Oral hygiene status in relation to salivary estradiol hormone level among pre-menopausal and post-menopausal Iraqi women

Background: The menopause is physiological changes in women that give rise to adaptive changes at both systemic and oral level. During menopause, ovarian function declines and the production of sex steroid hormones reduces significantly affecting the oral tissues and periodontal structures leading to chronic inflammation of the gingiva, increased risk of tooth loss. Aim of study: The present study was designed to estimate the oral hygiene status in relation to salivary estradiol level among pre and post-menopausal women. Materials and Methods: Ninety women aged 48-52 years old, the control group consisted of 45 pre-menopausal women and the study group consisted of 45 post-menopause were examined for gingival index, plaque index and calculus index. Unstimulated saliva was collected from all women to analyze estradiol hormone level. Results: the mean rank of the gingival index, plaque index and calculus index were higher in post-menopause than that of pre-menopause group with lower level of salivary estradiol hormone (E2).These oral hygiene indices have a negative relation with estradiol (E2) hormone level in both test groups. Conclusion: Oral hygiene status affected by salivary estradiol hormone level in women. Oral hygiene status was worse among post-menopausal women and correlated negatively with salivary Estradiol hormone level.

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The Importance of Being a ‘Lark’ in Post-Menopausal Women with Obesity: A Ploy to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13113762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 3762

Author(s):

Luigi Barrea ◽

Claudia Vetrani ◽

Barbara Altieri ◽

Ludovica Verde ◽

Silvia Savastano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Post Menopause ◽

Post Menopausal

Chronotype is defined as the behavioral manifestation of circadian rhythms related to the external light–dark cycle. Evening chronotype has been associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases in obesity. Menopause is a lifestage associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and a change in circadian rhythmicity compared to pre-menopause. However, the prevalence of chronotype categories in menopause and their role in determining menopause-related cardiometabolic risk, mostly in obesity, have not been investigated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of chronotype categories in post-menopausal women with obesity and their role in menopause-related cardiometabolic risk. In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 49 pre-menopausal and 74 post-menopausal women with obesity. Anthropometric parameters, lifestyle habits, adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), sleep quality, chronotype and the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were studied. No significance differences were detected in terms of lifestyle and adherence to the MD between pre- and post-menopausal women. Chronotype was classified as morning in 66 (53.6%), evening in 20 (16.3%) and intermediate in 37 (30.1%) women. In addition, pre-menopausal women with obesity showed a significantly higher chance to have an intermediate chronotype (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.28–3.83; p = 0.004), whereas post-menopausal women with obesity showed a trend to have a higher morning chronotype (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 0.98–2.06; p = 0.051), although this did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were detected in terms of prevalence of evening chronotype between the two groups. However, the evening chronotype had a significantly higher risk to have T2DM compared to the morning (OR = 17.29, 95% CI 2.40–124.27; p = 0.005) and intermediate chronotypes (OR = 30.86, 95% CI 2.05–464.32; p = 0.013) in both pre- and post-menopausal women with obesity. In conclusion, the intermediate chronotype was significantly more prevalent in pre-menopausal women with obesity compared to post-menopausal women. Evening chronotype was associated to T2DM in both pre- and post-menopause. These results support the importance of including the assessment of chronotype in the management of women with obesity in post-menopause.

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Obesity Factors (Physical Activity and Usual Dietary Pattern) and Breast Cancer in Korea

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism ◽

10.2478/pjst-2019-0017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 29-34

Author(s):

