scholarly journals A Challenge and Chance for Soil Ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunyao Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Mass Exchange ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Soil Ecology ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Soil Ecosystem ◽  
The Relationship

The understanding of soil and its response to the global warming is important for the harmony of human and environment. Generally, soil has four majorcomponents as air, water, mineral matter, and organic matter. The relative proportions of these four components greatly influence the behavior and productivity of soils. Through interactions of energy flow and mass exchange,soil plays the role as the crucial interface medium for air, minerals, water and life, and forms a complex integrated body, ecosystem. To a great extent, soil ecology is one new branch of ecology that study the relationship between soil biota and environment, including ecological structure, function, balance and evolution of soil ecosystem. The application of soil ecology will be a benefit for the reasonable and sustainable use of land resources and be important for agriculture, forestry and grazing production.

scholarly journals Lability classification of soil organic matter in the northern permafrost region

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kuhry ◽  
Jiří Bárta ◽  
Daan Blok ◽  
Bo Elberling ◽  
Samuel Faucherre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Permafrost Region ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The large stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) in soils and deposits of the northern permafrost region are sensitive to global warming and permafrost thawing. The potential release of this carbon (C) as greenhouse gases to the atmosphere does not only depend on the total quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) affected by warming and thawing, but it also depends on its lability (i.e., the rate at which it will decay). In this study we develop a simple and robust classification scheme of SOM lability for the main types of soils and deposits in the northern permafrost region. The classification is based on widely available soil geochemical parameters and landscape unit classes, which makes it useful for upscaling to the entire northern permafrost region. We have analyzed the relationship between C content and C-CO2 production rates of soil samples in two different types of laboratory incubation experiments. In one experiment, ca. 240 soil samples from four study areas were incubated using the same protocol (at 5 ∘C, aerobically) over a period of 1 year. Here we present C release rates measured on day 343 of incubation. These long-term results are compared to those obtained from short-term incubations of ca. 1000 samples (at 12 ∘C, aerobically) from an additional three study areas. In these experiments, C-CO2 production rates were measured over the first 4 d of incubation. We have focused our analyses on the relationship between C-CO2 production per gram dry weight per day (µgC-CO2 gdw−1 d−1) and C content (%C of dry weight) in the samples, but we show that relationships are consistent when using C ∕ N ratios or different production units such as µgC per gram soil C per day (µgC-CO2 gC−1 d−1) or per cm3 of soil per day (µgC-CO2 cm−3 d−1). C content of the samples is positively correlated to C-CO2 production rates but explains less than 50 % of the observed variability when the full datasets are considered. A partitioning of the data into landscape units greatly reduces variance and provides consistent results between incubation experiments. These results indicate that relative SOM lability decreases in the order of Late Holocene eolian deposits to alluvial deposits and mineral soils (including peaty wetlands) to Pleistocene yedoma deposits to C-enriched pockets in cryoturbated soils to peat deposits. Thus, three of the most important SOC storage classes in the northern permafrost region (yedoma, cryoturbated soils and peatlands) show low relative SOM lability. Previous research has suggested that SOM in these pools is relatively undecomposed, and the reasons for the observed low rates of decomposition in our experiments need urgent attention if we want to better constrain the magnitude of the thawing permafrost carbon feedback on global warming.

scholarly journals Eco-functionality of organic matter in soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 455 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Ellis Hoffland ◽  
Thomas W. Kuyper ◽  
Rob N. J. Comans ◽  
Rachel E. Creamer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Soil Ecosystem ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Som Decomposition

Abstract Background Soil organic matter (SOM) supports multiple soil ecosystem functions, underpinned by processes such as C sequestration, N mineralization, aggregation, promotion of plant health and compound retention. We know little about the relationship between these functions and SOM quality. Scope We aimed to develop “eco-functionality” as a framework to address questions on the relation between SOM properties and soil ecosystem functions. Conclusions Paradigm shifts in SOM research have not led to metrics for eco-functionality beyond decomposability and C:N ratio. Recalcitrant OM is under-researched despite its essential role in aggregation and C sequestration, especially in C-saturated soils. Most soil functions are dependent on SOM decomposition and require labile compounds. We conclude that eco-functionality is context-dependent and needs to take time scales into account. We plea for attempts to link operationally defined SOM fractions to functions in order to make SOM research more applicable.

