary related to an authentic deed he made that can be qualified as a criminal offense. A notary who is indicated to have committed a crime in carrying out his authority as a Public Official, of course, must be a concern of the government and law enforcement because the law must be upheld against anyone who commits indiscriminate violations. This rule is a manifestation of the principle of "equality before the law" (equality before the law) which is a fundamental element in the concept of the rule of law. Honesty values; keep the mandate; fair; and this objective is synergistic with the values of justice in an Islamic perspective that promotes justice and problems. Described in the Qur'an An-Nisa verses 58 and 135 and QS. Al Ma'idah verse 8. Islamic law also regulates justice in recording a deed, for example just in recording accounts receivable debts (Q.S. Al Baqoroh: 282)Keywords: Islamic Perspective; Justice; Notary Public; Perpetrators; Criminal Act

scholarly journals Legal Protection of Female Journalists over Gender Inequality during the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Vena Lidya Khairunnisa ◽  
Mochammad Ilham Nurrobby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Female Journalists ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Research Type

The purpose of this study was to find out the legal problems experienced by female journalists over gender inequality during the Covid-19 pandemic and to find out the legal protections to overcome these problems. The type of research used is a normative legal research type with an invitation approach and a historical approach. The findings in this paper are, during the Covid-19 pandemic, gender inequality towards female journalists has increased. It is still very rare for people to raise issues related to gender inequality experienced by female journalists. Examples of problems with a gender perspective in the media are the lack of involvement for women in journalism activities, marginalization and subordination positions for women in various fields, legitimacy regarding gender bias, dominating economic and political interests, regulations on media that are not sensitive to gender and between conventional journalism and gender. equality. The government in Indonesia officially adheres to the principle of equality as regulated in Article 27 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which states that all Indonesian citizens are equal before the law. Therefore, journalists must be able to enjoy gender and legal protection for the gender inequality they experience. It is necessary to reconstruct the law, considering that women have the same position as men in terms of their position, rights and obligations so that they have equal opportunities in various fields.

scholarly journals Democracy Towards Authoritarianism Under Illiberal Populist Leaders in Hungary and Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Onvara Vadhanavisala
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Court System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Visegrad Group ◽  
The Eu

Abstract A quarter of a century ago, the Soviet Union dissolved and the Cold War ended. Now the current political era involves a broad challenge to liberal democracy in the European Union. Central European countries such as the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Republic of Poland, and the Slovak Republic (‘the Visegrád Group’) joined the EU in 2004 with the hope that the post-Cold War era would be one of peace and stability in Europe, including (most importantly) the expansion of Europe’s democracy. A turning point came in 2014, however, when the Syrian refugee crisis hit the EU and caused a political ‘about face’. The European refugee and migrant crisis have strengthened right-wing populism among the European countries, including the Visegrád group. Obviously there are certainly similarities between the populist rhetoric of Hungary’s ruling party, Fidesz, and the Law and Justice party (known as PiS) which is governing the Republic of Poland. The two countries appear to be following the same path of becoming ‘illiberal democratic’ states. The templates of authoritarianism which both countries have adopted involve the following: the restriction of civil society and the independence of the media, control of the judiciary and the court system, together with the transformation of the constitutional framework and electoral law in order to consolidate power. This paper analyses two examples of authoritarian populist leaders: first, Viktor Orbán, the Prime Minister of Hungary of the Fidesz Party and, second, Jarosław Kaczyński, a leader of the Law and Justice Party (PiS) in Poland. A brief description of each is provided as a background for the discussion which follows.

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