scholarly journals The Mobile Woman: Getting Around during the 1630 Plague in Bologna

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54
Author(s):  
Natalie Massong
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Street Life ◽  
Silk Industry ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Women Healers ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
Female Nurses

Legal proclamations show that during the 1630 plague outbreak in Bologna, Italy, women were required to remain quarantined in their homes for the duration of the epidemic while men remained mobile. However, primary texts and visual sources demonstrate that despite these legal restrictions, women remained active players in the fight against the plague by circumventing regulations. Significantly, women played a key role in sustaining the Bolognese economy, in particular by travelling to work in the silk industry. Moreover, while male doctors enjoyed special dispensations to avoid visiting the sick directly, female nurses left their homes to care for the daily needs of patients in the lazzaretto, the plague hospital. Artworks and primary texts depict a mobile woman. They show women from the poorest of backgrounds who were compelled to move through the city’s public spaces, remaining active in the street life of the plagued city. For instance, along with unlicensed women healers and nuns, prostitutes commonly volunteered for service in the plague hospitals. This required a brief shift in the social status of these women as they moved from their brothels to the pestilent walls of the lazzaretto. This paper will address the contribution that these resilient women made to maintaining the family economy and the significant positions women held in administering care, which have been overlooked in the scholarship. It will argue that by performing these essential activities, Bolognese women enjoyed an increase in physical but also social mobility, albeit short-lived.

Industrialization, the Family Economy, and the Economic Status of the American Elderly

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Gratton ◽  
Frances M. Rotondo
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Social Security Act ◽  
The Cost

In his 1911 film What Shall We Do with Our Old? D.W. Griffith dramatized the belief that urban, industrial America had no place for the elderly. Fired for being too slow at his work, an impoverished old man cannot buy food or medicine for his wife, who languishes in their drab, one-room apartment. Justice Benjamin Cardozo told a similar tale in upholding the constitutionality of the Social Security Act (Helvering v. Davis, 301 U.S. 619 [1937]): “The number of [aged] unable to take care of themselves is growing at a threatening pace. More and more our population is becoming urban and industrial instead of rural and agricultural.” Cardozo relied on studies by the U.S. Social Security Board (1937: 3), which found that “the major part of the industrial population . . . earns scarcely enough to provide for its existence. Savings are small and generally cover little more than the cost of burial insurance.” As a result, “industrial workers in [urban] areas . . . reach old age with few resources” (ibid.: 33).

scholarly journals Woman Searching for Family Nafkah in Islamic Economic Views

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-321
Author(s):  
Nurhadi Nurhadi
Keyword(s):  
Social Activity ◽  
Soap Opera ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Soap Operas ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Family Survival

Abstract: This article focuses on the discussion of Islamic and economic views on women making a living for families (husbands and children). This phenomenon is already popular in Indonesian society, with many female workers (TKW) making a living or working abroad for the sake of family survival (husband and children), this is also reinforced by soap opera shows on private national television titled “The world is upside down” as a manifestation of the socio-economic facts of the Indonesian family today which is visualized as soap operas. This is a big question mark for socio-economic observers and practitioners of sakinah or Muslim families. In general, the main task of making a family living in Islam is assigned to the man (husband). Although it is justified that women (wives) earn a living (working) to help the family economy if the husband’s income is insufficient for family needs, provided that the woman in work does not bring shame, slander and harm to herself and the continuity of her household, and can maintain her honor by always covering aurat and keep away from things that produce salaries are not halal (haram). So a woman who is a family breadwinner in the view of Islamic economics is permitted, but that as an alternative to maintaining survival and domestic life with her husband and children, also does not violate her nature as a wife and mother for her children. This analysis arises because economic activity is a social activity, so the social is very closely related to the economy, also the Islamic economy and  ocioeconomic family in Islam.