Myeong Seong Kim ◽

Young Hee Nam

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Control Group ◽

Breast Cancer Patients ◽

Animal Fat ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Post Menopausal

AbstractIntroduction. This study sought to evaluate the association between obesity factors (food consumption and physical activity) and breast cancer incidence in Korean women.Material and methods. The study included breast cancer patients (250 women) and normal participants undergoing medical checkups (250 women) who visited a specialized cancer research hospital between August 1, 2016 and February 15, 2017. Nutrient intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) covering 112 dishes and foods that Koreans often eat. Physical activity was assessed according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) guidelines and was quantified as metabolic equivalent (MET) scores.Results. The results for nutrient intake obtained using the FFQ showed that the control group had a higher consumption of dietary fiber (p < 0.004) and a lower intake of animal fat (p < 0.02) than the breast cancer group. Among breast cancer patients, pre-menopausal women consumed more animal fat (18.6 g ± 11.9 vs. 14.7 g ± 8.5, p < 0.03) than post-menopausal ones. An analysis of the MET scores with logistic regression revealed that lower physical activity among cancer patients was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and this association was greater among post-menopausal (OR = 2.11, p < 0.001) than pre-menopausal women (OR = 0.85, p < 0.02).Conclusion. Having a high-fat diet and doing less exercise increases the risk of breast cancer, so it is important to prevent the accumulation of fat and maintain proper weight through regular physical activity to lower the incidence of breast cancer.

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Human beta defensin levels and vaginal microbiome composition in post-menopausal women diagnosed with lichen sclerosus

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94880-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Brunner ◽

Márta Medvecz ◽

Nóra Makra ◽

Miklós Sárdy ◽

Kinga Komka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lichen Sclerosus ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Control Group ◽

Vaginal Microbiome ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Streptococcus Anginosus ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Post Menopausal ◽

The Individual ◽

Level Production

AbstractHuman beta defensins (hBDs) may play an important role in the progression of lichen sclerosus (LS), due to their ability to induce excessive stimulation of extracellular matrix synthesis and fibroblast activation. The genetic ability of the individual to produce defensins, the presence of microbes influencing defensin production, and the sensitivity of microbes to defensins together regulate the formation of an ever-changing balance between defensin levels and microbiome composition. We investigated the potential differences in postmenopausal vaginal microbiome composition and vaginal hBD levels in LS patients compared to non-LS controls. LS patients exhibited significantly lower levels of hBD1 (p = 0.0003), and significantly higher levels of hBD2 (p = 0.0359) and hBD3 (p = 0.0002), compared to the control group. The microbiome of the LS patients was dominated by possibly harmful bacteria including Lactobacillus iners, Streptococcus anginosus or Gardnerella vaginalis known to initiate direct or indirect damage by increasing defensin level production. Our observations highlight that correcting the composition of the microbiome may be applicable in supplementary LS therapy by targeting the restoration of the beneficial flora that does not increase hBD2-3 production.

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Evaluation of Effectiveness of a Toothpaste Containing Tea Tree Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Propolis on the Improvement of Oral Health in Patients Using Removable Partial Dentures

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26134071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (13) ◽

pp. 4071

Author(s):

Karolina Wiatrak ◽

Tadeusz Morawiec ◽

Rafał Rój ◽

Patryk Kownacki ◽

Aleksandra Nitecka-Buchta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Study Group ◽

Tea Tree Oil ◽

Tea Tree ◽

Ethanolic Extract Of Propolis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of toothpaste containing natural tea tree essential oil (TTO) and ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), on microflora and selected indicators of oral health in patients using removable acrylic partial dentures. Fifty patients with varying conditions of hygiene were divided into two groups. The study group received the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, while the control group received the same toothpaste but without TTO and EEP. At the first visit, oral hygiene and hygiene of the prostheses were carried out. Control visits took place 7 and 28 days later and compared to baseline. Indexes like API (Approximal Plaque Index), mSBI (modified Sulcus Bleeding Index), OHI-s (simplified Oral Hygiene Index), and DPI (Denture Plaque Index) were assessed in three subsequent stages, and swabs were collected from floor of the mouth area to assess the microbiota. After 7 and 28 days of using the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, a statistically significant decrease of the examined indicator values were observed in the study group as compared to the values upon the initial visit. The number of isolated strains of microorganisms in the study group was decreased or maintained at the same level, whereas in the control group an increase in the number of isolated strains was observed. The observed stabilization of oral microbiota in patients from the study group confirms the beneficial activity of toothpaste containing EEP and TTO compared to the control group.

