The effect of changing injection temperature on some mechanical and morphological properties for polypropylene material (PP)

Abstract This is a study of a medical injection factory-Babylon carried out in order to achieve proper mechanical and morphological properties, PP has been injection molded by using cold runner injection molding machine with temperature variation (198, 200, 203……220°C) for ten samples. The physical and mechanical properties of PP product were examined. It has been found that the Shore hardness decreases linearly with injection molding temperature increasing. The tensile strength has a similar behavior to the hardness. However, it has been found that the MIF (Melt Index Flow) rates increases with the increase of injection molding temperature. The density of PP has been found for both virgin PP and the samples, it has been found that the density decreases with increasing operation temperature. FTIR (Fourier Transmission Infrared) spectra were taken for both samples with high and low operation temperature. Besides the SEM (Scanning Electronic Microscopy) test shows the difference in the morphology of the product surface and the PP product at high and low operation temperature. Moreover, for all these properties, the PP product exhibits good mechanical properties (hardness, tensile strength, density) for the samples produced at temperature lower than 207°C. While the physical properties such as MIF improved with injection temperature increasing, additionally, the SEM images show that the sample produced in low temperature have surface damage.

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Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of polyurethane–zirconia loading

International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies ◽

10.1093/ijlct/ctaa078 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ali J Salman ◽

Ali Assim Al-Obaidi ◽

Dalya H Al-Mamoori ◽

Lina M Shaker ◽

Ahmed A Al-Amiery

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Material Science ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Flexural Stress ◽

Renewable Materials ◽

Sem Images ◽

The Impact ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract The polyurethane (PU) has been showing a dramatic increase in applications related to material science and technology. However, the mechanical, physical and thermal properties could be further improved by loading PU with zirconia (Zr) to create renewable materials known as polyurethane–zirconia (PUZ) composites. In this study, PU matrix was treated with wt.% Zr at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. In this study, the thermo-mechanical properties and the morphology were investigated of PU and PUZ nano-samples. The images of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) were the prime tool in investigating PU and PUZ surfaces and fractured surfaces showing vanishing the cracks and formation of agglomeration on the sample PUZ-1.5%. In addition, the tensile strength, Young’s modulus and maximum loading were improved by 36.7, 31.8 and 39.1%, respectively, at Zr loading of 1.5 wt.%. The flexural stress and the load were improved by 94.3% and 93.6%, respectively, when Zr loading was 1.5 wt.%. The impact without and with a notch was improved by 110.7% and 62.6%, respectively, at Zr loading of 1.5 wt.%. The the morphologies of the PU surface and Zr surface supported by SEM images. Regarding the storage modulus ability of PU and PUZ composites, Zr loading has negatively influenced E. The E functioning temperature was observed to move from 142 to 183°C. Another effect was determined by adding a small amount of Zr. This small amount was enough to shift the crystallization temperature (${T}_c$) and the melting temperature (${T}_m$) of PU from 125 to 129°C and from 150 to 144°C, respectively.

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Thermo-Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Water Hyacinth Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture ◽

10.26776/ijemm.03.03.2018.04 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 151-161

Author(s):

Manabendra Saha ◽

Ali Md. Afsar

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Water Hyacinth ◽

Thermal Analyses ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Sem Images ◽

