Soviet Mass Loans 1946-1957: Judgments of Citizens (Based on the Materials of Ego-Documents)

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Marina A. Klinova
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Negative Comments ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Historical Methods

The article analyzes the ego documents (diaries of Soviet citizens) of 1946-1957 containing information about Soviet mass loans of this period. The research is aimed at identifying citizens’ judgments about the practices of loan subscription campaigns, subscription amounts, the reliability of Soviet bonds, as well as value judgments about the reforms carried out by the government in this area. When writing the article, the author was guided by the principles of historicism and objectivity. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, etc.), historical methods (problem-chronological, comparative-historical) were used in the work. The source base of the study was made up of the materials of the diaries of 21 people (4 – residents of rural areas, and 17 – citizens), of different ages (from 17 to 80 years old) and professions living in various regions of the USSR. It was revealed that the voluntary subscription to the loan was a declared propaganda technique. In fact, the subscription to the loan was an important component of the relationship of workers with the administration, and the refusal of subscription (or reduction of the subscription amount) could be fraught with conflicts with the leadership. In 1946-1957, various judgments about the subscription campaigns were recorded in the Soviet public consciousness: from positive acceptance to categorically negative assessments. In the diary entries of citizens made in the 1940s, positive assessments of loans are recorded, judgments indicating an understanding of their need for the restoration of the country. In the 1950s. negative comments prevail in the diaries. The indicated dynamics correlates with the number of cases of refusal to subscribe to a loan, which became more frequent in the 1950s. In general, we can conclude that in the 1950s a certain fatigue from the endless mobilization campaigns of the post-war period was recorded in Soviet society, one of which was the subscription to a loan.

Factors that Influence Doctors' Preference for Working in the Village with Government Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Almira Nur Amalia
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Career Opportunities ◽  
The Government ◽  
Relationship Of

One of the problems faced by the Indonesian people is the unequal distribution of doctors, especially in villages and other disadvantaged areas. One of the causes is the low interest of medical students and doctors to work in the area. The government as the highest authority holder should have made efforts to solve a state problem as outlined in the form of government policy. Recent research conducted by Kharinnisa et al in 2016 identified several factors that influenced the interest of medical students to work in rural areas. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of these factors with government policy. This study is a descriptive qualitative study in the form of a literature study. Of the eight factors, only half are supported by government regulations, namely having visited rural areas, career opportunities, income potential, facilities in rural areas and factors not yet supported by government regulations include university location, family economic status, closeness to family and spouse. Therefore it is necessary to study the formation of government policies that can support all these factors along with the proper implementation of these policies.

Culminating moment of the fight for «soul government». semiotic approach to identity issues and to breakdown on «we-they»

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denys Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
State Identity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Secular Power ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
The Church

The objective of the article is to present the mechanisms of identity policy and its metalanguage based on individual events of the asymmetrical conflict known as the fight for the soul government. We used historical methods to describe the sequence of conflict events as well as statistical data on the population of the state, identity and religious issues, and membership in the Polish Workers' Party. The content analysis method was applied to the speeches of decision-makers, analysis of texts and propaganda films. We used the interpretation method and the event analysis method to disclose messages at the meta-language level and explain the significance of individual actions of the parties to the conflict. The article presents the chronology and dynamics of the conflict. In the context of individual events, we proposed an explanation of the politics of that time, the events were decrypted as a meta-language that speaks to the recipient's identity. We also presented the measures that were carried out by the PPR to be accepted by society as "theirs". The reasons for the secular authorities' defeat for the government of souls were named, namely: a) sharpened post-war needs of society related to the sense of security; b) failure to perceive secular power as "their own" by a large part of society; c) atheism was not the best solution for the needs of ordinary people; d) the church according to the vision of S. Vyshinsky was aimed at ordinary people; e) the church was a daily element of human life, development, and formation; f) the communists used the meta-language of helplessness (the arrest of the image of Our Lady of Yasnagura (Luminous Mount)); g) the fullness of secular power in the hands of the Communists meant the absence of political opponents on whom the Communists could blame for the existing problems.

Land reform in the 1950s in Italy and the United States: the thinking of Mario Einaudi

Modern Italy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-371
Author(s):  
Andrea Mariuzzo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Tennessee Valley ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War

The article discusses the thinking of Mario Einaudi in relation to the ambitious measures with which the Italian government sought to move towards land reform in the immediate post–war period. Einaudi, an intellectual and academic, was by birth Italian but moved to the United States during the Fascist period. Like his father Luigi, the noted economist, he was convinced of the need to stimulate the free market in land in order to increase productivity and modernise cultivation methods; in his writings he repeatedly sought to develop a plan of action that would facilitate collaboration between Rome and Washington in this field, identifying the Tennessee Valley Authority approach as especially suited to the Italian case. However, while his ideas achieved a good public airing, they had a limited impact: on the political front, Cold War priorities pushed Italian and US Marshall Plan experts more towards the redistribution of landownership than towards stimulating the productivity of agricultural businesses, in the attempt to rapidly build a consensus behind the government; and on the cultural front, at the end of the 1950s the issue of backwardness in the rural South started to be interpreted in terms of cultural and social anthropology, an approach which did not directly relate to the development of political programmes.

