scholarly journals Determination of engine oil change interval for patrol engines based on actual operating time

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-285
Author(s):  
A. A. Abakarov ◽  
Sh. M. Igitov ◽  
Ali A. Abakarov
Keyword(s):  
Operating Time ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
On The Road

Introduction. This paper shows the results of a study of the frequency of maintenance of passenger cars in various operating conditions, and provides recommendations for replacing the engine oil of gasoline engines (category SN classification according to API) according to the actual engine operating time (moto-hours). The service book of passenger cars contains the regulations for car maintenance with a list of operations that must be performed. The oil change intervals specified in the Regulations on Maintenance and Repair of Rolling Stock of motor Transport and the factory instructions do not take into account the specifics of the operation of vehicles. Depending on the road and climatic conditions and the operating mode, the standard maintenance schedule can be adjusted, in particular, the frequency of engine oil changes. The scientific novelty of the work is to determine the intervals of car maintenance for specific operating conditions.Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis of Russian and foreign car maintenance systems, in particular, the oil change intervals of gasoline engines in European countries, the United States and Japan.The results of operational and resource tests of motor oils of gasoline engines carried out by methods of measuring their physical and chemical properties are presented.Results. In this paper, based on the analysis of the problem, recommendations for changing oil in gasoline engines by motorcycle hours for the conditions of the Republic of Dagestan (RD) are developed.The use of external and built-in technical means for calculating the motor hours allows you to determine the recommended oil change interval.Discussion and conclusion. In this paper, on the basis of research on a certain number of vehicles operating in various (including difficult) conditions, recommendations are developed that allow you to determine the rules of car maintenance for various operating conditions.

scholarly journals Impact of Operating Time on Selected Tribological Properties of the Friction Material in the Brake Pads of Passenger Cars

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Andrzej Borawski
Keyword(s):  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Friction Material ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Wear Factor ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
Road Users ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

Braking systems have a direct impact on the safety of road users. That is why it is crucial that the performance of brakes be dependable and faultless. Unfortunately, the operating conditions of brakes during their operating time are affected by many variables, which results in changes in their tribological properties. This article presents an attempt to develop a methodology for studying how the operating time affects the value of the coefficient of friction and the abrasive wear factor. The Taguchi method of process optimization was used to plan the experiment, which was based on tests using the ball-cratering method. The results clearly show that the degree of wear affects the properties of the friction material used in the production process of brakes.

scholarly journals Construction of the graph model for determining an ecological compatibility of a transportation process

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Olha Sakno ◽  
◽  
Ievgen Medvediev ◽  
Peter Eliseyev ◽  
Serhii Tsymbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
On The Road

Uncertainty of data during environmental monitoring prevents with confidently and objectively assessing the current condition of the environment, the influence of factors affecting the fuel consumption of vehicles during operation. In addition, it creates a serious problem in assessing the dynamics of this condition, especially when it comes to relatively small levels of pollution that are on the verge of the sensitivity of systems and devices in the car. It is precisely these tasks that include the determination of atmospheric pollution by emissions from road transport in conditions of variable weather and climatic conditions, carrying out routine maintenance, changing a configuration of an engine or transmission. The article discusses: a) factors related to the characteristics and vehicle systems, with the maintenance of vehicles. This category focuses on fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, which depend on the technical and operational characteristics of the vehicle, its weight and aerodynamics, tires and auxiliary systems, the quality and timeliness of maintenance and repairs; b) factors related to the environment and traffic conditions (weather conditions, road morphology and traffic conditions); c) factors related to a driver of a vehicle (driver qualifications, driving style). Optimization of factors related to vehicle systems and their characteristics has been performed; by using fuel of optimum quality and driving efficiently, you can achieve savings in fuel (financial) consumption and CO2 emissions. The article proposes the solution to a complex problem of managing the transport process while minimizing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions from passenger cars, depending on the road and climatic conditions and the driver's qualifications, based on the theory of fuzzy sets. This approach made it possible to largely compensate for the lack of objective information about the process due to its uncertainty by subjective expert data.

scholarly journals PEMS-based investigations into exhaust emissions from non-road and rail vehicles

2016 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Jacek Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mobile Machinery ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Method Of Evaluation

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, one of the major challenges of humanity was to reduce the negative effects of civilization development. Besides the engines used in road vehicles there is a large group of engines for non-road applications. This group includes motor propelled vehicles not used on the road NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Engines of these vehicles, among all of the non-road applications, are characterized by very specific working conditions that do not allow for them to be qualified for propulsion engines. The main problem with these vehicles is the particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emission. Rail vehicles operating conditions these requirements take by the similar way, as having a wide range of rolling stock markedly alters the environmental impact of these vehicles. Thus it becomes necessary to consider the issue of the method of evaluation of engine emissions in rail vehicles in terms of their actual operating conditions. Thus, efforts to assess the actual level of emissivity for rail vehicles and attempts to improve it are necessary and justified.

