scholarly journals Effects of aflatoxin contaminated feed on the fingerlings of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-396
Author(s):  
Sabbir Ahmed ◽  
Md. Abdul Baten ◽  
Md. Motaher Hossain ◽  
Md. Matiur Rahim ◽  
Md. Golam Rasul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Cultured Fish ◽  
Aquaculture Production

Aflatoxin contamination, particularly common in cultured fishes in Asian countries, are considered unsafe both for fish and human health. However, the presence of aflatoxin in cultured fish feed and their effect are still under estimated in Bangladesh. The present study aimed to assess the effects of aflatoxin on growth performance and residues in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Fish feed were treated with several concentration of aflatoxin as 0 ppb (T0, control), 25 ppb (T1), 50 ppb (T2) and 100 ppb (T3) and fed the tilapia fingerlings (n=10) in individual glass aquaria (24×12×12 inch, 105-litre capacity) conditions for 12 weeks. Comparatively higher body length (cm) and weight gain (g) were observed in treatment T0 (1.68 and 4.98) and T1 (1.60 and 5.48) than those of treatment T2 (1.31 and 4.06) and T3 (1.20 and 3.10), respectively. The specific growth rate (SGR) were almost similar in treatment T0 (52%), T1 (51%) and T2 (52%) whereas declined significantly (p<0.05) in T3 (39%). Higher survival rate was also demonstrated in treatment T0 (90%) and T1 (90%) whereas significantly decreased in treatment T2 (60%) and T3 (40%). The residue of aflatoxin was not detected in T0 and T1. On the contrary, the residual effect in tilapia fingerling was evident in T2 and T3 treatment. The findings of the present study revealed that aflatoxin contaminated feed is harmful for the growth performance and survival of O. niloticus fingerlings. Further study is necessary to safeguard the aquaculture production as well as to produce healthy food for human consumption.

scholarly journals Effects of salinity changes on growth performance and survival of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1795)

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Faijun Nahar ◽  
Wahida Haque ◽  
Dewan Ali Ahsan ◽  
Md Ghulam Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Anabas Testudineus ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Climbing Perch ◽  
Cultured Fish

An experiment was carried out to find the salinity tolerance capability and growth performance of Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1795). Anabas testudineus commonly cultured fish in Bangladesh was reared in laboratory conditions at different salinities of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21‰ for 60 days. Hundred per cent survivals were detected at 0, 3, 6 and 9‰ salinity while 100% mortality was recorded at 18 and 21‰ salinity. Various responses to threat and feeding were observed among the fish in different treatments. Lowest feed conversion ratio was found in the control group while the highest was detected at 15‰ salinity. On the other hand, decreasing trend of specific growth and average growth rate were observed in A. testudineus fingerlings from 0 to 15‰ salinity. Significantly higher specific growth rate and average growth rate were detected in A. testudineus fingerlings reared at 0 - 6‰ salinity (p < 0.05). The present study suggests that Climbing Perch fingerlings can be reared at fresh water growth rates in coastal water with salinity up to 6‰.Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(1): 65-73, 2016

scholarly journals Dietary Effect of Corchorus olitorius Seeds on Growth Performance of Oreochromis niloticus Fingerlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Oluwafumilola Eunice Afe ◽  
Adekunle Ayokanmi Dada ◽  
Muhammed Lawal Salihu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Corchorus Olitorius ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cultured Fish

Incorporating feed additives in diets of cultured fish is aimed at improving growth performance, immunity and carcass quality. Growth performance and some haematological parameters of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings fed varying inclusion levels of Corchorus olitorius seeds were assessed in the study. O. niloticus fingerlings of initial mean weight 9.35±0.01g were evaluated for a period of 56 days. Five experimental diets were formulated at varying inclusion levels; 0g/100g (control), 0.5g/100g, 1.0g/100g, 1.5g/100g and 2.0g/100g of C. olitoriusseeds. All diets were isonitrogenous with each treatment having triplicates. O. niloticus fingerlings fed 1.5g/100g diet of C. olitoriusrecorded the best growth performance in terms of weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR). There was a significant increase in growth and nutritional performance of O. niloticus fingerlings with increasing inclusion of C. olitorius seeds (P<0.05). Significant increase in packed cell volume, white blood cell and haemoglobin were observed in treated O. niloticus fingerlings and there was no adverse effect of C. olitorius seeds on the haematological parameters of the fish. The study showed that C. olitorius seed at 1.5g/100g significantly improved survival rate, weight gain and feed conversion ratio as well as reduced mortalities in the treated groups.

scholarly journals APLIKASI TEPUNG TESTIS SAPI YANG MENGANDUNG rGH DALAM PAKAN BUATAN TERHADAP RASIO JENIS KELAMIN, PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELULUSHIDUPAN IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachmat Nurul Huda ◽  
Titik Sulistiowati ◽  
Tristiana Yuniarti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Male Sex