scholarly journals Lability classification of soil organic matter in the northern permafrost region

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kuhry ◽  
Jiři Bárta ◽  
Daan Blok ◽  
Bo Elberling ◽  
Samuel Faucherre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Permafrost Region ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The large stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) in soils and deposits of the northern permafrost region are sensitive to global warming and permafrost thawing. The potential release of this carbon (C) as greenhouse gases to the atmosphere does not only depend on the total quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) affected by warming and thawing, but also on its lability (i.e. the rate at which it will decay). In this study we develop a simple and robust classification scheme of SOM lability for the main types of soils and deposits of the northern permafrost region. The classification is based on widely available soil geochemical parameters and landscape unit classes, which makes it useful for upscaling to the entire northern permafrost region. We have analyzed the relationship between C content and C-CO2 production rates of soil samples in two different types of laboratory incubation experiment. In one experiment, c. 240 soil samples from four study areas were incubated using the same protocol (at 5 °C, aerobically) over a period of one year. Here we present C release rates measured on day 343 of incubation. These long-term results are compared to those obtained from short-term incubations of c. 1000 samples (at 12 °C, aerobically) from an additional three study areas. In these experiments, C-CO2 production rates were measured over the first four days of incubation. We have focused our analyses on the relationship between C-CO2 production per gram dry weight per day (µgC-CO2 gdw−1 d−1) and C content (%C of dry weight) in the samples, but show that relationships are consistent when using C / N ratios or different production units such as µgC per gram soil C per day (µgC-CO2 gC−1 d−1) or per cm alluvial deposits and mineral upland soils (including peaty wetlands) > Pleistocene Yedoma deposits > C-enriched pockets in cryoturbated soils > peat deposits. Thus, three of the most important SOC storage classes in the northern permafrost region (Yedoma, cryoturbated soils and peatlands) show low relative SOM lability. Previous research has suggested that SOM in these pools is relatively undecomposed and the reasons for the observed resistance to decomposition in our experiments needs urgent attention if we want to better constrain the magnitude of the thawing permafrost carbon feedback on global warming.

scholarly journals PENGELOLAAN KEBUN SECARA BERKELANJUTAN PADA MASYARAKAT ARFAK DI KABUPATEN PEGUNUNGAN ARFAK PROPINSI PAPUA BARAT

Agrika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Deny Anjelus Iyai
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
Papua Barat ◽  
Very High

ABSTRAKPegunungan Arfak memiliki kondisi agroekologi penting. Masyarakat Arfak memiliki kearifan dalam bercocok tanam, memiliki hubungan yang dekat dengan kebun. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif melalui observasi dan wawancara dilakukan pada keluarga petani masyarakat Arfak. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan lahan kebun oleh masyarakat Arfak terbatas pada segi pemanfaatan ruang dan sumberdaya lahan. Kondisi lahan curam >60%, rawan banjir dan longsor. Lahan dibuka dengan sistem tebang dan bakar. Kandungan bahan organik umumnya sangat tinggi pada lapisan permukaan, dan menurun sedikit pada lapisan di bawahnya. Masyarakat Arfak sudah mempraktekkan sistem agroforestri kompleks maupun sederhana. Terdapat lima pola aliran energi dalam sistem kebun yang belum dimanfaatkan secara efektif dan efisien. Ditemukan juga lima situasi/kondisi prospek dan konstrain dalam keberlanjutan pertanian di Pegunungan Arfak. Kebun, ternak babi dan serta masyarakat Arfak saling berinteraksi dengan memberikan servis dari dan untuk masing-masing komponen. Kebun mampu membantu petani masyarakat Arfak secara ekonomis, ekologis dan sosiologis. ABSTRACTThe Arfak Mountains have important agroecological conditions. Arfak community have local wisdom in farming, have a close relationship with the garden. Research was conducted  with descriptive methods through observations and interviews conducted on Arfak farming families. The results of the study indicate that the use of garden land by Arfak people is limited in terms of land use and land resources. Steep land conditions is > 60%, prone to flooding and landslides. The land is opened by cutting and burning systems. The content of organic matter is generally very high in the surface layer, and decreases slightly in the layers below. The Arfak community has also used the practices of complex and simple agroforestry. There are five energy flow patterns in the garden system that have not been used effectively and efficiently. Also found are five situations/conditions prospects and constraints in agricultural sustainability in the Arfak Mountains. Farms, pigs and Arfak community interact each other by providing services from and for each component. The gardens are able to help Arfak farmers economically, ecologically and sociologically.

