scholarly journals Anti-pest protection of two-year old alfalfa grown for seeds

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
A. V. Tyshchenko ◽  
O. D. Tyshchenko ◽  
G. M. Kuts ◽  
O. O. Piliarska ◽  
N. M. Galchenko
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Alfalfa Weevil ◽  
Alfalfa Plant ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Active Substances

Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness of different insecticides against pests on two-year old alfalfa grown for seeds. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS in 2017–2019. The filed experiments were laid out in split plots. The main plots (factor A) were for water supply conditions (no irrigation vs. irrigation); sub-plots (factors B and C) were for application of insecticides. Seeds were sown in wide rows with interrows of 70 cm. Results and discussion. When the two-year old alfalfa canopy (budding onset) was inspected before insecticide treatment, the average numbers of pests were as follows: alfalfa plant bug – 3.0 specimens/10 sweeps, alfalfa aphid – 20.0 specimens/10 sweeps, beet webworm – 3.0 specimens/10 sweeps, alfalfa weevil (imagoes/grubs) – 1.0/3.0 specimens/10 sweeps, and alfalfa seed weevil – 1.0 specimens/10 sweeps. Treatment 1 reduced the pest numbers in the canopy: alfalfa plant bug – by 70.0–93.3%, alfalfa aphid – by 93.0–97.5%, beet webworm – by 80.0–96.7, alfalfa weevil (imagoes/grubs) – by 60.0–90.0%/73.3–93.3%, and alfalfa seed weevil – by 76.0–94.0%, depending on the insecticide. Treatment 2 helped to reduce the pest numbers in the canopy. Insecticide containing active substances chlorpyrifos 500 g/L and cypermethrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 1.00 L/ha was the most effective. The highest seed yield was achieved after treatment 1 with insecticide containing active ingredients chlorpyrifos 500 g/L and cypermethrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 1.00 L/ha and treatment 2 with insecticide containing active ingredients chlorantraniliprole 200 g/L and lambda-cyhalothrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 0.17 L/ha and 0.15 L/ha, respectively. Conclusions. The highest seed yield was achieved after treatment 1 with insecticide containing active ingredients chlorpyrifos 500 g/L and cypermethrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 1.00 L/ha and treatment 2 with insecticide containing active ingredients chlorantraniliprole 200 g/L and lambda-cyhalothrin 50 g/L applied at a dose of 0.17 L/ha and 0.15 L/ha, respectively

THE EFFECTS OF ALFALFA PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) FEEDING LATE IN THE SEASON ON ALFALFA SEED YIELD IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana J. Soroka ◽  
Dorothy C. Murrell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
North Central ◽  
Alfalfa Plant ◽  
Adelphocoris Lineolatus ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Beneficial Arthropod

AbstractA 4-year field cage study was conducted to determine what effects feeding of alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), late in the season had on alfalfa seed yields. When zero, one, two, or four alfalfa plant bugs were placed in sleeve cages containing stems of alfalfa at the green pod stage of growth, there was a significant decrease in the number of pods per cage and per raceme, the number of healthy seeds, and the weight of seeds with two or four bugs per cage. Increasing the duration of infestation resulted in significant increases in the number of damaged seeds per cage. An insecticide field trial was conducted in north central Saskatchewan in 1988 to determine what effects the occurrence of plant bugs had on seed yields of alfalfa. Alfalfa plant bug, lygus bug (Lygus spp.), pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)], and beneficial arthropod populations were monitored from 23 June to 1 September 1988. Seed yields were significantly greater in plots that were treated with trichlorfon in June and in June and August than in plots that were treated in August alone. The implications of a large alfalfa plant bug population late in the season to alfalfa seed production in the area are discussed.

scholarly journals High Phosphorus Acquisition and Allocation Strategy Is Associated with Soybean Seed Yield under Water- and P-Limited Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Yun-Yin Feng ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Yi Jin ◽  
Feng-Min Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Water Treatments

Both water stress and P deficit limit soybean seed yield, but the effects of water regimes and P application rates, their interaction on P status, acquisition, and partitioning, and their roles in yield performance have not been well-studied. Two soybean genotypes (Huangsedadou (HD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) with contrasting seed yield and root dry weight (DW) were used to investigate the P status, P acquisition, P partitioning, and yield formation under two water regimes (well-watered (WW) and cyclic water stress (WS)) and three P rates (0 (P0), 60 (P60), and 120 (P120) mg P kg−1 dry soil). The results show that increased P and water supply increased the seed yield, shoot and root DW and P concentrations and accumulations in different organs. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher seed yield than HD at P60 and P120 under WS and at P0 under WW, but a lower seed yield at P60 and P120 under WW. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher P harvest index and P acquisition efficiency, but a significantly lower shoot and root DW than HD. The interaction between water treatments and P rates had significant effects on leaf and stem P concentration. Cultivar ZH had significantly lower P partitioning to leaves and stems but significantly higher P partitioning to seeds than HD. The seed yield was positively correlated with leaf and seed P accumulations and P acquisition efficiency under WS. We conclude that (1) adequate water supply improved the P mobilization from leaves and stems at maturity, which may have improved the seed yield; and (2) the high P acquisition efficiency is coordination to high P partition to seeds to produce a high seed yield under water- and P-limited conditions.