Pull Out ◽

Chemically Treated ◽

Pp Composites ◽

Strength And Stiffness

This paper focusses on the analysis of thermo-mechanical and morphological properties of water hyacinth (WH) fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) biocomposites manufactured by using a single screw extruder and an injection molding machine. With a view to increasing the compatibility between the WH fibers and polypropylene matrix, raw WH fibers were chemically treated with Benzenediazonium salt in base media. Composites were manufactured with five different levels of loading (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 wt%) of both the raw and treated WH fibers. Thermal properties of WH-PP composites were evaluated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. To analyze mechanical properties of composites, tests of tensile strength and stiffness, flexural strength and stiffness, and Charpy impact strength were carried out following ASTM standards. It was found that thermal stability and all the mechanical properties except tensile strength were improved considerably for chemically treated WH fiber composites in comparison with untreated ones. Fracture surfaces of the tensile and flexural specimens were scanned with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand their surface morphologies. The SEM images clearly revealed that there were fewer fiber agglomerations, microvoids, and fiber pull out traces in treated WH-PP composites than in the untreated ones indicating better distribution of the fibers into the matrix as well as stronger fiber matrix interfacial adhesion due to treatment of WH fibers. Water absorption properties were studied to evaluate the viability of these biocomposites under specified conditions.

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Investigation of Wood Flour Size, Aspect Ratios, and Injection Molding Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Wood Flour/Polyethylene Composites

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14123406 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3406

Author(s):

Mohammad E. Golmakani ◽

Tomasz Wiczenbach ◽

Mohammad Malikan ◽

Reza Aliakbari ◽

Victor A. Eremeyev

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Injection Molding ◽

Polymer Composites ◽

Impact Energy ◽

Wood Flour ◽

Impact Testing ◽

Molding Temperature ◽

Aspect Ratios

In the present research, wood flour reinforced polyethylene polymer composites with a coupling agent were prepared by injection molding. The effects of wood flour size, aspect ratios, and mold injection temperature on the composites’ mechanical properties were investigated. For the preparation of the polymer composites, five different formulations were created. The mechanical properties including tensile strength and the modulus, flexural strength and the modulus, and impact energy were measured. To investigate the changes in the properties resulting from different compositions, mechanical static and impact testing was performed. The obtained results indicate that by reducing the flour size, the tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength, and impact energy were reduced. In contrast, the flexural modulus increased. Furthermore, with the increment of injection molding temperature, the tensile strength and the modulus and the impact energy of the specimens were reduced. On the other hand, the flexural strength and the modulus increased. Thus, an optimized amount of injection molding temperature can provide improvements in the mechanical properties of the composite.

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Effects of MAPE Modified on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Silvergrass Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Composites

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.53 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 423-426 ◽

pp. 53-57

Author(s):

Wang Wang Yu ◽

Cai Hong Li ◽

Juan Li ◽

Jian Peng Zhang ◽

Chang Wei Wang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Injection Molding ◽

Differential Scanning Calorimeter ◽

High Density Polyethylene ◽

Nucleating Agent ◽

High Density ◽

Tensile Fracture ◽

Sem Images

In this study, silvergrass (SV) reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites (WPCs) were prepared by injection molding. The effects of maleated polyethylene (MAPE), slivergrass fibers content on the mechanical, Differential scanning calorimeter, morphologies of WPCs were investigated. It was found that the mechanical properties of the SV reinforced HDPE composites can be improved by MAPE treatment. The highest tensile strength and flexural strength of the composites can be reached with 40% and 50% SV contents at the fixed 8% MAPE respectively. The SV can be the nucleating agent with the addition of MAPE. SEM images of tensile fracture surfaces of treated composites demonstrated better fiber-matrix adhesion.

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Damage Evolution of Granodiorite after Heating and Cooling Treatments

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11070779 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 779

Author(s):

Mohamed Gomah ◽

Guichen Li ◽

Salah Bader ◽

Mohamed Elkarmoty ◽

Mohamed Ismael

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Failure Mode ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

P Wave ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Slow Cooling ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Natural Rock ◽