scholarly journals AN “ALIMONY HUNTER” OR A “VICTIM”: SINGLE MOTHER AS A CATEGORY IN THE 1950s AND 1960s SOVIET EVERYDAY LIFE

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-185
Author(s):  
E. A. Voronova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Mothers ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Single Motherhood ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Post War ◽  
Cultural Shifts ◽  
Childbearing Women

The article shows that in Soviet society single motherhood existed in a variety of forms. The author claims that Soviet single mothers were contradictory figures, as the 1944 Family Law stated that non-marital childbearing women were officially supported by the pro-natal state. Contemporaries usually did not make any difference between war widows with children, unmarried women with children from cohabitation with men, and «real» single mothers. According to the author, between the 1950s and 1960s, the image of single motherhood in USSR fluctuated from the positive model of a woman, trying her best in single child-rearing to a predatory woman, the «gold digger» who was engaged in adultery with married men and ruined «normal» Soviet families. On the basis of letters to the authorities, the author shows how the term «single motherhood» was associated with the positive and negative sides of Soviet motherhood. Mothers usually refused to identify themselves as «single mothers» because of social stigma, so they chose different strategies in self-representation. Finally, the unstable and contradictory position of Soviet single mothers in people’s minds demonstrates both the issues of gender order and social and cultural shifts in the post-war USSR.

scholarly journals FROM FOE TO FRIEND? VETERANS AS A DRIVING FORCE OF INTERNATIONAL RECONCILIATION AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR

2017 ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Jörg Echternkamp
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
German Society ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
War Veterans ◽  
World War Ii Veterans ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

Povzetek V 50. letih so veterani druge svetovne vojne postali pionirji mednarodne sprave. V članku so z osredotočanjem na nemške in francoske vojake analizirane okoliščine, pojavitev in funkcije tega procesa v kontekstu zunanje in notranje politike Zahodne Nemčije. Postavljena je teza, da so organizirani vojni veterani sprejeli vzorce razlage in argumentiranja povojne družbe v Zahodni Nemčiji ter jih prilagodili svojemu konceptu zgodovine, da bi pridobili zgodovinsko samozavest. Predvsem pa so svoje mednarodno delovanje predstavljali kot evropsko pobudo o dogovoru. V nasprotju z 20. in 30. leti prejšnjega stoletja so bila prizadevanja nemških vojaških veteranov v 50. letih skladna z vladno politiko. Na temelju pluralističnega kulturno-zgodovinskega ozadja so veterani vzpostavili stike na lokalni, območni in regionalni ravni v procesu, ki ga lahko poimenujemo sprava. Ključne besede: veterani, sprava, 50. leta, Nemčija, Francija. Abstract In the 1950s, World War II veterans became pioneers of international reconciliation. Focusing on former German and French soldiers, this article analyses the conditions, manifestations, and functions of this process within the context of West Germany’s foreign and domestic policies. The thesis is that organised war veterans accepted the patterns of interpretation and argumentation of post-war West German society, and adapted them to their concept of history for the purpose of gaining historical self-assurance. Most of all, they presented their international activity as a European initiative for a better understanding between nations. In contrast to the 1920s and 1930s, the efforts of German war veterans in the 1950s were in accordance with the policy of the government. Against the backdrop of a pluralistic cultural-historical background, the veterans established contacts at the local, district and regional levels in a process that can be called reconciliation. Key words Veterans - Reconciliation - 1950s - Germany - France.

Nazistowski mord na Żydach w prasie polskich komunistów (1942–1944).

2006 ◽  
pp. 54-75
Author(s):  
Klaus Peter Friedrich
Keyword(s):  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
The Political ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Right

