Five years Retrospective Study of Avian Coccidiosis  in a Veterinary Clinic  Bukuru Plateau State Nigeria

This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of coccidiosis and its association with various risk factors such as age, type of birds and season in a private veterinary clinic in Bukuru, Plateau State Ngeria. A total of 9406 cases during 2013 – 2017 were analysed and 1556 of them were positive for coccidiosis. Several reports on the prevalence of avian coccidiosis have been documented; however, in this study the prevalence of coccidiosis in the study area and its economic consequences was enumerated. Total prevalence of 12.14% in 2013, 18.78% in 2014, 18.21% in 2015, 16.82% in 2016 and 19.07% in 2017 were reported. An overall prevalence of 85.02% was recorded. The average prevalence of coccidiosis based on this five years study is 17%. The association between coccidiosis and age of the birds was determined and age 5-8 weeks becomes most effective period with wet season having high percentage prevalence of coccidiosis. Based on the type of birds, coccidiosis is prevalence almost in equal proportion in both broilers and layers. The losses associated with coccidiosis both direct and indirect components include the cost of control measures, inadequate good hygiene practices, production losses and lack of prophylaxis treatment. The control of coccidiosis is by good sanitary measures by avoiding water spillage, overcrowding, the use of prophylaxis anticoccidials and proper vaccination.

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An Epidemiological Analysis of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases, Reported at National Institute of Health, Pakistan (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.20605 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ambreen Chaudhry

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Target Population ◽

Control Measures ◽

Contact Tracing ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Travel History ◽

Disease Epidemiology ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Multi Center Study ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is a zoonotic disease of novel origin that posed a continuous threat to health worldwide after taking the shape of the pandemic. An understanding of disease epidemiology is supportive in timely preventive and control measures as well as contact tracing and curbing surveillance activities. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 confirmed cases reported at the National Institute of Health Pakistan and elements of its spread in Pakistan. METHODS A retrospective record review was conducted at the National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan from January 25 to April 4, 2020. Univariate and bivariate analysis was done with 95% CI and p<0.05. RESULTS A total of 14,422 samples of suspected COVID-19 cases were received with a positivity rate of 9% (n=1348). Among all 70% (n=939) were male. The median age was 41years of age (range: 01-99Years). Among all, 19% were from 30-39 years old followed by 50-59 years old (17%). Children remained the least affected by 3% (n=35). Of the total reported cases, 55% (n=735) have reported the travel history within the last 14 days. Among these travelers’ international travelers were 23% (n=166) and domestic travelers were 77% (n=569). Travel history including both international and domestic remained significantly associated with the different age groups and Young adults remained more vulnerable to COVID-19 (P=0.03). Fever, SOB, and Cough remained the most significantly associated (P<0.05) in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS A higher incidence of COVID-19 among elderly men suggests robust quarantine measures for this target population. An escalating incidence of local transmission needs strict social distancing and hygiene practices to help flatten the curve. An extensive multi-center study is also recommended for a full understanding of disease dynamics.

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Pooling Raw Shell Eggs: Salmonella Contamination and High Risk Practices in the United Kingdom Food Service Sector

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-73.3.574 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 574-578 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F. J. GORMLEY ◽

C. L. LITTLE ◽

N. MURPHY ◽

E. de PINNA ◽

J. MCLAUCHLIN

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Food Safety ◽

High Risk ◽

Service Sector ◽

Safety Management ◽

Food Service ◽

Control Measures ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Risk Practices ◽

Handling Practices

Salmonella contamination of pooled raw shelled egg mix (RSEM) used as an ingredient in lightly cooked or uncooked foods and high-risk kitchen hygiene practices in United Kingdom food service establishments using RSEM were investigated. Samples were collected from 934 premises. Salmonella was found in 1 (0.13%) of 764 RSEM samples, 2 (0.3%) of 726 samples from surfaces where ready-to-eat foods were prepared, and 7 (1.3%) of 550 cleaning cloths. Poor RSEM storage and handling practices were highlighted. Workers in 40% of the premises sampled failed to use designated utensils when RSEM was added to other ingredients, workers in 17% of the premises did not clean surfaces and utensils thoroughly after use with RSEM and before preparing other foods, only 42% of workers washed and dried their hands after handling eggs or RSEM, workers in 41% of the premises did not store RSEM at refrigeration temperature before use, and workers in 8% of the premises added RSEM to cooked rice at the end of cooking when preparing egg fried rice. Take-away premises, especially those serving Chinese cuisine, were least likely to have a documented food safety management system and awareness of the key food safety points concerning the use of RSEM compared with other food service premises (P < 0.0001). Food service businesses using RSEM must be aware of the continuing hazard from Salmonella, must adopt appropriate control measures, and must follow advice provided by national food agencies to reduce the risk of Salmonella infection.