Life in small urban spaces of “Sanskari Nagari – Vadodara”

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-90
Author(s):  
Abhilash Kolluri ◽  
Garbhit Naik ◽  
Shubham Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Western India ◽  
Street Life ◽  
Life Project ◽  
The Public ◽  
City Dynamics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

This paper envisages the situation of social life in the city of, “Vadodara – Sanskari Nagari” during and post-pandemic. In the globalization hub of Western-India, the city Vadodara stands true to its name – “Sanskari Nagari”, which still celebrates its rich heritage and culture to its fullest. The social life of people in Vadodara is not only a part of their culture but also part of their routine, which can be perceived from the world’s largest “Garba-gathering”; to every day’s post office hour “Chai-meetup”; to relishing their free time playing “Ludo” by the sides of bridges across the city. With the presence of COVID-19, city people are hesitant about social gatherings and meeting people. Ultimately, life is resuming but at a slow pace and there is an urge to “reimagine” the public spaces and public behaviour so that city doesn’t lose its charm. Referring to the city assessment of William H. Whyte, the mentor of Street Life Project for Public Spaces, Pedestrian behaviour, and City Dynamics, through his book – “Social Life Of Small Urban Spaces,1980” forms the prelude for the research. This paper draws attention to similar spaces for the city of Vadodara as referred to in the book. We see what we do not expect to see, and get acquainted to see crowded spaces. Hence, this paper analyses the selected “Urban-blocks” and “Neighbourhood-spaces” of different typology and their diverse activities. Conclusion focus on the rational segregation and “re-defining” of Urban Spaces based on their safe carrying capacity.

From Casablanca to Houston

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-60
Author(s):  
Julie Fette
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
French Colonialism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Political Upheaval ◽  
Global Mobility ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Jewish Emigration

This article melds family history with History, tracing the lives of my daughter’s grandparents, Marcelle Libraty and Pinhas Cohen. Products of the social mobility and integration offered by the Alliance israélite universelle, they became schoolteachers in Morocco and opted for France after independence. Currently in their eighties, Marcelle and Pinhas’s lives are connected to sweeping events in history: French colonialism, Vichy anti- Semitism, Moroccan independence, Jewish emigration. Inspired by Ivan Jablonka’s L’Histoire des grandparents que je n’ai pas eus, I experiment as both narrator of the past and participant in the family story, and demonstrate new ways of writing history. This auto-historiographical project shows how a family succeeds in preserving identities of origin and maintaining relationships despite socio-political upheaval and global mobility.

Jefferson’s Neighbors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lyman Bushman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Farm Families ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Revolution

Save for the elite planters at the top of the social hierarchy, Virginia society blended smoothly from top to bottom. There were no sharp wealth divisions between non-slave owners and those who owned two or three slaves. Nor were slaveholders with more than six slaves much distinguishable from one another until one reached the level where planters owned fifty or more. In this ascending society, lower and middling people provided services such as weaving and carpentry for those above them, linking them economically. Large planters like Jefferson were involved in hundreds of exchanges with lesser farmers each year. The top and bottom of society may not have corresponded with each other but they traded constantly. Because they performed services to make a living, small farmers were the integrating agents in Virginia society. This society came under stress during the Revolution. Farm families resisted the draft because the absence of a father or elder son disrupted the family economy. If drafted they often deserted. After the Revolution, the government’s effort to draw in inflated currency made it difficult for people to pay rent and taxes. They were in danger of losing their property for payment of their debts. Throughout the 1780s, they protested to the legislature, but they never resorted to violence, and the House of Burgesses did not enforce the laws. The familiarity achieved through economic integration made those in power sympathetic to the common plight.

scholarly journals Living in a hamster wheel: Identity construction through hopes and terrors in Bong Joon-Ho’s 'Parasite'

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Lisa Octavia
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Perceptual Discrimination ◽  
Class Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Close Textual Analysis ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Behavior

