Prevalence of candidiasis among female patients attending Federal Medical Centre Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

In this study, the prevalence and associated risk factors of vaginal candidiasis among female patients attending the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri was investigated. High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) specimens were collected, cultured and C. albicans identified. The overall prevalence rate of vaginal candidiasis was 28.3%, with the highest rate of 33.3% observed among the age group 26-30years, while the lowest prevalence (17.1%) was among ages 31-45 years. Based on the nature of underwear, those who wore silk and very tight underwear recorded the highest prevalence (34.5% and 77.8%, respectively) while those who wore nylon and loose underwears had the least prevalence (23.1% and 24.2%, respectively). By level of education, primary school leavers had the highest prevalence (50%) while graduates had the lowest prevalence (23.9%). Those who had history of STI and those with vaginal discharge/discomfort had high prevalence of 30.8% and 30.1%, respectively. The study revealed the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among general study subjects to be 28.3%; 34 out of 120, which was considerably higher than that of non-candidiasis; 86 out of 120. Low income, sexual activity, tight underwears, previous history of STI, ignorance, as well as poor personal hygiene have been implicated as possible risk factors. Efforts should therefore be made to educate females on the subject from time to time and access to quality social amenities, health care services, prompt diagnosis and treatment of STI and vaginosis should be improved upon. Microbiological analysis of HVS for all pregnant women during their first antenatal visit is also recommended.

Download Full-text

Analysis of Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors Associated with Hospitalized Stroke Patients of Bangladesh

Faridpur Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/fmcj.v6i1.7405 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 19-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

AM Hossain ◽

NU Ahmed ◽

M Rahman ◽

MR Islam ◽

G Sadhya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽

Low Income ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Previous History ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

College Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of

A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out to analyze prevalence of risk factors for stroke in hospitalized patient in a medical college hospital. 100 patients were chosen using purposive sampling technique. Highest incidence of stroke was between the 6th and 7th decade. Patients came from both urban (54%) and rural (46%) areas and most of them belong to the low-income group (47%). In occupational category; service holder (28%) and retired person (21%) were the highest groups. Most of the study subjects were literate (63%). CT scan study revealed that the incidence of ischaemic stroke was 61% and haemorrhagic stroke 39%. Analysis indicated hypertension as major risk factor for stroke (63%) and major portion of the patients (42.85%) were on irregular or no treatment. Twenty four percent of the patients had heart diseases and out of 24 patients 45.83% were suffering from ischaemic heart disease. The present study detected diabetes in 21% patients. Fifty three percent of the study subjects were smoker, 39% patients had habit of betelnut chewing. Out of 26 female patients, only 23% had history of using oral contraceptives. Majority of the patients were sedentary workers (46%). Thirty seven percent of the stroke patients were obese. Among the stroke patients 9% had previous history of stroke and 3% had TIA respectively. Most of the patients (21%) were awake while they suffered from stroke and the time of occurrence was mostly in the afternoon (46%). This study found that hypertension, cigarette smoking, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus are the major risk factors prevalent in our community while other risk factors demand further study. Key words: stroke; risk factors; hospitalized patients; Bangladesh. DOI: 10.3329/fmcj.v6i1.7405 Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2011;6(1): 19-23

Download Full-text

Diabetic Foot Risk Factors and Effectiveness of Education in Saudi Arabia

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i54a33718 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 48-53

Author(s):

Mohammad Saqib Siddiqui ◽

Abdulaziz Fehaid Alotaibi ◽

Fahad Mohammed Saeed Alharthi ◽

Abdullatif Meshal Almalawi ◽

Ahmed Zayed Asiri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Management Practices ◽

Diabetes Education ◽

Previous History ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

History Of ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Educational Campaigns

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with a remarkable global burden on the affected patients and healthcare systems. Among the reported complications, the diabetic foot has been reported to be a common one, which might be disabling, resulting in related amputations. Furthermore, we will provide evidence regarding the effect of education on the awareness and knowledge of diabetic Saudis about diabetic foot risk factors and management practices. Different risk factors were reported for developing diabetic foot among patients with DM. These will be studied in the current literature review, focusing on evidence that was conducted in Saudi Arabia. Age, gender, type of diabetes, education, duration of the disease, peripheral neuropathy, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, peripheral vascular disease, ischemic heart disease, renal artery disease, having a previous history of diabetic foot, and hypertension were all reported to be significant factors that were associated with the risk of developing diabetic foot across the Kingdom. The level of knowledge was variable across the different investigations. However, there is a poor attitude in general about the appropriate care practices of diabetic foot. Although it has been demonstrated that educational campaigns are effective, further efforts are still needed to increase awareness and attitude levels among diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia.

Download Full-text

Factores de riesgo del síndrome confusional agudo en ancianos hospitalizados.