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Yellow fever outbreak in Plateau state, Nigeria: A re-emerging disease or a case of misdiagnosis over the years?

International Journal of Biomedical Research ◽

10.7439/ijbr.v9i5.4768 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 192

Author(s):

Sodipo Olutomi Y. ◽

Gwomson Dauda ◽

Lar Luret A.

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Pain ◽

Liver Function ◽

Liver Function Test ◽

Yellow Fever ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Health Workers ◽

Control Measures ◽

Daily Monitoring ◽

Function Test ◽

Plateau State

Background: The first reported Yellow fever outbreak in Nigeria occurred in 1931.The latest outbreak in Nigeria, commenced in September 2017. It is active in seven states and suspected cases have been reported in sixteen states, inclusive of Plateau state. The last reported outbreak in Plateau state occurred in Jos in 1969 with an estimated 100,000 cases.Materials and Methods: The cases and health workers involved in management were interviewed. Hospital records, laboratory and surveillance data were reviewed.Results: Case 1: A 6-year-old girl from Tudun-Wada, Jos Plateau state presented with fever (38.6oC), abdominal pain, sore throat and jaundice. Liver function test (AST: 398U/L, ALT: 96U/L). Treatment included ribavirin, ceftriaxone, anti-oxidants, intravenous fluids, blood transfusion. ELISA-IgM was positive for YF, but negative on PNRT.Case 2: A 10-year-old boy from the same family with case 1 presented with fever (39.0oC), abdominal pain, diarrhoea and jaundice. Liver function test (AST: 315 U/L, ALT: 126U/L). Treatment is same as case 1 plus metronidazole. ELISA-IgM was positive for YF, but negative on PNRT, while PCR was positive for Lassa fever.Twenty-three contacts (17 healthcare workers, 6 family members) were traced and daily monitoring instituted.Conclusion: The potential for a major urban outbreak of Yellow Fever in Plateau state and Nigeria is already present. Advocacy, health education and enforcement of vector control measures need to be intensified by the State Ministry of Health. Surveillance for rapid case finding and proactive vaccination also need to be intensified to forestall a disaster.

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Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of human cystic echinococcosis in some parts of Plateau State, Nigeria

Nigerian Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.4314/njpar.v41i1.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 30-34

Author(s):

D. Bitrus ◽

R. Weka ◽

R. Yakubu ◽

I.N. Ogo ◽

J. Kamani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Large Scale ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Companion Animals ◽

Control Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Transmission Cycle ◽

Antibody Elisa ◽

Plateau State ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Livestock, pets and companion animals in developing nations are plagued with several infectious diseases some of them with zoonotic potentials. Echinococcosis which is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease is one of such diseases that affect domestic animals and man with serious health and economic impacts. A cross-sectional questionnaire and serological survey was conducted on human subjects from four Local Government Areas (LGA) of Plateau State, Nigeria, to determine knowledge, attitude and practice and their level of exposure to E. granulosus infection. Sera from 181 human subjects recruited for this study were screened for IgG antibodies to E. granulosus using a commercial ELISA kit. Overall, 6 out of the 181 (3.3%) tested sera were positive. Seropositivity was associated with subjects below 10 years (OR=5.6), study location (OR=1.8), and scavenging behaviour of dogs (OR= 1.5), but not with gender of dog owners (OR=0.7), dog ownership (OR=0.6), dog deworming practice (OR=0.3) or the use of slaughter facility and meat inspection (OR=0.6). Ignorance about the transmission cycle of E. granulosus coupled with unhygienic practices are the main risk factors for the perpetuation of the disease in the study-communities. Sensitization, awareness creation and advocacy for hygienic practises among the communities are recommended, as a short term measure while large scale studies to determine the true prevalence and therisk factors of the disease will form the basis for possible future control measures. Keywords: Seroprevalence; Echinococcus granulosus; antibody; ELISA; human; Plateau State.

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Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Serotypes on Beef Carcasses at Small Abattoirs in Jalisco State, Mexico

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-423 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 867-873 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

JULIA A. PEREZ-MONTAÑO ◽

DELIA GONZALEZ-AGUILAR ◽

JEANNETTE BARBA ◽

CARLOS PACHECO-GALLARDO ◽

CARLOS A. CAMPOS-BRAVO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Control Measures ◽