Bong Joon-Ho’s Parasite (2019) has successfully depicted universal issues regarding class identity and social mobility. It tells us a story about a lower-class family, the Kims who aspired and struggled in their journey of climbing the social ladder. This research aims to explore the process of identity construction of the Kims. Close textual analysis is employed as a tool for investigation and Althusser’s ideological interpellation is used to explain the process. The research also focuses on the socio-cultural factors that influence the Kims’ social mobility which contribute to the permanence of their class identity. The findings found out that many symbolic markers such as differences in property, neighborhood, education, diet and behavior distinguish the lower- and upper-class families. Thus, interpellation occurs when the family is lured into believing the ‘American dream’: by working hard enough and taking more risks, it is possible to climb up the social hierarchy. It constructs their identity as a lower-class with aspirations to move upward. This study also concludes that the persistence of social immobility is highly influenced by the level of education, perceptual discrimination, the impossibility of cross-class marriage and the economic inequality. Therefore, it proves that class identity can be unfavorable inheritance.

scholarly journals REFLECTION OF LOCAL WISDOM ON WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN MINANGKABAU INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Sri Yunarti ◽  
Muhammad Syakir ◽  
Desmita Desmita ◽  
Elfi Elfi
Keyword(s):  
Women's Rights ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Finances ◽  
Female Figures

Women in Minangkabau traditional culture are Limpepeh Rumah Nan Gadang which are symbols of the existence of harmonization of households; guarantee of the quality of human resources both in terms of inheritance and descendants, and guarantee of knowledge and availability of family food. This research is conducted in the Minangkabau community within Luhak Nan Tuo area, particularly in the Tanah Datar Regency community. By using the interview method, it reflects three stages of women’s position in Minangkabau descriptively. These stages are (1) in decision making to determine assets in the family economy, (2) in the working distribution, and (3) in managing family finances. From the result of the study, it can be seen that the position of women in making decisions is still in the second position even though in the end the women who act as bundo kanduang are still being asked for opinions in terms of protecting reproductive health which indicated in decreasing point. There has been a change in working distribution in which the women are allowed to work not only in domestic sectors but also in public sectors. However, women’s position in managing family finances are getting decreased. This is as a result of culture and its values in structural, solidarity, existence of the society. Bundo kanduang institution in Nagari is the basis for empirical empowerment and local wisdom on women's rights. It is just a sub-section of the institution that deals with women's, social, children, youth and women's issues. The social reality where the domestication of discrimination has implications for women. There is still a strong gender bias of community leaders. At least, there are female figures who are able to act as agents for women's empowerment in cultural studies.

scholarly journals EKONOMI KELUARGA MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN ILMU ILMU SOSIAL FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Aminuyati Aminuyati ◽  
Mashudi Mashudi
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
Tuition Fees ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
The City ◽  
Privately Owned

The purpose of this study was to determine the economic condition of the families of students of the Social Sciences Education Study Program, FKIP Untan. The form of research is a survey. The results of the research on family conditions mostly came from areas outside the city of Pontianak, with as many as 139 students (67.48%) and from the city of Pontianak as many as 67 people (32.52%). Parents are mostly farmers. With an average student family income in the range of Rp. 1,000,000 - Rp. 1,950,000 (income of father, mother, me, and siblings). The income earned is not sufficient for the family's needs, because the average monthly expenditure is over Rp. 2,000,000. In general, parents of students complained that the family's economic burden was quite heavy. In order to help the family economy, most students also work to help the family economy. Such as: guarding a grocery store, taking children to school, as a pinatu (ironing clothes) in a laundry business. The status of the house owned by students is a house that is privately owned. The lighting facility uses electricity with a power of 450 watts. Entertainment facilities for television, tape recorder, and radio. Electricity bill payments have been in arrears. There are 42 students who received Bidik Misi scholarships, 4 students received scholarships from the local government of Kayong Regency. 1 student gets a scholarship from the Sekadau Regency Government, 1 student gets a Partial Independent Untan scholarship. 10 students who received PPA scholarships and 8 students who received PBM scholarships. Payment of student tuition fees ranges from UKT 3, 4, and 5. In Pontianak living at someone's house as a household assistant, and not being paid tuition fees, they are only given the opportunity to live and eat. Meanwhile, tuition fees must be paid by themselves.

scholarly journals Social Classes and Social Mobility in Slovenia and Europe

Organizacija ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Jereb ◽  
Marko Ferjan
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