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Budidaya ikan nila <em>(Oreochromis niloticus) </em>terus dikembangkan hingga saat ini. Berbagai teknologi dalam bidang perikanan telah diterapkan, salah satunya yaitu <em>sex reversal </em>dalam hal ini jantanisasi. Ikan nila jantan lebih cepat pertumbuhannya dari pada ikan nila betina sehingga dapat meningkatkan hasil produksi. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian tepung testis sapi dan dosis terbaik tepung testis sapi dalam pakan yang mengandung  rGH terhadap rasio jenis kelamin, pertumbuhan dan kelulushidupan ikan nila. Bahan uji yang digunakan adalah larva ikan nila dengan stadia larva yang berumur 7 hari setelah lepas kuning telur dan memiliki bobot rata-rata 0,07 gram/ekor. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap 4 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan menambahkan tepung testis sapi dengan dosis pada perlakuan A (0%/kg pakan), perlakuan B (3%/kg pakan), perlakuan C (6%/kg pakan) dan, perlakuan D (9%/kg pakan). Pakan pada setiap perlakuan dalam penelitian ini telah ditambahkan rGH dengan dosis 2 mg/kg pakan. Data yang diamati meliputi rasio jenis kelamin, laju pertumbuhan spesifik (SGR), dan tingkat kelulushidupan (SR) ikan nila<em>.</em> Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perlakuan C (6% tepung testis sapi/kg pakan) memberikan hasil terbaik dimana nilai rasio jenis kelamin jantan sebesar 74,44±5,09% dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik sebesar 9,48±0,10% bobot/hari. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini yaitu adanya pengaruh nyata terhadap rasio jenis kelamin dan tingkat pertumbuhan spesifik, namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap tingkat kelulushidupan ikan nila dengan pemberian dosis tepung testis sapi terbaik adalah 6% tepung testis sapi/kg pakan.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>Sex reversal; Tepung testis sapi;  Pertumbuhan, rGH; Nila<strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><em>Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)cultivation still continue to be developed until nowdays. Many fisheries technology had been applied, and one of them is sex reversal which is masculinization. Male tilapia fish grows faster than the female one, so this can boost the produce of the fish. This research aims to know the effect of cow testicle flour addition and determine the best dosage on the fish feed which contains rGH towards the male-sex ratio, growth, and survival rate of tilapia fish. The material which used in this research was tilapia fish (O. niloticus) which under the larvae phase 7 days post the separated egg yolk which have average weight of 0,07 grams/each. This research used experimental methods with Completely Randomized Design of 4 treatments and 3 times of repetitions. The treatments in this research was addition of  different dosage of bull testicle which treatment A (0%/kg fish feed),treatment B (3%/kg fish feed), treatment C (6%/kg fish feed) and, treatment D (9%/kg fish feed). The fish feed in every treatment had been added with 2mg rGH/kg fish feed. Data observation  during this research were male-sex ratio, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR) of tilapia fish. Results of the research showed that treatment C (6%/kg fish feed) gave the best result as male-sex ratio by 74,44±5,09% and specific growth rate by 9,48±0,10% weight/day. Conclusion obtained from this research was: there was different result  towards the male-sex ratio and specific growth rate, but there was no difference between the treatments towards the survival rate, the best bull testicle flour dosage was 6%/kg fish feed. </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Sex reversal, Bull testicle flour, Growth, rGH, Tilapia<strong></strong></em></p>

scholarly journals Growth performance of thai pangus (Pangasius hypophthalmus) in polyculture system using different supplementary feeds

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAB Sayeed ◽  
GS Hossain ◽  
SK Mistry ◽  
KA Huq
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Feed Protein

Thai pangus polyculture with carps has been increasing for its high potential, however very few attempts were made to compare its growth using different types of feed. A research was undertaken to assess the effect of three types of feed on growth of Thai pangus (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and rohu (Labeo rohita) in polyculture system for 11 months from 15 May 2005 to 15 April 2006 in Khulna. Growth performance using Hand-made Feed (F1) was compared with two commercial fish feed, Sunney Feed (F2) and Saudi-Bangla Feed (F3) in three respective treatments of T1, T2 and T3. All treatments were carried out in triplicate at 24700/ha for Thai pangus and 4940/ha for rohu. Average initial weight of Thai pangus and rohu were 4.5 and 33.5g respectively. Growth performance was influenced by feed type. Average final weight of Thai pangus and rohu were 820 and 710; 846 and 770; and 872 and 717g with specific growth rate 1.58 and 0.93; 1.59 and 0.95 and 1.60 and 0.93 % day -1 in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Feed conversion ratio was estimated 2.3 in T1, 2.1 in T2 and 1.96 in T3. The result showed a typical increasing trend of final weight and specific growth rate of Thai pangus along with the increasing of feed protein level. But rohu showed highest growth in T2 where protein level was 26-30% which was lower than that of T3 (Protein level 28-32%). The study suggests that suitable protein level and quality feed is required for adequate growth of fish. Key words: Feed, Thai pangus, Polyculture, Growth.     doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1956 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 59-62

scholarly journals Evaluation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings exposed to the pesticide pyriproxyfen

