scholarly journals Prevalence and intensity of malaria infection and associated risk factors in Anambra State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 030-045
Author(s):  
Anaebonam Emeka ◽  
Eze Chinwe Catherine ◽  
Okeke Chimaobi Emenike ◽  
Nweze Kenneth Emeka ◽  
Okemadu Chimaobi Okemadu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

The present study aimed at understanding the dynamics of malaria infection in Anambra State, Nigeria using socio-demographic risk factors, haematological and biochemical profile as well as knowledge, attitude and practice of respondents towards control of both infections. Participants were recruited using a systematic random sampling technique and a total of 2,550 subjects were enrolled for the study. The prevalence of malaria was determined using gold-standard – microscopy. The results revealed that 1,891 (72.4%) out of the total subjects studied were malaria positive. The highest prevalence of malaria was recorded in Anambra North senatorial zone (75.0%). Females presented with a higher rate of malaria infection with 77.9% prevalence than males with 70.0%. Individuals who are 31 - 40 years old had the highest malaria prevalence of 93.4%. Traders and farmers had the highest malaria prevalence of 83.4%. Participants with non-formal education had the highest malaria prevalence of 83.0%. The prevalence of haematological and biochemical abnormalities were obtained from those infected with malaria only and were as followed: PCV 7.0%, WBC 94.0%, neutrophil 47.9%, lymphocyte 33.7%, eosinophil 56.6%, monocyte 58.1%, platelets 44.2%, AST 23.1%, ALT 31.7%, ALP 26.6%, glucose 37.8%, protein 23.3%, nitrite 14.7% and bilirubin 16.7%. The highest drug of choice of the respondents was artemisinin combined therapy (ACT) (55.8%). The four most important herbal remedies were: Azadiracta indica (71.7%), Moringa oleifera (45.0%), Allium sativum (44.0%) and Zingibe officinale (40.0%). The results highlight the need to prioritize educating the populace in future public health campaigns to increase knowledge and reduce misperception.

Urban malaria prevalence and its associated risk factors: the case of Batu town, East Shoa, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jifar Hassen ◽  
Hunduma Dinka
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Urban Malaria ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Regional State ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background- Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality particularly in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. Approximately, 68% of its population is at a risk of malaria infection and nearly three-fourth of the Ethiopia landmass is considered as malarious. Most of the malaria related researches are being conducted in the rural areas; however, urban malaria should be also targeted without which malaria elimination is impossible. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of malaria, prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax and its associated risk factors during low transmission season (April to July, 2018) in Batu town, East Shoa, Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia.Methods – Finger pricked blood samples were collected from 356 febrile individuals visiting health facilities in Batu town from April to July, 2018 supplemented with questionnaire survey to assess socio-demographic and risk factors associated with malaria infection.Results – In the current study an overall prevalence of 17.13% (61/356) malaria infection was observed of which 50.8% (31/61) were positive for P. vivax, 45.95% (28/61) were positive for P. falciparum and 3.3% (2/61) were mixed infections of P. falciparum and P. vivax. Male individuals (32 (9%)) were more infected with malaria than females (29 (8.2%)). Sex had no statistical significance association with malaria (χ2 = 2.026, P = 0.156). Logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals who possessed ITN (OR = 0.38, 95% CI (0.194, 0.743) and P = 0.005) and whose houses were sprayed with insecticides (OR = 0.18, 95% CI (0.097, 0.34) and P < 0.001) were found less likely to get malaria infection. Individuals living closer to stagnant water had more chance (almost three-fold times) of malaria infection than those who were found at a distant from stagnant water (OR= 2.97, 95% CI (1.68, 5.26) and P < 0.001).Conclusion- The current study revealed that malaria is still public health problem in Batu town, which might indicate the same in other urban areas of the country. Therefore, in order to get the national picture about the prevalence of urban malaria and its associated risk factors, we recommend large scale investigation of the situation.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Yola North, Adamawa State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
N. Enock ◽  
S.M. Pukuma ◽  
L.M. Augustine ◽  
L.B. Gundiri ◽  
N.M. Zamdayu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

