scholarly journals Stress resistance in barley cultivars of various agroecological origin under extreme continental climate conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 181 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
O. A. Yusova ◽  
P. N. Nikolaev ◽  
Ya. B. Bendina ◽  
I. V. Safonova ◽  
N. I. Aniskov

Background. The barley collection at the N.I. Vavilov AllRussian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), being the main source of source material for breeding, is insufficiently studied under conditions of extreme continental climate. The purpose of the research was to assess the adaptability of barley cultivars held by VIR to extreme continentality.Material and methods. The research targets were 24 barley cultivars representing various breeding centers and tolerance regions of Russia. The cultivar ‘Omsky 91’ developed at Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center was used as the reference.Results and discussion. According to the genetic profiles for alleles of hordein-coding loci, provided by the Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, more than 70% of the studied barley cultivars (‘Chelyabinsky 99’, ‘Priazovsky 9’, ‘Zadel’, ‘Sokol’, ‘Zernogradsky 584’, ‘Zadonsky 8’, ‘Khadzhibey’, ‘Beatrice’, ‘Knyazhich’, ‘Zevs’, ‘Kazak’) were linear in their hordein-coding loci. The homeostasis of the cultivars, their stability indices and plasticity levels were calculated. Their intensity measures and selection differentials were determined.Conclusion. The adaptability assessment based on the sum of ranks (calculated using the abovementioned adaptability parameters) showed that the monomorphic cultivars ‘Priazovsky 9’ and ‘Chelyabinsky 99’ as well as cv. ‘Severyanin’ (not listed in the State Register for Selection Achievements) were most adapted to extreme continental climate conditions (sums of ranks ranged from 8 to 29). The adaptability of the identified cultivars was confirmed by high-yielding hybrid populations produced from crossing the selected adaptable cv. ‘Chelyabinsky 99’ with cvs. ‘Omsky 91’ and ‘Omsky 95’ released by Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center. The obtained lines demonstrated higher yields than both the mean yield of the parent cultivars (+1.20 t/ha) and the yield of the best parent cultivar (+0.76 t/ha). 

2019 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Nikolaev ◽  
O. A. Yusova ◽  
N. I. Aniskov ◽  
I. V. Safonova

Background. An extremely important task today is to develop new hulless barley cultivars, capable of yielding large and high-quality grain harvests, and introduce them into agricultural production. Objective. The purpose was to study three hulless barley cultivars ‘Omsky golozerny 2’, ‘Omsky golozerny 4’ and ‘Maysky’, developed at Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center, in order to describe their agrobiological characteristics.Materials and methods.The experimental part of the work was carried out in 2015–2017 on the experimental fields of Omsk ASC in the southern forest steppe (third crop rotation after the wheat predecessor; fourth crop after fallow). There were 4 replications on the plot of 10 m2. The seeding rate was 4 million viable seeds per 1 ha. Agricultural practice used in the experiments was conventional for West Siberia. Parameters of stability and plasticity were calculated according to Eberhart and Russell, Wricke; adaptability, according to Zhivotkov; homeostasis, according to Khangildin; stress tolerance and compensatory ability, according to Rossielle and Hemblin.Results. Many years of breeding work at Omsk ASC resulted in the development of three hulless barley cultivars: ‘Omsky golozerny 2’ (listed in the State Register of the Russian Federation for regions 9, 10 and 11), ‘Omsky golozerny 4’ (submitted for the State Crop Variety Trials in 2017), and ‘Maysky’ (not included in the State Register). The new hulless barley cultivar ‘Omsky golozerny 4’, considering its higher productivity (+1.36 g to the reference in 1000 grain weight, and +0.73 t/ha to cv. ‘Maysky’), in the yield of nutrients per area unit equaled the reference ‘Omsky golozerny 2’, but exceeded ‘Maysky’ (+47.2 kg/ha of protein, +390 kg/ha of starch, and +42.4 kg/ha of crude fat). ‘Omsky golozerny 4’ was also characterized by stability (stability = 4.8), increased compensatory ability (3.29) and adaptability (103%). There was an increase in productivity with improved growing conditions (ecological plasticity = 1.25). ‘Maysky’ had higher stress tolerance (–1.35), while the reference ‘Omsky golozerny 2’ showed increased homeostasis (0.118). Thus, ‘Omsky golozerny 4’ exceeded the previous two cultivars in adaptability and stability.