Nomadic Migration and Rural Violence in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-95
Author(s):  
Nsemba Edward Lenshie ◽  
Patience Kondu Jacob
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Security Governance ◽  
North East ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

The relationship between Fulani herdsmen and farmers has in recent years become hot-tempered motivated by competitive control of land resources, particularly in central and north-east Nigeria. In Taraba State, the ongoing nomadic migration pattern from the Sahel in quest of pastures has led to violent confrontation between Fulani herdsmen and farming indigenous natives. Using a descriptive approach consisting of documented evidence, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions, the analysis revealed that conflicts between Fulani herdsmen and indigenous native farmers have culminated in population displacement and destruction of life and property in numerous rural enclaves in Taraba State. Despite the consequences of the conflicts, the Taraba State government was unable to act proactively because of the centralization of command over Nigerian security agencies. Accordingly, the study suggests decentralization of security agencies in Nigeria, especially the police, as the way forward for effective security governance in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Contributions of Organic and Mineral Matter to Vertical Accretion in Tidal Wetlands across a Chesapeake Bay Subestuary

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 751
Author(s):  
Jenny R. Allen ◽  
Jeffrey C. Cornwell ◽  
Andrew H. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
210Pb Dating ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Tidal Wetlands ◽  
Vertical Accretion ◽  
Inorganic Matter

Persistence of tidal wetlands under conditions of sea level rise depends on vertical accretion of organic and inorganic matter, which vary in their relative abundance across estuarine gradients. We examined the relative contribution of organic and inorganic matter to vertical soil accretion using lead-210 (210Pb) dating of soil cores collected in tidal wetlands spanning a tidal freshwater to brackish gradient across a Chesapeake Bay subestuary. Only 8 out of the 15 subsites had accretion rates higher than relative sea level rise for the area, with the lowest rates of accretion found in oligohaline marshes in the middle of the subestuary. The mass accumulation of organic and inorganic matter was similar and related (R2 = 0.37). However, owing to its lower density, organic matter contributed 1.5–3 times more toward vertical accretion than inorganic matter. Furthermore, water/porespace associated with organic matter accounted for 82%–94% of the total vertical accretion. These findings demonstrate the key role of organic matter in the persistence of coastal wetlands with low mineral sediment supply, particularly mid-estuary oligohaline marshes.

Past testate amoeba communities in landslide mountain fens (Polish Carpathians): The relationship between shell types and sediment

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362199464
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Marcisz ◽  
Krzysztof Buczek ◽  
Mariusz Gałka ◽  
Włodzimierz Margielewski ◽  
Matthieu Mulot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Testate Amoebae ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Testate Amoeba ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Depth To Water Table ◽  
Polish Carpathians ◽  
The Relationship

Landslide mountain fens formed in landslide depressions are dynamic environments as their development is disturbed by a number of factors, for example, landslides, slopewash, and surface run-off. These processes lead to the accumulation of mineral material and wood in peat. Disturbed peatlands are interesting archives of past environmental changes, but they may be challenging for providing biotic proxy-based quantitative reconstructions. Here we investigate long-term changes in testate amoeba communities from two landslide mountain fens – so far an overlooked habitat for testate amoeba investigations. Our results show that abundances of testate amoebae are extremely low in this type of peatlands, therefore not suitable for providing quantitative depth-to-water table reconstructions. However, frequent shifts of dominant testate amoeba species reflect dynamic lithological situation of the studied fens. We observed that high and stable mineral matter input into the peatlands was associated with high abundances of species producing agglutinated (xenosomic) as well as idiosomic shells which prevailed in the testate amoeba communities in both analyzed profiles. This is the first study that explores testate amoebae of landslide mountain fens in such detail, providing novel information about microbial communities of these ecosystems.