scholarly journals Assessment of the intensity of engine oil contamination during operation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2131 (3) ◽  
pp. 032061
Author(s):  
V Zhukov ◽  
O Melnik ◽  
E Khmelevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Average Operating ◽  
Average Operating Time ◽  
Dispersing Ability ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract The acceleration of internal combustion engines leads to an increase in thermal and mechanical loads on the most critical parts. To ensure the required resource indicators in conditions of increased loads, it is necessary to use high-quality lubricants, the requirements for the operational properties of which are also steadily increasing. In order to ensure the necessary physical and chemical characteristics of engine oils, additives are introduced into their composition, but during operation the quality of engine oil decreases, the reasons for this are both the destruction of additives, and the accumulation of dirt particles in the oil and the ingress of fuel and coolant into the oil. The conducted studies are devoted to determining the intensity of engine oil contamination under operating conditions in the Wärtsilä 6L20 engine lubrication system and the effectiveness of the dispersing additives contained in the oil. Samples of Petro Canada and TARO oils brands were used as prototypes at the beginning of the operational period, at the time of average operating time and at the time of oil change. The dispersing ability of the oil was determined by the method of assessing the oil stain. According to the results of the research, it is concluded that when the properties of the oil change as a result of contamination, their dispersing ability remains satisfactory. This result can serve as a justification for extending the service life of engine oil, provided that its properties are monitored during operation.

Recent Developments with Tire Cords and Cord-to-Rubber Bonding

1969 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Takeyama ◽  
J. Matsui
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nylon 6 ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Nylon 66 ◽  
Truck Tires

Abstract The first pneumatic tire was made in 1888 by J. B. Dunlop with Irish flax as reinforcing material. This fiber was one of the strongest at that time. It was gradually replaced by cotton since Irish flax was expensive. Cotton tire fabrics in the early stages, about 1910, were plain fabrics. As requirements imposed by the severity of tire operating conditions increased, these fabrics were gradually replaced by the present tire cord fabrics, which type of fabric was first devised by J. F. Palmer in 1892. Prior to World War II, cotton was the sole textile used to any large extent in pneumatic tires. However, this cotton tire cord fabric also failed to meet requirements imposed by further increasing severity of tire operations so that tire engineers began to pay attention to man-made fibers. The first rayon tire cord, tenacity about two grams per denier, was produced in 1923. Du Pont started to manufacture high tenacity rayon, Cordura, in 1933, and Courtaulds also started to manufacture high tenacity rayon, Tenasco, in 1936, but by 1940, high tenacity rayons had only a small portion of the total tire cord market. In the late 1940's, use of high tenacity rayon tire cords increased rapidly in the United States and Europe. In Japan, rayon truck tires were first manufactured in 1951. Initially rayon cords were used only for truck tires. The rayon cord tire had improved carcass performance and its life was increased 30 to 60%. This improvement of tire quality was utilized more for truck tires than for passenger car tires. Increased power of automobile vehicles, however, gave birth to troubles in rayon cord (truck) tires. New, tougher materials were required for tire cords especially for heavy duty tires. In 1947, nylon cords (nylon 66) were examined as reinforcing materials for truck tires in the United States, and it was confirmed that nylon truck tires have excellent properties especially under severe operating conditions. In the late 1950's, rayon cords were gradually replaced by nylon cords, especially in the United States. Japanese tire manufactures made extensive efforts to use nylon 6 for tire cords. Nylon 6 was available from domestic suppliers, (nylon 66 was more costly) and nylon 6 tires, when post cure inflation was used, showed no difference from nylon 66 tires in practice. Mass production of nylon tires in Japan started in 1958. In the first five years, 60% of all tire cords had been replaced by nylon cords. In 1967, per cent nylon cord use was up to 90% in Japan. On the other hand, in Europe, rayon cord still has a greater portion of the tire cord market. Goodyear started to produce polyester tires as passenger car tires in 1962. In recent years, production of polyester tires is gradually increasing and their future seems to be promising. Mass production of polyester tires in Japan started in 1967. In both countries, polyester tire producers seemed to desire to penetrate into original equipment tires for passenger cars where rayon cords have been used for many years. Steel cords, which made their appearance in France in 1936, have been used extensively in Europe in radial tires. Glass fiber cords, one of the most promising types for the belt ply of radial tires or belted bias tires, recently appeared in tires in the United States.

scholarly journals Experimental determination of longitudinal forces in front of braking train

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 358-365
Author(s):  
V. I. Matvetsov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Axial Displacement ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Rail Track ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Continuously Welded Rail