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 826-835
Author(s):  
Fabio Francisco Da Silva ◽  
Jaqueline Maria Da Silva ◽  
Themis De Jesus Da Silva ◽  
Bruno Mendes Tenorio ◽  
Fernanda Das Chagas Angelo Mendes Tenorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Angular Variation ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Effect Concentration ◽  
Dose Dependent

Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) is one of the most produced fish for human consumption globally; however, these fish are susceptible to exposure to toxic chemicals in the water. Pyriproxyfen is a pesticide widely used to control mosquitoes in drinking water supplies and pests in crops. The present study aimed to examine pyriproxyfen's effects on fish O. niloticus fingerlings exposed using an acute 96 h and subchronic tests for 28 days. The lethal concentration LC50-96 h for O. niloticus was 2.77 mg L-1, no observed effect concentration (NOEC), and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 1.0 and 2.5 mg L-1, respectively. The hepatic catalase activity was significantly changed after exposure to pyriproxyfen above 0.4 mg L-1. Pyriproxyfen also induced histopathological lesions in the hepatic tissue at 28 days in a dose-dependent pattern at concentrations above 0.4 mg L-1. Pyriproxyfen above 1.2 mg L-1 reduced the locomotor behavior, distance traveled inside the tank, mean speed, and angular variation. This pesticide also decreased weight gain, food conversion, and specific growth rate at concentrations above 1.2 mg L-1. In conclusion, exposure to pyriproxyfen in water from 0.4 mg L-1 may impair O. niloticus development; consequently, pyriproxyfen may affect this fish's production and quality at higher concentrations than commonly used in water (0.01 mg L-1).

scholarly journals Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin B1 in Omena (Rastrineobola argentea) from Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Esther Marijani ◽  
Harrison Charo-Karisa ◽  
Emmanuel Kigadye ◽  
Sheila Okoth
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Aflatoxin B

Omena (Rastrineobola argentea) is the most consumed fish species in Kenya. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Omena and the potential health risk of AFB1 to Kenyan consumers of this fish. A total of 74 samples comprising Omena intended for human consumption and fish feed production were analyzed in this study. Aflatoxin levels in Omena were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Omena intended for fish feed production was most contaminated with a mean concentration of 46.93 μg·kg−1 (2.24–115.23 μg·kg−1) compared with Omena intended for human consumption (mean = 19.42 μg·kg−1, range = 2.01–49.30 μg·kg−1). Thirty-five positive samples (83.3%) exceeded the maximum level permitted (5 μg·kg−1) by the East Africa Community standard for food used for human consumption. The exposure dose of AFB1 from consuming Omena was estimated to be 1.34 ng·kg−1 BW day−1, and margin of exposure (MoE) value for AFB1 was found to be 126.3, which indicates health risk to Omena consumers. The results suggest that the current situation of aflatoxin contamination in Omena has an adverse effect on the health of the consumers as well as the animals. Therefore, more surveys are needed to understand the scope and extent of aflatoxin contamination in Omena.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN GLISEROL PADA PAKAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusi Herawati Suryaningrum ◽  
Mulyasari Mulyasari ◽  
Reza Samsudin
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus

The aim of this research was to determine the optimum percentage of glycerol addition into the diets of  Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on growth performance, feed convertion ratio, and survival rate. The research was conducted using 15 aquaria with the size of 60 x 50 x 45 cm3, each containing 25 O. niloticus with average initial weight of 4.63 ± 0.15 g. The experiment was conducted using a complete random design with five treatments and three replications. Isonitrogenous (31%) and isocaloric (17 MJ.kg-1) diets were provided for 60 days of rearing period. Five diets were formulated with glycerol content of 0% (G0); 5% (G5); 10% (G10); 15% (G15), and 20% (G20). Fish were fed twice daily with experimental diet at satiation level. The result showed that addition of 10% glycerol in the diet (G10) presented the highest values for weight gain (105.85 ± 0.40%), specific growth rate (3.44 ± 0.01%), protein retention (27.75 ± 0.02%), protein efficiency ratio (2.53 ± 0.15%), lipid retention (60.44 ± 0.03%), and feed convertion ratio (1.59 ± 0.01%) (P < 0.05). Survival rate was not affected by dietary containing glycerol (P > 0.05). Therefore, addition of 10% glycerol into the diet gave a significant increase on growth performance and feed convertion ratio without adverse effect on survival rate of Nile Tilapia.  