scholarly journals Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Multi-Contaminated Soil Treated with Biochar Using the Sequential Extraction Procedure

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Mahrous Awad ◽  
Zhongzhen Liu ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Eldessoky S. Dessoky ◽  
Marian Brestic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity represents a global problem depending on the soil environment’s geochemical forms. Biochar addition safely reduces HMs mobile forms, thus, reducing their toxicity to plants. While several studies have shown that biochar could significantly stabilize HMs in contaminated soils, the study of the relationship of soil properties to potential mechanisms still needs further clarification; hence the importance of assessing a naturally contaminated soil amended, in this case with Paulownia biochar (PB) and Bamboo biochar (BB) to fractionate Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu using short sequential fractionation plans. The relationship of soil pH and organic matter and its effect on the redistribution of these metals were estimated. The results indicated that the acid-soluble metals decreased while the fraction bound to organic matter increased compared to untreated pots. The increase in the organic matter metal-bound was mostly at the expense of the decrease in the acid extractable and Fe/Mn bound ones. The highest application of PB increased the organically bound fraction of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu (62, 61, 34, and 61%, respectively), while the BB increased them (61, 49, 42, and 22%, respectively) over the control. Meanwhile, Fe/Mn oxides bound represents the large portion associated with zinc and copper. Concerning soil organic matter (SOM) and soil pH, as potential tools to reduce the risk of the target metals, a significant positive correlation was observed with acid-soluble extractable metal, while a negative correlation was obtained with organic matter-bound metal. The principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the total variance represents 89.7% for the TCPL-extractable and HMs forms and their relation to pH and SOM, which confirms the positive effect of the pH and SOM under PB and BB treatments on reducing the risk of the studied metals. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals and their geochemical forms widely varied according to pH, soil organic matter, biochar types, and application rates. As an environmentally friendly and economical material, biochar emphasizes its importance as a tool that makes the soil more suitable for safe cultivation in the short term and its long-term sustainability. This study proves that it reduces the mobility of HMs, their environmental risks and contributes to food safety. It also confirms that performing more controlled experiments, such as a pot, is a disciplined and effective way to assess the suitability of different types of biochar as soil modifications to restore HMs contaminated soil via controlling the mobilization of these minerals.

The use of faecal nitrogen as an index for estimating the consumption of herbage by grazing animals

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Arnold ◽  
M. L. Dudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Regression Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

Data from thirty-five digestibility trials with sheep in metabolism cages were used to investigate statistically the relationships between organic matter intake (I), faecal organic matter output (F), and the nitrogen concentration in faecal organic matter (N).The data fell easily into groups due to botanical or seasonal differences in the feed. These groups of data were homogeneous and provided highly significant linear equations of the forms I = bF + cFN and I = a + cFN. When compared these groups of data sometimes showed differences in slope, position or both. A quadratic expressionI = bF + cFN + dFN2was found to accommodate a majority of the data but to be less precise than I = a + cFN.A further expression incorporating N as an independent variable was also examined,I = a + cFN2 + eN.This expression, although far from being universally adequate, proved to be generally better than existing formulae. When applied to the data of Greenhalgh et. al. (1960), it substantially reduced heterogeneity between data for spring and data for summer pastures.Causes of variation in the relationship between organic-matter intake and nitrogen in faeces, and some of the hazards of extrapolation from empirical regression relations, are discussed.

Analysis of Land Economy Distribution and Driving Influences

2014 ◽  
Vol 543-547 ◽  
pp. 4264-4268
Author(s):  
Yi Lu ◽  
Hong Jie Liu ◽  
Zhao Ji
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Time Distribution ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Reasonable Use ◽  
Land Economic ◽  
Douglas Production Function ◽  
Economic Density

In order to study land use efficiencies of various areas, implement the optimization of whole provincial land economy density so as to promote the reasonable use of land resources and implement the sustainable use of land, the paper takes the space-time distribution of Henan land economic density as the research object, analyze the regional aerial differences dynamically, selects the data of 2013 by quantitative analysis, uses Cobb-Douglas production function, introduces specific indexes of each factor influencing land economic density, builds the regression model, analyzes influencing factors of each driving force affecting the land economic density of Henan Province and confirms main influencing factors.

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