The Impact

The awareness of the impact of high temperatures on rock properties is essential to the design of deep geotechnical applications. The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of heating and cooling treatments on the physical and mechanical properties of Egyptian granodiorite as a degrading factor. The samples were heated to various temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800 °C) and then cooled at different rates, either slowly cooled in the oven and air or quickly cooled in water. The porosity, water absorption, P-wave velocity, tensile strength, failure mode, and associated microstructural alterations due to thermal effect have been studied. The study revealed that the granodiorite has a slight drop in tensile strength, up to 400 °C, for slow cooling routes and that most of the physical attributes are comparable to natural rock. Despite this, granodiorite thermal deterioration is substantially higher for quick cooling than for slow cooling. Between 400:600 °C is ‘the transitional stage’, where the physical and mechanical characteristics degraded exponentially for all cooling pathways. Independent of the cooling method, the granodiorite showed a ductile failure mode associated with reduced peak tensile strengths. Additionally, the microstructure altered from predominantly intergranular cracking to more trans-granular cracking at 600 °C. The integrity of the granodiorite structure was compromised at 800 °C, the physical parameters deteriorated, and the rock tensile strength was negligible. In this research, the temperatures of 400, 600, and 800 °C were remarked to be typical of three divergent phases of granodiorite mechanical and physical properties evolution. Furthermore, 400 °C could be considered as the threshold limit for Egyptian granodiorite physical and mechanical properties for typical thermal underground applications.

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Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13142359 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 2359

Author(s):

Harmaen Ahmad Saffian ◽

Masayuki Yamaguchi ◽

Hidayah Ariffin ◽

Khalina Abdan ◽

Nur Kartinee Kassim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Loss Modulus ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Weight Percent Gain ◽

Weight Percent ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Butylene Succinate ◽

Kenaf Core ◽

Modified Lignin

In this study, Kraft lignin was esterified with phthalic anhydride and was served as reinforcing filler for poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). Composites with different ratios of PBS, lignin (L), modified lignin (ML) and kenaf core fibers (KCF) were fabricated using a compounding method. The fabricated PBS composites and its counterparts were tested for thermal, physical and mechanical properties. Weight percent gain of 4.5% after lignin modification and the FTIR spectra has confirmed the occurrence of an esterification reaction. Better thermo-mechanical properties were observed in the PBS composites reinforced with modified lignin and KCF, as higher storage modulus and loss modulus were recorded using dynamic mechanical analysis. The density of the composites fabricated ranged from 1.26 to 1.43 g/cm3. Water absorption of the composites with the addition of modified lignin is higher than that of composites with unmodified lignin. Pure PBS exhibited the highest tensile strength of 18.62 MPa. Incorporation of lignin and KCF into PBS resulted in different extents of reduction in tensile strength (15.78 to 18.60 MPa). However, PBS composite reinforced with modified lignin exhibited better tensile and flexural strength compared to its unmodified lignin counterpart. PBS composite reinforced with 30 wt% ML and 20 wt% KCF had the highest Izod impact, as fibers could diverge the cracking propagation of the matrix. The thermal conductivity value of the composites ranged from 0.0903 to 0.0983 W/mK, showing great potential as a heat insulator.

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Effect of Castor Oil Impregnation on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Cellulose

Polymers from Renewable Resources ◽

10.1177/204124791200300102 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 13-26

Author(s):

Myrtha Karina ◽

Lucia Indrarti ◽

Rike Yudianti ◽

Indriyati

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Young’S Modulus ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Young's Modulus ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Acetone Water

The effect of castor oil on the physical and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose is described. Bacterial cellulose (BC) was impregnated with 0.5–2% (w/v) castor oil (CO) in acetone–water, providing BCCO films. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the castor oil penetrated the pores of the bacterial cellulose, resulting in a smoother morphology and enhanced hydrophilicity. Castor oil caused a slight change in crystallinity indices and resulted in reduced tensile strength and Young's modulus but increased elongation at break. A significant reduction in tensile strength and Young's modulus was achieved in BCCO films with 2% castor oil, and there was an improvement in elongation at break and hydrophilicity. Impregnation with castor oil, a biodegradable and safe plasticiser, resulted in less rigid and more ductile composites.