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Silica Nanoparticle on Growth Performance, Protein Digestibility, Hematology, Digestive Morphology, and Muscle Composition of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abul Bashar ◽  
Neaz A. Hasan ◽  
Mohammad Mahfujul Haque ◽  
Md. Fazle Rohani ◽  
Md. Sazzad Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Silica Nanoparticle ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus

The use of nanotechnology in food production systems is being investigated globally, though there is limited research on its effect on fish nutrition. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effects of silica nanoparticles (NPs) on the nutrition and physiology of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Four isonitrogenous diets (300 g/kg crude protein) with NPs (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg diet) were fed to fish (6.52 ± 0.20 g) in a recirculatory aquaculture system for 56 days. Throughout the study period, the effects of silica NP on survival rate, blood cell count, hemoglobin (Hb) level, condition factor (CF), and final product composition (except lipid content) were insignificant. However, growth performance and feed efficiency increased with an increasing level of silica NP, up to 2 mg/kg, and then decreased. This increase was due to the highest apparent protein digestibility and dry matter digestibility when fish were fed silica NP at 2 mg/kg. However, fish at the early stage showed better performance in all dietary groups than in later. Blood glucose (BG) content and histology of the kidney revealed that fish were stressed when a 3 mg/kg silica NP was used and they adapted through excessive excretion via expanded glomeruli. Though no significant effect on villi length was observed, silica NP increased the surface area widening the villi of the gut along with the number of goblet cells in the intestine significantly, when supplemented at a level of 2 mg/kg. The bioaccumulation of silica shows that incorporating silica NP in the fish feed will not compromise human health safety upon consumption. Although silica NP at 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg yielded some improvements to growth and final product quality, a 2 mg/kg silica NP generated the best results in all measured parameters.

Use of Potato as an Alternative Source of Carbohydrate in Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fish Feed

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
T Akter ◽  
HA Khatun ◽  
F Haque ◽  
MR Rahman ◽  
DC Shaha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Level ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Alternative Source

The study was conducted to evaluate the potentiality of potato as an alternative source of carbohydrate in fish feed and its effect on the growth performance, glucose level and survivability of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The experiment was designed into four treatments with three replications in each including control T1 (feed without rice bran and potato), T2 (feed with rice bran), T3 (feed with raw potato) and T4 (feed with boiled potato). Tilapia fry (average 6.27±0.07 g) were randomly distributed in each treatment as 40 fish per 300L tank and feed with experimental diets (protein 35%). Significantly higher (P<0.05) survival rate of the fishes were observed in T4 (85%) followed by T2 (72.5%), T3 (57.5%) and T1 (47.5%). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in T4 (2.76) compared to T2 (2.89) T3 (3.2) and T1 (3.93). Specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4 (3.11%) followed by T2 (2.94%), T3 (2.85%) and T1 (2.68%). Higher (P<0.05) condition factor (CF) was also observed in T4 (3.19) compared to T2 (2.85), T3 (2.77) and T1 (2.64). Higher glucose level was found in T4 (P<0.05) compared to T2, T3 and T1. The water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were not significantly (P>0.05) differed among the treatments. The results indicated that boiled potato treated feed would be effective as energy rich growth promoter in tilapia culture. However, further investigation is needed in farm condition adding varying levels of potato in feed. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 79-89

Preparation Technology of Zn-Peptide Complex and Its Effects on Growth Performance and Immunity of Oreochromis Niloticus

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Zhu Zeng ◽  
Cun Rong Guo ◽  
Qing Quan Guo ◽  
Xi Juan Fang ◽  
Yu Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Preparation Technology ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Peptide Complexes

Preparation technology of Zn- peptide complexes was studied and its effects on growth performance and serum biochemical indicators were investigated by feeding Oreochromis Niloticus with feedstuff containing Zn-peptide complexes. The optimal conditions of synthesis reaction for Zn-peptide complexes prepared by zinc with peptide were described in the following: pH 5.0, temperature 80°C, and mass ratio of peptide-Zn 4:1, reaction time 30 min. Under such conditions, yield of Zn-peptide complexes was up to 54%, chelating rate of Zn was 55%, and Zn content of the complex was 6.5×104 mg/kg. A new complex formed from Zinc with peptide was identified by spectrum analysis. The 49-day feeding experiment showed that the complexes remarkably increased specific growth rate, survival rate, content of lysozyme and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP). Feed conversion ratio was significantly reduced as the additive increased. The content of total protein, albumin, and globulin were elevated too. And growth performance, body immunity, anti-oxidation function of Oreochromis Niloticus was significantly increased while the amount of the additive was 2.4 ~ 4.8 g/kg feedstuff in the experiment.

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