Ciencia e Innovación en Salud ◽

10.17081/innosa.2962 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Rodado ◽

Irine Aragon

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Previous History ◽

Source Population ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Factores De Riesgo ◽

History Of ◽

Transversal Study ◽

Special Relevance ◽

Control Study

Background: Acute confusional syndrome is a current problem of special relevance among elderlypatients admitted to hospital medical services. The determination of its risk factors is an essential process in the development and implementation of programs to prevent this complication. Methods: With the mentioned aim we have carried out this case-control study as an analytical, observational, retrospective and transversal study, whose source population was integrated by 60 patients over age 65 according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two groups: with and without delirium. Discussion: Our analysis has confirmed the association between these factors and delirium: illness severity; previous history of Delirium (OR 10.6); mental status (OR 7.3); high risk medications (OR 6.9); renal failure (OR 6.5); medication at risk added (OR 6); physical status (OR 5.2); use of neuroleptics (OR5.1); anemia (OR 4.75); sodium alterations (OR 4.5); urinary catheter (OR 3.8); low albumin (OR 3.7); infection (OR 3.1). Conclusion: There is no relationship proved between acute confusional syndrom and the following factors: use of benzodiazepines, aggressive procedures, immobility, old age, dementia, diminished ADL skills, co-morbidity and polypharmacy, even if they have been identified as risk factors in previous studies. Hence, these results should be interpreted with caution.

Download Full-text

Hepatitis C in pregnancy: an observational study highlighting its association with maternal parameters

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20195941 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 344

Author(s):

Bushra . ◽

Ambreen Ghori ◽

Azra Ahmed ◽

Najma Dalwani ◽

Mushtaque Ali Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Previous History ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

University Hospital ◽

Prior History ◽

Singleton Pregnancy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of

Background: Pregnancy is a very crucial time in a woman’s life. In this period of time, not only multiple physiological alterations effect the usual health status but also makes women more vulnerable to contract infection and face negative sequalae. Hepatitis C, a blood borne viral infection serve the similar fate when encountered by pregnant ladies. This study is based on exploring the prevalence of the Hepatitis C virus seropositivity among pregnant population. Moreover, we also evaluated the major risk factors leading to the infection in these mothers. Besides this, infected mothers were studied for their pregnancy outcomes.Methods: In this study 114 pregnant females were observed for this cross-sectional study. It was conducted in Gynecology Unit- 1, Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad, for the period of January 2017 to July 2017. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis on SPSS version 16. The criteria for enrollment in the study was set to be a pregnant lady belonging to age group 20-35 years; having singleton pregnancy; was a booked case at the hospital with compliant to antenatal follow ups; admitted to the labor room for delivery. All the non-pregnant ladies, whom had co morbid conditions such as hypertension or diabetes or had infected with hepatitis B or D were excluded from the study. Furthermore, pregnant ladies with multiple gestion or those who were either diagnosed of hepatitis C prior to conceive or had a previous history of hepatitis C were also excluded.Results: Present study revealed that out of 114, 10(8.8%) pregnant ladies were found seropositive for Hepatitis C virus. Prior history for transfusion of blood was the Foremost risk factor discovered, with 60.5% women reported this. History of surgery was the 2nd commonest factor and 43.9% had this in their medical records. On the other hand, only 8.8% women gave the history for previous evacuation. While observing pregnancy outcomes, we found 48.2% neonates had low birth weight, 41.2% were born preterm and 21.1% had low APGAR score.Conclusions: In a nutshell hepatitis c is prevalent in the pregnant population of this region and showing its effects in the form of compromised pregnancies. History of blood transfusion and previous surgery were found to be chief risk factors in the study.

Download Full-text

ICU treatment of acute kidney injury

10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0151 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Matt Wise ◽

Paul Frost

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Septic Shock ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Haematological Malignancy ◽

Previous History ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

History Of ◽

Nephrotoxic Drugs ◽

Abdominal Compartment ◽

Icu Treatment

Traditionally, the etiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) is considered in terms of prerenal, renal, and obstructive causes. However, this categorization is less useful in the ICU, where the etiology of AKI is usually multifactorial and often occurs in the context of multi-organ failure. Hypotension, nephrotoxic drugs, and severe sepsis or septic shock are the most important identifiable factors. Less frequently encountered causes include pancreatitis, abdominal compartment syndrome, and rhabdomyolysis. Primary intrinsic renal disease such as glomerulonephritis is extremely uncommon. A previous history of cirrhosis, cardiac failure, or haematological malignancy, and age >65 years, are important risk factors. This chapter covers symptoms, complications, diagnosis, investigations, prognosis, and treatment of renal failure in the ITU.