This study determined the prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Yola North, Adamawa State, Nigeria, between December 2017 and April 2018. Both direct microscopy and rapid diagnostic test were employed in this study to establish infection. Structured questionnaires were used to collect information from the participants. The study showed that 63 pregnant women were positive for malaria infection out of the 270 sampled. Overall malaria prevalence of 23.3% was recorded during this study. There was no significant association between malaria infection and the clinics sampled (p>0.05). Results have shown that the prevalence was relatively low, and this could be attributed to low transmission rate of malaria during dry season in Adamawa State. In relation to parity, prevalence of malaria were; primigravidae (21.6%), secundravidae (20.0%) and multigravidae (26.7%). Similarly, in relation to gestational age prevalence was first trimester (27.9%), second trimester (25.0%) and thirdtrimester (20.0%). There were no significant associations between malaria infection, parity and gestational age (p>0.05). The age-group 38 ≥ years had highest prevalence while 15-23 years had least. There was no significant association between malaria infection, educational level and occupation (p>0.05). Relating to the participants occupation, prevalence of malaria was reported as 30.0, 22.9 and 23.5% for civil servants, unemployed and business respectively. It is therefore recommended that early attendance and utilization of focused antenatal care services by all pregnant women will reduce the risk of malaria in pregnancy. Keywords: Risk factors; malaria; pregnant women; antenatal; Yola North.

scholarly journals Fifteen-year incidence rate and risk factors of pterygium in the Southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316359
Author(s):  
Rohit C Khanna ◽  
Srinivas Marmamula ◽  
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli ◽  
Asha Latha Mettla ◽  
Pyda Giridhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Study

PurposeTo report 15-year incidence rate and associated risk factors of pterygium among people aged 30 years and above at baseline in the rural clusters of longitudinal Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS III).MethodsThe baseline APEDS I included 7771 participants of which 6447 (83%) were traced and 5395 (83.7%) were re-examined in APEDS III. To estimate the incidence of pterygium, we selected participants who were 30 years and above at baseline (4188), of which 2976 were traced and 2627 (88.3%) were examined, and based on inclusion criteria, 2290 participants were included in the study. The incidence rate of pterygium was defined as the proportion of people free of pterygium at baseline who had developed the condition at 15-year follow-up (range 13–17 years). Univariate and multivariable analyses for risk factors were undertaken.ResultsThe sex-adjusted incidence rate of pterygium was 25.2 per 100 person-years (95% CI 24.8 to 25.7) which was significantly higher for men than women (26.3 per 100 person-years (95% CI 25.6 to 27.0) and 24.7 (95% CI 24.1 to 25.3) respectively). At the multivariable analysis, male gender (RR: 1.35, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.83), no formal education (RR: 2.46, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.93), outdoor occupation (RR: 1.47, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.9) and lower body mass index (BMI) (<18.5) (RR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.55) were associated with increased risk of pterygium.ConclusionsThe overall incidence rate of pterygium was high in this rural population, especially in men and those engaged in outdoor activities, lack of formal education and with lower BMI. It is likely that greater exposure to ultraviolet light is a major contributing factor, thus warranting preventive strategies.

MALARIA PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN ERITREA

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 682-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID M. SINTASATH ◽  
TEWOLDE GHEBREMESKEL ◽  
EUGENE BRANTLY ◽  
JOSEPHAT SHILILU ◽  
GUSTAVO BRETAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Candidemia in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: The Role of Prophilaxis and the Importance of Local Epidemiology for Treatment