Wet Season ◽

Beef Carcasses ◽

Salmonella Serotypes ◽

Group B ◽

Inspection Service

The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes on beef carcasses from four small abattoirs in Jalisco State, Mexico, were investigated during a 10-month period. Following U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service protocols, Salmonella was isolated from 78 (15.4%) beef carcasses (n = 505) after the final carcass water wash. Isolation frequency differed by establishment (P < 0.05) and was higher (P < 0.05) during the wet season (May through September) for all establishments. Thirteen Salmonella serotypes and four serogroups (partially serotyped isolates) were identified. The most prevalent were Salmonella enterica Give (24.4%), Salmonella Typhimurium (17.9%), and Salmonella Group B (14.1%). Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested against 11 drugs, and results indicated that 46.2% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 42.3% were resistant to streptomycin, 23.1% were resistant to chloramphenicol, 21.8% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 19.2% were resistant to gentamicin. No resistance to ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin was observed, and 33% of the isolates were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. Although Salmonella Give was the most prevalent serotype, 95% of the isolates of this serotype were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Antimicrobial resistance was more common in Salmonella Typhimurium, and 93% (13 of 14) of the isolates of this serotype were resistant to at least five antimicrobials. The frequency of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates differed among establishments (P < 0.05) and may be related to the origin of the cattle presented for harvesting. These findings highlight the need for control measures to reduce Salmonella prevalence on beef carcasses in small abattoirs in Mexico and for strategies to ensure the cautious use of antimicrobials in animal production to prevent and control the spread of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens.

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Hypertension and other morbidities among a rural geriatric population of North Kerala

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183073 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. 3418 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sabitha Rose Jacob ◽

Suthanthira Kannan

Keyword(s):

Health Care Services ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Equal Proportion ◽

Visual Disability ◽

Geriatric Population ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Regular Treatment ◽

Care Services ◽

Total Prevalence ◽

Venous Diseases

Background: Ageing is a universal phenomenon characterized by an increase in morbidity, multi morbidity and increased healthcare and social demands. An awareness of common morbidities is essential for planning the health care services for elder people. Objectives of the study were to identify reported morbidities and measure hypertension of a rural geriatric population.Methods: A community based cross sectional study and estimation of BP was done.Results: Study population included 403 elderly with majority (56.3%) in 60-70 age group and 66.5% females. Among them 38.7% has lost spouses and 4% were staying alone. Illiterate were 22.8% and 46.9% had no income. Any one type of chronic morbidity was reported by 79.7% (n=321) 95%CI (75.83, 83.63) of the population and it was higher among females (82.5%). More than one morbidity was reported by 44.4% of population. Reported morbidities were hypertension (35.7%) and diabetes (23%) similar in both genders, joint symptoms (19.4%) higher in females, breathlessness (9.6%), known ischemic heart disease (7.6% ) and cerebro vascular attacks (6.5%) cancer (1.1%) higher in males venous diseases (3%) and mental illness (1%). As per BMI 19.6% were undernourished and 18.8% were overweight. Hypertension was newly detected for 130 (32.7%) persons thus making total prevalence 68.4%.Half of known hyper tensives were on regular treatment. Physical disability was present for 31(7.6%) and severe visual disability for 14%.Conclusions: Morbidity is high among rural geriatric population, hypertension being commonest with half untreated and an equal proportion being undetected. There is urgent need for intensifying regular screening programmes among this group.

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A Brief Overview: The Persistence and Pandemic of Virulent Newcastle Disease in Birds as Well as Role in Pakistan

10.20944/preprints202110.0200.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muqadas Baksh ◽

Zafar Ali ◽

Ghafran Ali

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Control Measures ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Death Time ◽

Population Reduction ◽

The World ◽

The Cost ◽

Qualitative Risk Analysis ◽

Virus Strains

The poultry industry is affected by many epidemics and Newcastle Disease (ND) is a constant threat, known as a devastating disease for poultry farmers around the world. According to the average death time of chicken embryos, virus strains can be classified as lentogenic, mesogenic, or velogenic. The current research will clarify the vulnerable host range as well as the epidemiology and geographic distribution of ND in Pakistan. The introduction of the virus into poultry can have serious economic consequences, including the loss of production of sick and dying poultry, the cost of control measures (such as population reduction and disinfection measures), and possible trade restrictions in the event of an outbreak. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with sick poultry or carriers. Infected birds can also spread the virus in their feces. It can also be spread through respiratory secretions, contaminated feed, equipment, water, or feces. We will also discuss vaccines that which vaccines are available for NDV in Pakistan and vaccines can fight against this disease or not? In this study, a qualitative risk analysis was carried out to assess Pakistan's vulnerability to the introduction of virulent NDV strains

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Molecular Basis of Antigenic Drift in Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses (2013–2018) from Southeast Asia

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13091886 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1886

Author(s):