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Sleep in post-menopausal women: Differences between early and late post-menopause

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology ◽

10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.03.019 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 145 (1) ◽

pp. 81-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Helena Hachul ◽

Lia Rita Azeredo Bittencourt ◽

José Maria Soares ◽

Sergio Tufik ◽

Edmund Chada Baracat

Keyword(s):

Menopausal Women ◽

Post Menopause ◽

Post Menopausal

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Obesity and risk of ovarian cancer subtypes: evidence from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium

Endocrine Related Cancer ◽

10.1530/erc-12-0395 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 251-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 117

Author(s):

Catherine M Olsen ◽

Christina M Nagle ◽

David C Whiteman ◽

Roberta Ness ◽

Celeste Leigh Pearce ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Low Grade ◽

Ovarian Cancer Risk ◽

Histological Subtypes ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Modifiable Factors ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Increase Risk ◽

Post Menopausal

Whilst previous studies have reported that higher BMI increases a woman's risk of developing ovarian cancer, associations for the different histological subtypes have not been well defined. As the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically, and classification of ovarian histology has improved in the last decade, we sought to examine the association in a pooled analysis of recent studies participating in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. We evaluated the association between BMI (recent, maximum and in young adulthood) and ovarian cancer risk using original data from 15 case–control studies (13 548 cases and 17 913 controls). We combined study-specific adjusted odds ratios (ORs) using a random-effects model. We further examined the associations by histological subtype, menopausal status and post-menopausal hormone use. High BMI (all time-points) was associated with increased risk. This was most pronounced for borderline serous (recent BMI: pooled OR=1.24 per 5 kg/m2; 95% CI 1.18–1.30), invasive endometrioid (1.17; 1.11–1.23) and invasive mucinous (1.19; 1.06–1.32) tumours. There was no association with serous invasive cancer overall (0.98; 0.94–1.02), but increased risks for low-grade serous invasive tumours (1.13, 1.03–1.25) and in pre-menopausal women (1.11; 1.04–1.18). Among post-menopausal women, the associations did not differ between hormone replacement therapy users and non-users. Whilst obesity appears to increase risk of the less common histological subtypes of ovarian cancer, it does not increase risk of high-grade invasive serous cancers, and reducing BMI is therefore unlikely to prevent the majority of ovarian cancer deaths. Other modifiable factors must be identified to control this disease.

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Appropriate Oral Hygiene Motivation Method for Patients with Fixed Appliances

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/101806-428.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 77 (6) ◽

pp. 1085-1089 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Zuhal Yetkin Ay ◽

Mözgür Sayın ◽

Yener Özat ◽

Tuba Goster ◽

A. Onur Atilla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

The Other ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Gingival Index ◽

Verbal Information ◽

Bleeding On Probing ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Fixed Appliances ◽

The Difference

Abstract Objective: To determine the most appropriate oral hygiene motivation method (OHMM) for orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 orthodontic patients, scheduled for their regular controls, were included in this study. The patients were divided into five groups (n = 30) according to the verbal OHMM and instructed as follows: only verbal information (V), verbal information with demonstration on model (M), verbal information with demonstration on model and self application by the patient (M+A), verbal information using the illustration catalog (I), and verbal information using the illustration catalog and self application by the patient (I+A). All of the applications of the patients were made under the supervision of the clinicians. The periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and bleeding on probing [BOP]) were recorded at the baseline (before the instructions of the OHMM), 1 week later, and 4 weeks after the OHMM. Results: All periodontal parameters showed significant decreases after 4 weeks in all OHMM groups (P < .05). I+A group has significantly lower PI scores and BOP percentages than the other groups (P < .05) after 4 weeks. The difference between the V group and M+A, I, and I+A groups in the GI scores were significant (P < .05), and the I+A group has presented the lowest GI score. Conclusions: The OHMM applied by the patients under the supervision of the clinician seemed to be more successful in the elimination of plaque and inflammatory symptoms in patients with fixed appliances.

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Equol effects on AGE skin products, visceral fat and climacteric symptoms in post-menopausal women: A randomized controlled trial

10.21203/rs.3.rs-265906/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Remi Yoshikata ◽

Khin Zay Yar Myint ◽

Hiroaki Ohta ◽

Yoko Ishigaki

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Climacteric Symptoms ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Post Menopausal