Download Full-text

A study on risk factors, maternal and foetal outcome in cases of preeclampsia and eclampsia at a tertiary care hospital of South India

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20175859 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 266

Author(s):

Bandaru Sailaja ◽

Vijayalakshmi Cooly ◽

Bhuvaneswari Sailcheemala ◽

Surayapalem Sailaja

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Previous History ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Reproductive Technologies ◽

Care Hospital ◽

History Of ◽

Foetal Outcome ◽

In Pregnancy

Background: Hypertension in pregnancy remains still a major health issue for women and their descendants throughout the world but remains a major issue in developing countries rather than developed countries. Eclampsia accounts for 24% of maternal deaths during pregnancy in India according to FOGSI study in India. Changing trends in pregnancy globally with increased maternal age of conception, assisted reproductive technologies has contributed a significant impact in the risk factors for PE and eclampsia. The present study was aimed to investigate and determine the related risk factors in cases of PE and eclampsia. The maternal and foetal outcomes with major complications of the women with PE and eclampsia were also studied.Methods: A prospective cross sectional study for a period of two years was conducted at a tertiary care hospital among antenatal cases and all cases of PIH were recorded and studied. Cases were managed as per the existing obstetric protocol after clinical examination and investigations. Detailed socio demographic data and history of risk factors were collected and entered into Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed. Maternal and foetal outcome were noted in the cases of the study.Results: The incidence of PE and eclampsia in the study was 43.3% and 10.8%, 25-35 years age group being the most common. PE and eclampsia was associated with BMI>30, parous women with previous history of PE, diabetes mellitus and more in unregistered cases. PE and eclampsia were more in Illiterates and socio economic class 2 &3. The incidence of maternal complications was 32.99% with premature labour being the common and in case of foetal complications prematurity was the commonest with 16 cases. The maternal mortality was very less with only 4.64% in the study.Conclusions: Pregnancy induced hypertension with PE and eclampsia still remains a major problem in developed countries. Good antenatal care with increased awareness and increased antenatal visits may help in reducing the incidence and maternal and foetal complications. Increased incidence among illiterates and low socio economic status group provides the target group to be directed against any medical measures and national health programmes.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors among the First-Cycle Primary Schoolchildren in Sasiga District, Southwest Ethiopia

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2020/8681247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Baye Sitotaw ◽

Wakgari Shiferaw

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Low Income ◽

Family Income ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Southwest Ethiopia ◽

Primary Schoolchildren ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) have been major public health burdens in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Studies in different areas of Ethiopia have shown a high prevalence of IPIs in poor families. A similar study has not been conducted in Sasiga District given that the area is possibly at high-risk of IPIs due to the prevailing risk factors. This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of IPIs and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in Sasiga District, southwest Ethiopia. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to March 2019 to estimate the prevalence of IPIs and associated risk factors among the study participants. A total of 383 children were selected using resident-type and grade-level stratified systematic random sampling technique. Stool samples were examined microscopically using direct wet mount and formal-ether concentration techniques. A structured questionnaire was used to get information on the associated risk factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and p value of ≤0.05 was taken as statistically significant. The overall prevalence of IPIs among the children was 62.4% (239/383). Single, double, and triple infections were 49.9%, 10.7%, and 1.83%, respectively. Residence, family income, place of defecation, source of drinking water, shoe-wearing habit, handwashing habit after toilet use, ways of waste disposal, and cleanliness of fingernail were the most important predictors of IPIs (p<0.05). Ascaris lumbricoides (22.7% (87/383)) and hookworms (20.6% (79/383)) were the most prevalent parasites, followed by Entamoeba histolytica (8.1%), Trichuris trichiura (7.6%), Giardia intestinalis (6.5%), Hymenolepis nana (5.7%), and Schistosoma mansoni (4.4%), in that order. Sasiga District primary schoolchildren are likely at a high burden of IPIs. Intensive health education on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation is needed.

Download Full-text

Burden, risk factors and maternal and offspring outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-019-2593-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Barnabas Kahiira Natamba ◽

Arthur Araali Namara ◽

Moffat Joha Nyirenda

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Previous History ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

African Women ◽

History Of ◽

Sub Saharan

Abstract Background The burden, determinants and outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in sub-Saharan Africa are not known. We summarized existing evidence on the prevalence, risk factors and complications of GDM in the region. Methods PubMed was searched from inception to January 31st 2019. Studies were included if carried out in any of the sub-Saharan Africa countries and were available as abstracts or full texts. Interventional studies and those only including qualitative data were excluded. We employed random effects modelling to estimate the pooled GDM prevalence and risk ratios (RRs) for risk factors and outcomes of GDM and their 95%CI. Results 283 papers were identified in the initial search, 33 of which met the inclusion criteria. Data on GDM burden suggest a pooled prevalence of 9% (95%CI, 7–12%). Family history of type 2 diabetes and previous history of GDM, macrosomia, stillbirth and abortion were important risk factors of GDM. In addition, being overweight or obese, over 25 years of age or hypertensive increased the risk of GDM. In terms of complications, GDM more than doubles the risk macrosomia (RR; 95%CI: 2.2; 1.1–4.4). Conclusions There is a high burden of gestational diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa, but more studies are needed to document locally important risk factors as well as maternal and offspring outcomes. Interventions to reduce obesity among older African women might lead to reduced risk of GDM in sub-Saharan Africa.