Social Classes and Social Mobility in Slovenia and EuropeIn closed social systems the social position of an individual is determined by the social position of the family into which he or she was born, whereas in open social systems mobility from one social class to another is possible. This paper concerns the relationship between the class position an individual actually occupies and the class into which he or she was born. First the concept of social class is described and different types of social mobility are presented. Than the research methodology is described and the results are presented and discussed. At the end of the paper certain comparisons to other European countries are made.

scholarly journals Program Pengabdian Masyarakat Melalui Pengolahan Buah Kersen (Muntingia Calabura L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Jamilatur Rohmah ◽  
Nurul Azizah
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Concrete Solution ◽  
Home Industries ◽  
Muntingia Calabura ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRAK Desa Keboharan merupakan desa yang masuk pada wilayah kecamatan Krian kabupaten Sidoarjo. Sebagian besar masyarakat desa Keboharan adalah petani sawah dan buruh pabrik. Masyarakatnya memiliki potensi yang bisa dikembangkan, antara lain bidang pertanian dan industri rumah tangga, di bidang sosial memiliki PKK (Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga). PKK dusun Boharan dan Patoman merupakan salah satu wadah organisasi perempuan di desa Keboharan, Kecamatan Krian, Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Ibu-ibu PKK desa Keboharan memiliki latar belakang pendidikan yang beragam tetapi rata-rata hanya lulusan SMP dan SMA, dengan keadaan ekonomi keluarga yang berada pada ekonomi menengah ke bawah yang sebagian besar diantaranya adalah sebagai ibu rumah tangga. Hasil analisis menunjukkan belum optimalnya kegiatan PKK, yang disebabkan karena keterbatasan kemampuan dan keilmuan ibu-ibu PKK. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu solusi yang konkret sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan keberdayaan ibu-ibu PKK tersebut melalui Program Pengabdian Masyarakat (PPM) berupa pelatihan pembuatan sabun dan detergen yakni sabun dan detergen cair herbal antibakteri ekstrak buah kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) beserta cara pengemasan produk dan pemasarannya. Pemilihan alternatif ini didasarkan pada kebutuhan akan keterampilan dan pengetahuan, yang dapat dijadikan bekal ibu-ibu PKK di desa Keboharan untuk merintis usaha serta latihan keterampilan. Selain itu di desa Keboharan banyak tumbuh tanaman kersen. Sehingga dengan adanya kegiatan ini diharapkan ibu-ibu PKK dapat melengkapi wawasan pengetahuan dan keterampilannya dalam berbagai segi kehidupan keluarga yang dapat digunakan sebagai bekal untuk membuka usaha keluarga yang pada akhirnya dapat menambah pemasukan keluarga dan menunjukkan eksistensi dirinya. Kata-kata kunci: buah kersen (Muntingia calabura L.), PPM, pemberdayaan. ABSTRACT Keboharan village is a village that enters the district of Krian Sidoarjo. Most of Keboharan villagers are farmers and factory workers. The villagers have a potential that can be developed, such as agriculture and home industries, in the social field has PKK (Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga). PKK in Boharan and Patoman hamlet is one of the organization of women in Keboharan village, Krian sub-district, Sidoarjo district, East Java Province. PKK woman in Keboharan village has diverse educational background but on average only junior and senior high school graduates, with the state of the family economy in the middle to lower economy, most of whom are as housewives. The analysis shows that the PKK activity is not optimal, due to the limited ability and knowledge of PKK woman. Therefore we need a concrete solution as an effort to improve the empowerment of PKK woman through Community Service Program (PPM) in the form of training of soap and liquid detergent antibacterial herb extract Muntingia calabura L. along with the way of packaging products and marketing. The selection of these alternatives is based on the need for skills and knowledge that PKK woman in Keboharan village can be used to pioneer the business and practice these skills. In addition Keboharan village grows many Muntingia calabura L. plants. So with the existence of this activity is expected to PKK woman can complement the knowledge and skills in various aspects of family life that can be used to participate to meet the needs of his family so that can eventually increase family income and also to show his existence. Keywords: kersen (Muntingia calabura L.), PPM, empowerment.

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