Abstract Introduction: Equol, an isoflavone derivative whose chemical structure is similar to estrogen, is considered as a potentially effective agent for relieving climacteric symptoms, for the prevention of the lifestyle-related diseases, and for aging care in post-menopausal women. We investigated the effect of an equol-containing supplement on metabolism and aging, and climacteric symptoms, with respect to internally-produced equol in post-menopausal women.Methods: A single center, randomized controlled trial (registration number: UMIN000030975) on 57 post-menopausal Japanese women (mean age: 56±5.37 years), was conducted. Twenty-seven women received the equol supplement, while the remaining received Control. Metabolic and aging-related biomarkers were compared before and after the 3-month intervention. Climacteric symptoms were assessed every month using a validated self-administered questionnaire in Japanese post-menopausal women. Results: Three months post intervention, the treatment group showed significant improvement in climacteric symptoms, when compared to the Control group (81% vs. 53% respectively, p=0.045). We did not observe any beneficial effect on metabolic and aging-related biomarkers in the intervention group. However, in certain populations significant improvement in skin auto-fluorescence, which is a measurement of AGE skin products, and visceral fat area was observed, especially among equol producers. Conclusion: Women receiving equol supplement showed improved climacteric symptoms. This study offered a new hypothesis that there may be a synergy between supplemented equol and endogenously-produced equol to improve skin aging and visceral fat in certain populations.

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The Connection of the Level of Estradiol in Serum and Obesity with the Endometrial Bleeding in Postmenopausal Women

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.079 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 88-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Valentina Tofiloska ◽

Maria Krstevska ◽

Ana Daneva-Markova ◽

Viktorija Jovanovska

Keyword(s):

Endometrial Cancer ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽

Control Group ◽

Prospective Clinical Study ◽

Study Group ◽

Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Menopausal

BACKGROUND: Postmenopausis is a period that begins one year after the last menstrual period. Abnormal uterine bleeding could be of different origins. AIM: This study aimed to determine the association of serum estrogen hormone levels and obesity with the occurrence of endometrial bleeding in post-menopausal women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective clinical study involving 120 postmenopausal patients treated at the University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics-Skopje, divided into two groups: control and study. The control group consisted of 40 postmenopausal patients without endometrial bleeding, hospitalised and operated due to urogenital pathology. The study group consisted of 80 patients with endometrial bleeding who were divided into three subgroups according to the thickness of the endometrium: from 5-8 mm, 8-11 mm and above 11 mm. In all subjects, estradiol and BMI was determined. RESULTS: Estradiol levels were statistically higher in the study group compared to control while statistically significant difference among the three subgroups according to the thickness of the endometrium about the levels of estradiol in blood is not found. About BMI, the results showed that there was no statistical significance between the two examined groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with endometrial bleeding have increased levels of estradiol and are at increased risk of endometrial cancer about controls, the likelihood of endometrial cancer significantly increases by 1,108 times.

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Oral Hygiene in a Sample of Children/Adolescents Living in Family-Homes from the Province of Milan (Italy): A Pilot Study

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj8020033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alessandro Nota ◽

Floriana Bosco ◽

Shideh Ehsani ◽

Francesca Giugliano ◽

Giulia Moreo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Clinical Results ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Study Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Gender ◽

Oral Hygiene Instructions

Objective: This pilot study is a prospective controlled clinical trial, designed to evaluate the short-term clinical results (the plaque index) of an educational/motivational program for home oral hygiene, directed to children and adolescents who live in family-homes. Methods: The setting of the project was the province of Milan (Italy), where two family-homes were selected. The study group included 26 children (16 females and 10 males) aged between 7 and 15 years, of Italian nationality, from the family-home communities. The control group included 26 children (15 females and 11 males, aged between 7 and 15 years) of Italian nationality, matched for age and gender distribution with the study group, that were not in a socially disadvantaged condition. Collection of the plaque index (PI) was performed at t0. Then, all basic oral hygiene instructions were given to all children/adolescents and their educators. Education and motivation were repeated in the same way after 4–7 weeks (T1), and after 10–12 weeks (T2). The PI was taken also at T1 and T2. Results: An improvement in the PI was generally found in both groups, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups over time. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed a statistically significant effect of time [F (1, 52) = 90.73, p < 0.001], regardless of the assignment group, in consequence of which the plaque index presented a moderate and significant improvement. Conclusion: The present data confirm the validity of the educational/motivational program to improve oral hygiene in children/adolescents, regardless of the assignment group.

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