scholarly journals Whole-Body Acute Contact Toxicity of Formulated Insecticide Mixtures to Blue Orchard Bees (Osmia lignaria)

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Joseph Belsky ◽  
David J. Biddinger ◽  
Neelendra K. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Osmia Lignaria ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Insecticide Mixtures ◽  
Contact Exposure ◽  
Binary Combination

Blue orchard bees, [Osmia lignaria (Say) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)], have been developed as an important pollinator for orchard crops in North America over the last 40 years. The toxicity of several pesticides to O. lignaria and other Osmia species has been previously reported. However, the field-realistic toxicity of formulated premix insecticides comprised of multiple active ingredients (each with a different mode of action) to O. lignaria has not been assessed. Here, we use a customized spray tower in a laboratory setting to assess adult male and female whole-body direct contact exposure to four formulated pesticide mixtures: thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (TLC), imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin (IBC), chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (CLC) and methoxyfenozide + spinetoram (MS) by directly spraying anesthetized bees in Petri dishes. Separately, adult male and female whole-body direct contact exposure to formulated imidacloprid (I), beta-cyfluthrin (BC) and their 1:1 binary combination (IBC) was assessed using the same experimental method. Resulting mortality in each study was screened up to 96 h post-treatment to determine acute whole-body contact toxicity. In the first study, TLC and IBC resulted in statistically higher mortality at 24 and 48 h than the two other insecticide combinations tested. The CLC and MS combinations were slower acting and the highest mortality for O. lignaria exposed to these mixtures was recorded at 96 h. We did observe significant differences in toxicity between CLC and MS. In the second study, exposure to the 1:1 binary combination of IBC caused overall significantly higher mortality than exposure to I or BC alone. Both active ingredients alone, however, demonstrated equivalent levels of mortality to the 1:1 binary combination treatment at the 96 h observation reading, indicating increased speed of kill, but not necessarily increased toxicity. Significant differences in the onset of mortality following acute contact whole-body exposure to the formulated insecticide mixtures and individual active ingredients tested were consistently observed across all experiments in both studies.

scholarly journals Drugs, Active Ingredients and Diseases Database in Spanish. Augmenting the Resources for Analyses on Drug–Illness Interactions

Data ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Irene López-Rodríguez ◽  
César F. Reyes-Manzano ◽  
Israel Reyes-Ramírez ◽  
Tania J. Contreras-Uribe ◽  
Lev Guzmán-Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Active Substances

Quantitative and qualitative data on active-ingredient drug composition are essential information for characterizing near-field exposure of consumers to product-related chemicals, among other things. Equally as important is the characterization of the relationship between one or many active ingredients in terms of the diseases they are prescribed for. Such evaluations, however, require quantitative information at different anatomical levels. To complement the available sources of information on active substances and diseases, we have designed a database with enough versatility to potentially be used in a variety of analyzes. By using information provided by a well-established online pharmacological dictionary, we present a database with 11 tables which are easy to access and manipulate. Specifically, we present datasets containing the details of 12,827 marketed drug products, 40,164 diseases, 6231 active pharmaceutical ingredients and 4093 side effects. We exemplify the usefulness of our database with three simple visualizations, which confirm the importance of the data for quantifying the complexity in the associations among active substances, diseases and side effects. Although there are databases with detailed information on active substances and diseases, none of them can be found in Spanish. Our work presents an option that contributes substantially to obtaining well classified information in order to evaluate the roles of active pharmaceutical ingredients, diseases and side effects. These datasets also provide information about clinical and pharmacological groupings which may be useful for clinical and academic researchers. The database will be regularly updated and extended with the newly available Virtual Medicinal Products.