Sasmita Upadhyaya ◽

Mana Mahapatra ◽

Valerie Mioulet ◽

Satya Parida

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Antigenic Drift ◽

Control Measures ◽

Serotype O ◽

Antigenic Sites ◽

Capsid Sequence ◽

Foot And Mouth

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals with serious economic consequences. FMD is endemic in Southeast Asia (SEA) and East Asia (EA) with the circulation of multiple serotypes, posing a threat to Australia and other FMD-free countries. Although vaccination is one of the most important control measures to prevent FMD outbreaks, the available vaccines may not be able to provide enough cross-protection against the FMD viruses (FMDVs) circulating in these countries due to the incursion of new lineages and sub-lineages as experienced in South Korea during 2010, a FMD-free country, when a new lineage of serotype O FMDV (Mya-98) spread to the country, resulting in devastating economic consequences. In this study, a total of 62 serotype O (2013–2018) viruses selected from SEA and EA countries were antigenically characterized by virus neutralization tests using three existing (O/HKN/6/83, O/IND/R2/75 and O/PanAsia-2) and one putative (O/MYA/2009) vaccine strains and full capsid sequencing. The Capsid sequence analysis revealed three topotypes, Cathay, SEA and Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) of FMDVs circulating in the region. The vaccines used in this study showed a good match with the SEA and ME-SA viruses. However, none of the recently circulating Cathay topotype viruses were protected by any of the vaccine strains, including the existing Cathay topotype vaccine (O/HKN/6/83), indicating an antigenic drift and, also the urgency to monitor this topotype in the region and develop a new vaccine strain if necessary, although currently the presence of this topotype is mainly restricted to China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam. Further, the capsid sequences of these viruses were analyzed that identified several capsid amino acid substitutions involving neutralizing antigenic sites 1, 2 and 5, which either individually or together could underpin the observed antigenic drift.

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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on the Risks of Food Poisoning in Collective Restaurants in the Kloto 1 Municipality, Togo

Archives of Ecotoxicology ◽

10.36547/ae.2021.3.4.130-139 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 130-139

Author(s):

Banfitebiyi Gambogou ◽

Essodolom Taale ◽

Kefia Richala Ouro ◽

Essi Kokutse ◽

Ekpessi Bouka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Food Product ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Knowledge Attitudes And Practices ◽

Insufficient Knowledge

Collective food toxiinfections (CFTI) are frequent accidents, formidable by their health and economic consequences. They usually result from the consumption of food contaminated with microorganisms or chemical toxins. The objective of our study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of food product handlers in Kloto 1 municipality in order to guarantee food safety. To do this, we carried out a survey using google form whose questions were based on knowledge of foodborne diseases, good hygiene practices, good manufacturing practices, cross-contamination, wearing jewelry during handling, waste management. As a result of the study, It shows that during the years 2018, 2019 and 2020, the frequencies of toxiinfections recorded at the PHC of Kpalimé are respectively 33.09%, 41.84%, and 25.06%. To acces risk factor about this hight case of food poissoning in this area, 197 food handlers (FH) were interviewed and of these, 54.4% were women, 51.3% are between 15 and 25 years old, 67.2% have secondary education, and 68.7% have not received training on food safety. In terms of the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices, 10.7% of FH have insufficient knowledge about food safety, 98.0% have negative attitudes and 100.0% have insufficient food safety practices. Also, it shown that there is a strong positive correlation between knowledge and attitudes (rs = 0,267; p= 0.000), between knowledge and practices (rs = 0.182; p = 0.011), between attitudes and practices (rs = 0.253; p = 0.000), and between knowledge about foodborne illness and practice (rs = 0.189; p = 0,008). In short, the majority of FH have insufficient knowledge, practice and negative attitudes to avoid cases of CFTI because of the lack of training in food safety.

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Low awareness of past SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthy adults

10.1101/2020.08.10.20171561 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Katja van den Hurk ◽

Eva-Maria Merz ◽

Femmeke J. Prinsze ◽

Marloes L.C. Spekman ◽

Franke A. Quee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Control Measures ◽

Questionnaire Data ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Past Infection ◽

Virus Control ◽

Age And Sex

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenges governments worldwide to balance appropriate virus control measures and their societal and economic consequences. These control measures include the identification, isolation and testing of potentially infected individuals. As this relies on an individual's awareness of infection, we investigated the extent to which healthy adults suspected having had COVID-19, and how COVID-19 suspicion and symptoms relate to antibodies indicative of a past infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods and findings Individuals donating plasma anywhere in the Netherlands between May 11th and 18th were screened for total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using ELISA and invited to participate in an online questionnaire about COVID-19-related symptoms and awareness. Antibody and questionnaire data were complete for 3,676 individuals, including 239 (6.5%) that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Here, we show that a 38% of the individuals that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies reported having had no or only very mild symptoms at any time during the peak of the epidemic. The loss of taste and/or smell in particular was significantly associated with seropositivity, independent of age and sex. Forty-eight percent of antibody-positive persons did not suspect having had COVID-19, in spite of most of them reporting symptoms. Conclusions Awareness of infection was low among individuals that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, even at the peak of the epidemic. Improved awareness and recognition of COVID-19 symptoms and tracing of asymptomatic contacts is crucial to halting SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

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