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 4839-4839
Author(s):  
Mariana Bastos Oreiro ◽  
Miguel Canales ◽  
Julio García Rodríguez ◽  
Raquel de Paz ◽  
Ana Lopez de la Guia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Antifungal Prophylaxis ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Introduction: Candidemia is a serious condition with a high mortality rate in patients with hematological malignancies. It is thus important to understand the associated risk factors, as well as the need to establish adequate prophylaxis and early, effective therapy. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of candidemia in hospital patients with hematological malignancies; to describe its clinical features and the risk factors associated with infection and with a poor outcome. Materials and methods: An electronic database was used to identify cases with a positive blood culture for Candida spp in patients with hematological malignancies admitted to the Hematology Ward of Hospital Universitario La Paz between January 2000 to March 2008. The clinical history of each identified case was reviewed. SPSS 15.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Univariant analysis was carried out using χ2. Results: Forty seven patients were identified, with an annual incidence of 1%. The species identified were Candida parapsilopsis in 46% of cases (n = 22) and Candida albicans in 21.3% (n = 10); the remainder was distributed amongst C. guillermondi, C. tropicalis and C. krusei. The underlying hemalogic malignancies were non-Hodgkin lymphoma (34%, n = 16), multiple myeloma (19%, n = 9) and acute myeloid leukemia (17%, n = 8). 48.9% of patients underwent stem cell transplantation (45.3% allogeneic and 54.7% autologous). No significant association was found between the underlying hemalogic malignancy and the species of Candida that was isolated. The antifungals used in treatment were liposomal amphotericin in 48.9% of cases, fluconazole in 12.7%, caspofungin in 4.2% and voriconazole in 4.2%, with combined therapy in 30% of patients. MIC50 and MIC90 for fluconazole against C. parapsilopsis were 4 and 32, respectively, and 0.03 and 8, respectively against C. albicans. MIC90 against the other species was 0.03. MIC50 and MIC90 for amphotericin were 0.03 and 1, respectively, against C. albicans, C. parapsilopsis and C. krusei. Voriconazole, itraconazole and caspofungin were found to have an MIC90 of 0.03 against all species of Candida. Thirty seven point eight percet of patients were already receiving antifungal prophylaxis at the time of diagnosis of candidemia, although 90% of cases of C. albicans candidemia were not on prophylaxis (p&lt;0.05). In terms of risk factors, 76.6% of patients had a central venous catheter, 78.8% were undergoing chemotherapy, 95.6% were receiving concomitant, broad-spectrum antibiotics, 21.7% were diabetic, 46.8% were receiving parenteral nutrition of which more than half (59.1%) were associated with C. parapsilopsis, 26.7% had a serious associated mucositis, 60.5% had less than 0.2 ×109/L neutrophils and 98% had less than 1.5 × 109/L neutrophils, 37% had kidney failure. Eight patients (17%) died as a result of candidemia: 4 from C. albicans, 2 from C. parapsilopsis, 1 from C. glabrata and 1 from C. krusei. Of the patients with C. albicans, 33% died, compared to 11.8% of those with other species of Candida (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Candida parapsilopsis was found to be the main causative species of candidemia in our centre, with a markedly high MIC50 and MIC90 for fluconazole, probably related to fluconazole prophylaxis. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the epidemiology of each centre when planning treatment and establishing an effective scheme of prophylaxis in high-risk patients to avoid the mortality associated with this type of infectious complication

scholarly journals Opportunistic cervical cancer screening by papanicolaou stain Pap smear among women: a pilot study at urban health training centre of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2714
Author(s):  
Ruchi Sinha ◽  
Pragya Kumar ◽  
Geetika Singh ◽  
Rubina Saha
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Training Centre ◽  
Tertiary Center ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the second most common cancer among women world-wide and accounts for 17% of all cancer deaths among females aged 30-69 years in India. Locally advanced cervical cancer is rampant in Bihar because of the high prevalence of associated risk factors. However, there is lack of organized screening programmes and treatment facilities for these patients. Thus, the study aimed at screening women for cervical cancer opportunistically during their visit to the health centres and to assess the various socio-demographic and other risk factors associated with positive screening test results.Methods: Using purposive sampling technique, all women aged 18-59 years who visited the centre for any purpose were interviewed using a pre-designed questionnaire. All eligible women were screened using the conventional Pap Smear and evaluation was done using the 2014 Bethesda system. This study is still underway and 71 women have been screened so far. An interim analysis was done.Results: Only 4.23% of the women ever had Pap smear testing in their life earlier. Mean age was 35.3±9.12 years and majority of the women were married and multi-parous. Vaginal discharge (55.74%) was the most common perceived gynecological morbidity. Most (36.62%) smears were reported as inflammatory cervical smears while epithelial cell abnormalities were seen in 4 (5.63%) cases.Conclusions: This study reiterates the need to start organized cervical screening program not only at tertiary center but also at primary health centers which will definitely help to reduce the burden to some extent