MON-37500 for Weed Control and Alfalfa Seed Production

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 810-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton D. Myhre ◽  
Heather A. Loeppky ◽  
F. Craig Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Alfalfa Seed

Alfalfa seed producers have a limited number of herbicide options to manage weed problems. MON-37500 (proposed name sulfosulfuron) is a sulfonylurea herbicide that controls dandelion and quackgrass, two common weeds in alfalfa fields. A study was conducted in two alfalfa fields at Valparaiso and Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada, from 1999 to 2001 to evaluate perennial weed control and alfalfa production responses with 0.5×, 1×, and 1.5× label-recommended rates of MON-37500 and also 2,4-DB and hexazinone. MON-37500 applied at the 1× and 1.5× rates at both locations reduced mid-May alfalfa vigor from 100% to between 80 and 90% and increased early-season control of dandelion and quackgrass by about 10 to 40 percentage units, when compared with other herbicide treatments. Improved weed control with 1× and 1.5× MON-37500 rates was sustained into mid-June only at Carrot River and was completely eliminated (100% vigor and 0% weed control), or almost so, by mid-July. MON-37500 did not control Canada thistle. Improved early-season weed control with the 1× MON-37500 rate apparently compensated for the loss of alfalfa vigor at Valparaiso, thus resulting in 27% (57 kg/ha) greater seed yield than with the other herbicide treatments. At Carrot River, hexazinone generally provided levels of weed control similar to MON-37500 but did not injure alfalfa. Consequently, alfalfa yields were highest and the proportion of dead (decaying) seed was least with this treatment. The 0.5× MON-37500 rate often resulted in inferior weed control relative to the 1× and 1.5× rates and never was among the herbicide treatments providing the greatest seed yield. Managing the residual activity of MON-37500 and its negative effect on alfalfa growth, especially at locations with soils having coarse texture and low organic matter content, represents the greatest challenge in making MON-37500 a reliable weed management tool for alfalfa seed producers.

scholarly journals Causes and consequences of long-term groundwater overabstraction in Jordan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Brückner ◽  
Rebecca Bahls ◽  
Mohammad Alqadi ◽  
Falk Lindenmaier ◽  
Ibraheem Hamdan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Hydraulic Conditions ◽  
Groundwater Basins

AbstractIn 2017, a comprehensive review of groundwater resources in Jordan was carried out for the first time since 1995. The change in groundwater levels between 1995 and 2017 was found to be dramatic: large declines have been recorded all over the country, reaching more than 100 m in some areas. The most affected areas are those with large-scale groundwater-irrigated agriculture, but areas that are only used for public water supply are also affected. The decrease of groundwater levels and saturated thickness poses a growing threat for drinking water supply and the demand has to be met from increasingly deeper and more remote sources, causing higher costs for drilling and extraction. Groundwater-level contour lines show that groundwater flow direction has completely reversed in some parts of the main aquifer. Consequently, previously established conceptual models, such as the concept of 12 “groundwater basins” often used in Jordan should be revised or replaced. Additionally, hydraulic conditions are changing from confined to unconfined; this is most likely a major driver for geogenic pollution with heavy metals through leakage from the overlying bituminous aquitard. Three exemplary case studies are presented to illustrate and discuss the main causes for the decline of the water tables (agriculture and population growth) and to show how the results of this assessment can be used on a regional scale.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Malakite with the Active Substances Dithianon and Pyrimenthanil

2019 ◽  
pp. 312-314
Author(s):  
Torsten Källqvist ◽  
Merete Grung ◽  
Katrine Borgå ◽  
Hubert Dirven ◽  
Ole Martin Eklo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Assessment Factor