Facing the decisive struggle between Nazism and Soviet communism for dominance in Europe, in 1942/43 Polish communists sojourning in the USSR espoused anti-German concepts of the political right. Their aim was an ethnic Polish ‘national communism’. Meanwhile, the Polish Workers’ Party in the occupied country advocated a maximum intensification of civilian resistance and partisan struggle. In this context, commentaries on the Nazi judeocide were an important element in their endeavors to influence the prevailing mood in the country: The underground communist press often pointed to the fate of the murdered Jews as a warning in order to make it clear to the Polish population where a deficient lack of resistance could lead. However, an agreed, unconditional Polish and Jewish armed resistance did not come about. At the same time, the communist press constantly expanded its demagogic confrontation with Polish “reactionaries” and accused them of shared responsibility for the Nazi murder of the Jews, while the Polish government (in London) was attacked for its failure. This antagonism was intensified in the fierce dispute between the Polish and Soviet governments after the rift which followed revelations about the Katyn massacre. Now the communist propaganda image of the enemy came to the fore in respect to the government and its representatives in occupied Poland. It viewed the government-in-exile as being allied with the “reactionaries,” indifferent to the murder of the Jews, and thus acting ultimately on behalf of Nazi German policy. The communists denounced the real and supposed antisemitism of their adversaries more and more bluntly. In view of their political isolation, they coupled them together, in an undifferentiated manner, extending from the right-wing radical ONR to the social democrats and the other parties represented in the underground parliament loyal to the London based Polish government. Thereby communist propaganda tried to discredit their opponents and to justify the need for a new start in a post-war Poland whose fate should be shaped by the revolutionary left. They were thus paving the way for the ultimate communist takeover

Student construction squads: to the question of the movement origins

2018 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
O. L. Ryabchenko
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Voluntary Basis

The article deals with the illegitimacy of the identification of the mobilization campaigns of the 1920's and 1930's with the student construction movement of the 1950s-80s. It is noted that mobilizations were conducted compulsorily throughout the academic year, the students were suspended from classes for different terms, while student building units from the very beginning were formed on a voluntary basis for working during summer holidays. It is noted that the students work in the early Soviet society was not notable for enthusiasm and uplifting, since the cases of mass negative attitude towards it were recorded.

PERCEPTIONS OF SOUTH AFRICAN YOUTH OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES: A CASE IN THE LEPELLE-NKUMPI MUNICIPAL AREA

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Matshidiso Kanjere
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Development ◽  
Young People ◽  
South African ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
South Africans ◽  
African Youth ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
The Government

The South African youth faces multiple challenges that range from illiteracy, drug and alcohol abuse, crime and HIV/AIDS, to unemployment. These challenges and many other ills in society have led to interventions by government, and private and other civil societies. The government has established and initiated a number of programmes that aim at building capacity and helping the youth to cope with these multiple challenges. Some of the programmes are aimed at building leadership capacity among the impoverished youth in rural communities. A lot of money is being invested in these programmes, which are meant to develop young South Africans. However, there are some young people who do not participate in these programmes. They are also not in the formal education system, self-employed or employed elsewhere. And they are despondent. The government, private sector and non-governmental organisations are trying hard to bring these youths and others into the developmental arena, so that they can be active participants in the economy of the country in the near future. However, little research has been conducted to assess the broad impact of the various programmes in the country. The contribution that these programmes are making toward improving the livelihoods of young people has to be determined on a larger scale. Nevertheless, this article reports on an investigation that was conducted on a smaller scale, at the Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality. The aim of the research was to explore the perceptions young South Africans have of the leadership development programmes that they have participated in. A mixed research approach was used to collect data and the key findings indicated that knowledge accumulated through participation in the programmes does not always translate into practical applications. However, the programmes were deemed to be valuable in instilling a positive life-view. The study recommends that support systems be established in the rural areas to assist young people with life challenges.

FACTORS INFLUENCING ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS AMONG THE RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN BANGLADESH

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalowar Hossan
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Entrepreneurial Success ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Proper Training ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
The Government

The aim of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the entrepreneurial success of rural women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. Non-probability sampling specifically convenience sampling is used to draw the sample and data is collected using the self-administered survey. Regression analysis and descriptive statistics are used to analyze the data. The study discloses that motivational factors, government policy and financial support have significant influence on the rural women entrepreneurial success in Bangladesh. Due to lack of suitable training and proper development as well as ICT knowledge, the rural women of Bangladesh could not accomplish the achievement. Half of the total populations of Bangladesh are female and most of them live in rural areas. Therefore, the government and the policymakers in Bangladesh should develop the potential of rural women entrepreneurs by providing development facilities, proper training, and ICT knowledge.

The Zoning System for Strategy Development of SMEs Go Online: A Literature Review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumitro Sarkum
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Online Marketing ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Government ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Marketing Information ◽  
Relationship Of

This study aims to figure out what the relationship of empowerment of SMEs through methods of zoning as marketing strategy of SMEs in two different markets (offline and online). The zoning strategy with information and communication system integrated brings together socialization and promotion in a market. This system can help the government in taking and formulating policies to unite SMEs in a new market by not leaving the old market. The method in this study uses qualitative descriptive. There are three propositions produced in this initial research, the first; Offline and online marketing is very relevant for SMEs in Indonesia. Second; marketing information system is access for SMEs to find out the demand or market needs both domestically and internationally. And third; The zoning system can be used as an online development strategy for SMEs to synchronize two different markets, namely offline and online. Further research is needed to validate the propositions found, to generate hypotheses and empirical evidence, we recommend using mix methods for future research.

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