scholarly journals Prevalence of haemoparasites and its associated risk factors among dogs in Maiduguri, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-51
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Dogs are known to be infected by different blood parasites which are transmitted through vectors and produce illness collectively termed canine vector borne diseases (CVBD) in tropical and subtropical countries including Nigeria. This study investigated the prevalence of haemoparasites of dogs in Maiduguri, as well as the risk factors associated with their occurrence. The study was carried out from February 2019 to November 2019. Five wards namely Bolori 1, Bulabulin, Gwange 2, Lamisular and Limanti were selected out of the fifteen wards in the Metropolis using simple random sampling technique. Individual dog selection was based on systematic random sampling technique. Blood samples were collected from dogs via cephalic venipuncture. Wet mount, thin blood smear and buffy coat techniques were used to detect the presence of haemoparasites. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) dogs were sampled, out of which fifty one (51) were males and sixty nine (69) were females, fifty six (56) were adults (> 1 year) while sixty four (64) were young (0 – 1 year). The numbers of local, exotic and cross breeds were 64, 45 and 11 respectively. Eighty eight (88) of the dogs were confined while thirty two (32) were roaming freely. This study showed an overall prevalence of haemoparasites (14.16%) with Babesia canis (12.50%) and Ehrlichia canis (1.66%). Chi-square showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) association between haemoparasitism and age, sex and management practice. There was no association between haemoparasitism and breed (P > 0.05). It was concluded that haemoparasites are detectable among dogs in Maiduguri Metropolis and hence, the need to raise awareness on the prevention and control of haemoparasitic infections in dogs due to possible threat to animal and human health in the study area.

scholarly journals Prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risk factors: second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP), 2016–2017

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e020961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Basit ◽  
Asher Fawwad ◽  
Huma Qureshi ◽  
A S Shera
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Survey ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

ObjectiveThe second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (second NDSP) was planned to ascertain the updated prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risk factors at the national and provincial levels.Research design and methodsThe survey was conducted by using multistage clustering technique in all four provinces of Pakistan from February 2016 to August 2017. An estimated sample size of 10 800 was calculated using probability sampling and multistage stratified sampling technique. Twenty-seven clusters were selected out of total 213 clusters from all four provinces (strata) of Pakistan. A total of 46 subclusters were selected by using the ‘Rule of thumb’. Out of 12 486 targeted individuals, 10 834 study subjects finally participated in the study (87% response rate). Seventeen trained teams collected data using the structured questionnaire. The clinical and anthropometric measurements included height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio while the blood tests included Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), haemoglobin A1c and fasting lipid profiles. WHO criteria were used for the diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes.ResultsOverall weighted prevalence of diabetes was 26.3%, of which 19.2% had known diabetes, and 7.1% were newly diagnosed people with diabetes. Prevalence of diabetes in urban and rural areas was 28.3% and 25.3%, respectively. Prevalence of pre-diabetes was 14.4% (15.5% in urban areas and 13.9% in rural areas). Age greater than or equal to 43 years, family history of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia were significant associated risk factors for diabetes.ConclusionThe findings of the 2nd NDSP imply that diabetes has reached epidemic proportion and urgently need national strategies for early diagnosis and effective management as well as cost-effective diabetes primary prevention programme in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Changes in prevalence of cognitive impairment and associated risk factors 2000–2015 in São Paulo, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Silva Ribeiro ◽  
Yeda Aparecida de Oliveira Duarte ◽  
Jair Lício Ferreira Santos ◽  
Anja K. Leist
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Introduction Decreases in prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia over the last two decades have been observed in different countries for cohorts entering older age. This study aimed to assess the cognitive impairment prevalence and explore associated factors among subjects aged >60 living in São Paulo, Brazil. Method Data came from a population-based Health, Welfare and Aging survey conducted in 2000, 2006, 2010, and 2015. Cognitive impairment was detected using the abbreviated Mini-Mental State Exam corrected by formal education years. In total, there were 5922 respondents in the statistical analyses. Results Logistic regression models adjusted for age group, income, race, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression were used to estimate cognitive impairment prevalence. Between 2015 and 2000, respondents were more likely to report formal education, hypertension, diabetes, and overweight/obesity. Moreover, the weighted analyses showed that cognitive impairment prevalence was higher in 2015, even adjusting for sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression. Conclusion In contrast to decreases in cognitive impairment prevalence in other countries and despite increases in educational years, our findings suggest no secular improvements in cognitive health for the 2015 wave of older adults residing in São Paulo.

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