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Enhancement of Mechanical Properties and Porosity of Concrete Using Steel Slag Coarse Aggregate

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13122865 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2865

Author(s):

Md Jihad Miah ◽

Md. Munir Hossain Patoary ◽

Suvash Chandra Paul ◽

Adewumi John Babafemi ◽

Biranchi Panda

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Microstructural Analysis ◽

Steel Slag ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Length Change ◽

Sustainable Building ◽

Burnt Clay ◽

Lower Porosity ◽

Furnace Steel

This paper investigates the possibility of utilizing steel slags produced in the steelmaking industry as an alternative to burnt clay brick aggregate (BA) in concrete. Within this context, physical, mechanical (i.e., compressive and splitting tensile strength), length change, and durability (porosity) tests were conducted on concrete made with nine different percentage replacements (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 100% by volume of BA) of BA by induction of furnace steel slag aggregate (SSA). In addition, the chemical composition of aggregate through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and microstructural analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of aggregates and concrete were performed. The experimental results show that the physical and mechanical properties of concrete made with SSA were significantly higher than that of concrete made with BA. The compressive and tensile strength increased by 73% when SSA fully replaced BA. The expansion of concrete made with SSA was a bit higher than the concrete made with BA. Furthermore, a significant lower porosity was observed for concrete made with SSA than BA, which decreased by 40% for 100% SSA concrete than 100% BA concrete. The relation between compressive and tensile strength with the porosity of concrete mixes are in agreement with the relationships presented in the literature. This study demonstrates that SSA can be used as a full replacement of BA, which is economical, conserves the natural aggregate, and is sustainable building material since burning brick produces a lot of CO2.

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Composites from Thermoplastic Natural Rubber Reinforced Rubberwood Sawdust: Effects of Sawdust Size and Content on Thermal, Physical, and Mechanical Properties

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2018/7179527 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Chatree Homkhiew ◽

Surasit Rawangwong ◽

Worapong Boonchouytan ◽

Wiriya Thongruang ◽

Thanate Ratanawilai

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

High Density Polyethylene ◽

High Performance ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Shore Hardness ◽

Thermoplastic Natural Rubber ◽

Plastic Content

The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of rubberwood sawdust (RWS) size and content as well as the ratio of natural rubber (NR)/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blend on properties of RWS reinforced thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) composites. The addition of RWS about 30–50 wt% improved the modulus of the rupture and tensile strength of TPNR composites blending with NR/HDPE ratios of 60/40 and 50/50. TPNR composites reinforced with RWS 80 mesh yielded better tensile strength and modulus of rupture than the composites with RWS 40 mesh. The TPNR/RWS composites with larger HDPE content gave higher tensile, flexural, and Shore hardness properties and thermal stability as well as lower water absorption. The TPNR/RWS composites with larger plastic content were therefore suggested for applications requiring high performance of thermal, physical, and mechanical properties.

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Effect of Weld Line Formation on Morphology and Mechanical Properties for 3D-MID Technology

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.659 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 659-665

Author(s):

Supakit Chuaping ◽

Thomas Mann ◽

Rapeephun Dangtungee ◽

Suchart Siengchin

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Injection Molding ◽

Filler Content ◽

Research Work ◽

Weld Line ◽

Processing Conditions ◽

High Reduction ◽

Flexural Tests

The topic of this research work was to demonstrate the feasibility of a 3D-MID concept using injection molding technique and investigate the effects of two weld line types on the structure and mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural strength and morphology. In order to obtain more understanding of the bonds between polymer and metals, two different polymer bases of polyphthalamide (PPA) with the same type and amount of filler content were produced by injection molding at the different processing conditions. A mold was designed in such a way that weld and meld line can be produced with different angles by changing as insert inside of the mold. The mechanical properties such as stiffness, tensile strength and flexural strength were determined in tensile and flexural tests, respectively. The results showed in line with the expectation of high reduction on mechanical properties in area where weld/meld lines occurred. The result of tensile test was clearly seen that weld and meld line showed a considerable influence on mechanical properties. The reduction in tensile strength was approximately 58% according to weld line types, whereas in flexural strength was approximately 62%. On the other hand, the effect of the injection times and mold temperatures on the tensile strength were marginal.

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