Download Full-text

Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)—Two-Year Follow-Up Study

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2018/7631659 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Leila Yazdanpanah ◽

Hajieh Shahbazian ◽

Iraj Nazari ◽

Hamid Reza Arti ◽

Fatemeh Ahmadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Previous History ◽

Foot Ulcer ◽

Diabetic Foot Ulcer ◽

Population Based ◽

University Hospital ◽

Foot Deformity ◽

History Of

Aim/Introduction. This study was carried out to assess the incidence and risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Materials and Methods. In this prospective cohort study in a university hospital, all the participants were examined and followed up for new DFU as final outcome for two years. To analyze the data, the variables were first evaluated with a univariate analysis. Then variables with P value < 0.2 were tested with a multivariate analysis, using backward-elimination multiple logistic regression. Results. Among 605 patients, 39 cases had DFU, so we followed up the remaining 566 patients without any present or history of DFU. A two-year cumulative incidence of diabetic foot ulcer was 5.62% (95% CI 3.89–8.02). After analysis, previous history of DFU or amputation [OR = 9.65, 95% CI (2.13–43.78), P value = 0.003], insulin usage [OR = 5.78, 95% CI (2.37–14.07), P value < 0.01], gender [OR = 3.23, 95% CI (1.33–7.83), P value = 0.01], distal neuropathy [OR = 3.37, 95% CI (1.40–8.09), P value = 0.007], and foot deformity [OR = 3.02, 95% CI (1.10–8.29), P value = 0.032] had a statistically significant relationship with DFU incidence. Conclusion. Our data showed that the average annual DFU incidence is about 2.8%. Independent risk factors of DFU development were previous history of DFU or amputation, insulin consumption, gender, distal neuropathy, and foot deformity. These findings provide support for a multifactorial etiology for DFU.

Download Full-text

Essential Thrombocythemia: Analysis of Risk Factors for Thrombotic Events in a Series of 306 Patients.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v106.11.4937.4937 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 106 (11) ◽

pp. 4937-4937

Author(s):

Franca Radaelli ◽

Stefania Bramanti ◽

Mariangela Colombi ◽

Alessandra Iurlo ◽

Alberto Zanella

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Essential Thrombocythemia ◽

Thrombotic Event ◽

Previous History ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Platelet Number ◽

History Of

Abstract Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by peripheral thrombocytosis and abnormal proliferation of megakariocytes in the bone marrow. Even thought thrombosis is frequently associated to ET, the risk factors of this clinical complication are still controversial. The aim of this retrospective, single institution study was to investigate clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with the occurrence of thrombotic events, with the purpose of identifying subgroups of patients who could benefit from antiaggregant and/or cytostatic treatment. 306 consecutive ET patients (109 men and 197 females, median age 58 yr) diagnosed between January 1979 and December 2002 were included in the study. At the time of analysis, 196 patients were still alive with a median follow up of 96 months. The following variables were investigated for the association with thrombotic complications: age, platelet count, previous history of thrombotic events, time from diagnosis, treatment with antiaggregant/cytostatic drugs, and cardiovascular risk factors such as arterial hypertension, obesity, hypercolesterolemia, diabetes, cigarette smoking. At the time of last follow up, 46 patients (15%) experienced at least one thrombotic event. The occurrence of thrombotic events was observed in 26/64 (40.6%) patients with previous history of thrombosis and in 20/242 (8.3%) patients with no previous history of thrombosis (p<0.0001 Fisher’s exact test, odd ratio 7.6). A significant difference between the two groups of patients was also confirmed when Kaplan Meier estimates of thrombosis-free survival were compared by log-rank test (p<0.0001). By logistic regression, platelet number at diagnosis did not associate with occurrence of thrombosis in the whole patient population. When patients without previous history of thrombosis were stratified according to the number of cardiovascular risk factors (none vs one vs more than one), a significant correlation with occurrence of thrombotic events was observed (Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square 5.47, p<0.05). This study confirms that history of thrombosis is strongly related with risk of further thrombotic events in patients with ET, whereas platelet number at diagnosis does not seem to represent a prognostic factor. In patients with no previous history of thrombosis, the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors has to be taken into account when establishing the therapeutic approach.

Download Full-text