The number of regularities detected in the experiments described by the author confirms that, despite of the differences in operating conditions between the middle of the 20th century and the present days, the methods of research and assessment of obtained results are still relevant.Features of the superstructure and track operation at the initial stage of introduction of the welded rails and continuously welded rail strings on the railways of the USSR are examined. It is demonstrated that axial displacement forces are occurred during the train movement, which are one of the most dangerous processes taking place in the track during the rolling stock movement. Axial displacement forces are manifested in the axial displacement of rails on the sleepers or displacement of rails with sleepers on the ballast. Knowledge of axial forces resulted from displacement of one rail line or the entire track is required for competent planning of installation and operation of the jointed rail track and continuously welded rail track, especially in the conditions of the Urals and Siberia. Methods and experimental results are provided for determination of additional axial forces acting in the track at the spike fastening and the individual intermediate fastening in front of braking train at the experimental sections of the continuously welded rail track in severe climatic conditions of the West-Siberian railway, where the annual fluctuations of therail temperature amount to 110°C.The following conclusions are made based on the analysis of the experiment results and experience of operation of the continuously welded rail strings: • no additional axial forces in front of braking train were detected in the continuously welded rail strings of the thermalstressed type without any release of thermal stresses on the independent fixation; • experiment confirmed possibility of installation and normal operation of continuously welded rail track on the entire network of railways of the Ministry of Transportation of the USSR; • recent wide introduction of trains of 7,100 t, combined trains of 12,600 and 14,200 tons require special attention to parameters of interaction of track and trains.

scholarly journals Experimental Characterization of Chemical Properties of Engine Oil Using Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8518
Author(s):  
José Antonio Heredia-Cancino ◽  
Roberto Carlos Carrillo-Torres ◽  
Francisco Félix-Domínguez ◽  
Mario Enrique Álvarez-Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Surface Plasmon ◽  
Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon ◽  
Ft Ir

The chemical properties of engine oil are part of the main parameters to evaluate its condition since oxidation starts chemical reactions that alter its operating conditions. In this work, the chemical properties of engine oil were analyzed based on the standard ASTM E2412 by FT-IR spectroscopy to evaluate the lubricating oil condition. Furthermore, a sensor based on the position of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band of silver nanoparticles (AgNP), synthesized by the laser-assisted photoreduction method, was developed. This plasmonic sensor can detect changes in the permittivity of the oil, caused by the modification of the chemical properties of the lubricant. The response of the sensor during the study of degraded oil resulted in a notorious displacement to higher wavelengths of the LSPR band as mileage increases. The results of FT-IR analysis were correlated with the measurements of the proposed sensor presenting linear trends with good correlation (R2 > 0.9491).

Cathodoluminescence of Catalyst Crystallites

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 664-665
Author(s):  
E.D. Boyes ◽  
P.L. Gai ◽  
D.B. Darby ◽  
C. Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Defect Density ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Semiconductor Materials ◽  
Environmental Cell ◽  
High Resolution Structure ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Crystallographic Defects ◽  
Resolution Structure

The extended crystallographic defects introduced into some oxide catalysts under operating conditions may be a consequence and accommodation of the changes produced by the catalytic activity, rather than always being the origin of the reactivity. Operation without such defects has been established for the commercially important tellurium molybdate system. in addition it is clear that the point defect density and the electronic structure can both have a significant influence on the chemical properties and hence on the effectiveness (activity and selectivity) of the material as a catalyst. SEM/probe techniques more commonly applied to semiconductor materials, have been investigated to supplement the information obtained from in-situ environmental cell HVEM, ultra-high resolution structure imaging and more conventional AEM and EPMA chemical microanalysis.

Development of thickened semi-synthetic engine oil M-5z / 20 AERO for four-stroke gasoline engines aircraft piston of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
A.A. Moykin ◽  
◽  
A.S. Medzhibovsky ◽  
S.A. Kriushin ◽  
M.V. Seleznev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
State Research Institute ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
State Research ◽  
Industrial Batch ◽  
The Russian Federation

Nowadays, the creation of remotely-piloted aerial vehicles for various purposes is regarded as one of the most relevant and promising trends of aircraft development. FAU "25 State Research Institute of Chemmotology of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation" have studied the operation features of aircraft piston engines and developed technical requirements for motor oil for piston four-stroke UAV engines, as well as a new engine oil M-5z/20 AERO in cooperation with NPP KVALITET, LLC. Based on the complex of qualification tests, the stated operational properties of the experimental-industrial batch of M-5z/20 AERO oil are generally confirmed.

Tire Vibration Modes and Effects on Vehicle Ride Quality

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Scavuzzo ◽  
T. R. Richards ◽  
L. T. Charek
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Modeling ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Modal Testing ◽  
Ride Quality ◽  
Vibration Modes ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Element Modeling ◽  
Road Surfaces

Abstract Tire vibration modes are known to play a key role in vehicle ride, for applications ranging from passenger cars to earthmover equipment. Inputs to the tire such as discrete impacts (harshness), rough road surfaces, tire nonuniformities, and tread patterns can potentially excite tire vibration modes. Many parameters affect the frequency of tire vibration modes: tire size, tire construction, inflation pressure, and operating conditions such as speed, load, and temperature. This paper discusses the influence of these parameters on tire vibration modes and describes how these tire modes influence vehicle ride quality. Results from both finite element modeling and modal testing are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document