The plant protection product Malakite (BAS 669 01 F), containing the active substances dithianon and pyrimethanil, is a fungicide against scab in pome fruits. Products containing these active plant protection substances are approved in Norway, but not with both substances in the same product. The Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) has as zonal Rapporteur Member State (zRMS) of the Northern Zone evaluated the product Malakite and decided on non-approval due to the observation of unacceptable effects in exposed birds, aquatic organisms, non-target arthropods and earthworms. On request from The Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the VKM Panel on Plant Protection Products has discussed the available data and the report prepared by KemI, and has concluded as follows on the questions raised: On the refinement of DT50 in long term risk assessment for birds: It is the view of the VKM panel that the refinement is not acceptable because the analysis using first order kinetics seems not in line with a realistic and sufficiently conservative approach for the data provided. Furthermore, field studies from more sites are required. On the long term cumulative effects of the active substances on birds: VKM shares the view of KemI, that the combined sub-lethal and reproduction effects should be assessed because the mode of action of the two ingredients has only been shown in fungi, and since the mechanisms in birds could be different. On the reduction of assessment factor for fish: VKM opposes to the reduction of assessment factor for dithianon in fish because the data from acute toxicity tests cannot be extrapolated to chronic toxicity, and because the factor should reflect not only the variation in interspecies sensitivity, but also the uncertainty involved in extrapolation from laboratory tests to the field situation. On the choice of end point in risk assessment for fish: The VKM panel considers the NOEC of dithianon for fish determined from the study at pH 7.9 not to be adequate for the more acidic Norwegian surface waters, and recommends using the data from the test performed at pH 6.5. On the formulation studies for aquatic organisms: It is the opinion of the VKM panel that the formulation studies may be used together with corresponding studies with the active ingredients as long as the studies compared are performed and evaluated according to the same principles. However, VKM notes that the formulation tests as well as the tests of the active ingredients have been performed at high pH values, which are not representative to most Norwegian surface waters. Thus, the toxic effect of dithianon shown in these tests are likely to be lower than expected under typical conditions in Norway. On the assessment factors for concentration addition in fish: It is the opinion of the VKM panel that a reduction in assessment factor for one component in a mixture cannot be used for a formulation containing components for which a similar reduction has not been accepted. On effect studies of active substances and formulations on non-target arthropods: The VKM panel shares the view of KemI that the risk assessment should be based on all available information, including the studies presented for the active substances. On the endpoint in earthworm risk assessment: VKM supports the view of KemI that the observed effects of pyrimethanil on reproduction of earthworms should be considered in the risk assessment of Malakite.

scholarly journals The effect of application of control techniques to the population, damage intensity of onion caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua hubner) and yield of shallots

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012109
Author(s):  
R A D Pangestu ◽  
Hadiwiyono ◽  
Supriyadi
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Experiment Control ◽  
Important Cash Crop

Abstract Shallot is an important cash crop in Indonesia. However, its productivity is relatively low, due to the attack of the onion caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua Hubner). This study aimed to identify the effect of the application of control techniques on the population, damage intensity, and shallots yield. This research was conducted by field experiment. Control treatment consisted of covering shallots by using gauze/net and insecticide treatment with active ingredients of profenofos, metomil, and carbosulfan. The research variables consisted of the population and the damage intensity of S. exigua, as well as the yield of shallots. The results showed that the caterpillars population of S. exigua was found at 16 DAP and increased up to before harvest at 44 DAP. Covering shallots with gauze effectively suppressed the population of S. exigua (0.0 per hills), followed by treatment with profenofos (0.14 per hills), carbosulfan (0.15 per hills), and methomyl 0.32 per hills). The damage intensity of S. exigua in the plot gauze covered was 0%, lower than 32%, 25%, 12%, 10%, respectively, in the control plot, treatment of metomil, carbosulfan, and profenofos. Covering shallots with gauze also increased the weight of wet-harvested tubers (50.83 g per hills).

scholarly journals Influence of irrigation and row spacing on the growth, seed yield and active substance of milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Karimzedah ◽  
R. Omidbaigi ◽  
Bakhshai D.
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Suitable Amount ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Active Substances

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) has been used in medicine since ancient times, but it has been cultivated as a medicinal plant only in recent decades. The ripe fruit of milk thistle contains flavonoids, which are used to prepare anti-hepatotoxic drugs. The main purpose of this study was to substantiate the effects of irrigation and row spacing on growth, seed yield and the content of active substances (silybin and silymarin) in milk thistle. The results showed that the suitable amount of irrigation was 20 mm and the appropriate row spacing was 25 cm.  

Preharvest glyphosate in alfalfa for seed production: Effect on alfalfa seed yield and quality

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. May ◽  
H. A. Loeppky ◽  
D. C. Murrell ◽  
C. D. Myhre ◽  
J. J. Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Seed Yields

Preharvest applications of glyphosate have been shown to be effective in controlling Canada thistle in annual crops, but may reduce alfalfa seed yield depending on time and rate of application. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of preharvest applications of glyphosate on subsequent alfalfa seed yield and quality. The effects of timing, 1, 26, 51 and 76% alfalfa seed pod maturity, and rate, 0, 440, 880, 1320, and 1760 g a.i. ha-1, of a preharvest application of glyphosate on alfalfa seed yield and quality in the year of application, and regrowth and seed yield in the following year were determined. The rate of glyphosate applied did not affect seed yield in the application year; however, in the following year, growth and seed yield were reduced as rates increased. Delaying the application of glyphosate increased seed yields in the application year, but decreased alfalfa regrowth and flowering the following year. Germination and seedling emergence were not affected by the rate or timing of the glyphosate. A preharvest application of glyphosate at 1760 g a.i. ha-1 at 76% pod maturity is a viable option in the last year of seed production. Key words: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), glyphosate, abnormal seeds, seed quality, and seedling vigour

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