Author(s):  
А. I. Grabovets

Tritiсale is a new culture. She is only two centuries old, while wheat has more than 10 thousand years. GOSTs for grain triticale and processed products from it have been developed. In the State Register of the Russian Federation there are 75 winter varieties of triticale grain-new and fodder, of which 25 are the varieties of breeding of the Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Center. Virtually every variety is allowed to be used in several natural and climatic zones of Russia. High ecological plasticity is due to their homeostatic, almost equal to the contribution of harvest elements to the grain shaft. The genetic basis of these studies is the creation of the most heterogeneous populations with a long form-building process with the further use of such genetic mechanisms as co-adaptation and transgression. All cultivars of triticale have a certain direction in terms of use. The investigations were carried out in Federal Rostov Agrarian Scientific Center (FRASC, former name DZhNIISH) during 2000-2017. The zone is Done steppe with continental climate, insufficient and unstable humidification for years, with strengthen fluctuation of weather components. For bakery with the classical baking technology, varieties with a protein content of 13-16% are created. A new bread baking technology was created by foaming the dough with air. The baking process was reduced from 10 hours to 90 minutes. Parameters and triticale varieties for the production of flour confectionery products and bioethanol have been identified. In examining core properties of starch from triticale (swelling ability, viscosity) was revealed it identity with properties of corn, wheat, barley starch. It is processing technology to glucose-fructose syrups and dry fodder has also been developed.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
V  Leunov ◽  
Y  Mikheev

Расширение ассортимента потребляемых овощных культур – одна из основных задач в селекционно-семеноводческой работе с редечными культурами на Дальнем Востоке. В статье приводятся данные о селекции редечных культур (лобы, дайкона, редьки и др.) на Приморской овощной опытной станции. В результате проведения многолетних исследований и реализации ряда научных программ был создан новый исходный материал для селекции. В настоящем материале также подведены итоги актуальных направлений в селекции редечных культур в условиях муссонного климата. Селекционно-семеноводческие исследования в условиях климата Дальнего Востока с использованием индивидуального, а также индивидуально-семейственного методов отбора, разработка и внедрение технологических приемов первичного и сортового семеноводства обеспечили создание перспективного селекционного материала. Выделены ценные генисточники для создания новых сортообразцов китайского, японского и европейского подвидов редьки с высокими иммунологическими, продуктивными и товарными качествами, повышенными биохимическими показателями, высокой устойчивостью к переувлажнению почвы и возбудителями болезней. Созданы и включены в Госреестр РФ высокопродуктивные сорта китайского подвида редьки (лоба) Малиновый шар и Золотой рог, европейского подвида зимней редьки Ночная красавица, устойчивые к переувлажнению почвы и цветушности, бактериальным заболеваниям. В результате более чем двадцатилетних исследований изучены морфологические и биологические особенности формирования семенных растений редьки, использование эффективных элементов отбора в сочетании с агротехническими приемами возделывания. Усовершенствованы технологические методы первичного и товарного семеноводства редьки, выделены благоприятные агроклиматические зоны выращивания семенных растений, способствующие получению высококачественных семян при сохранении ими высоких биологических и хозяйственных признаков. Для условий муссонного климата Дальнего Востока внедрена в производство система первичного и сортового семеноводства редьки с использованием пересадочной и беспересадочной технологии выращивания. Результаты работы открывают дорогу к созданию новых высокоурожайных российских сортов и гибридов редечных культур.Expansion of the range of consumption of vegetable crops is one of the main tasks in the breeding and seed work with regions cultures in the Far East. The article presents data on the breeding radishes cultures (loba, daikon, radish, etc.) on the Maritime vegetable experiment station. As a result of years of research and implementation of a number of research programs has created a new source material for breeding. In this paper also summarize the current trends in the selection of radishes cultures in conditions of monsoonal climate. Breeding and seed research in the climate conditions of the Far East with the use of individual and individual and family methods of selection, development and implementation of technological methods of primary and varietal seed production ensured the development of advanced breeding material. Allocated valuable genitocracy to create new varieties of Chinese, Japanese and European subspecies of radishes cultures with high immunological, productive and commercial qualities, elevated biochemical parameters, high resistance to waterlogging and soil pathogens. Created and included in the state register of the Russian Federation high-yielding varieties of Chinese subspecies of radish (loba) a Crimson ball and the Golden horn, the European subspecies winter radish Night beauty, resistant to waterlogging of the soil and bolting and bacterial diseases. As a result of more than twenty years studied the morphological and biological peculiarities of formation of seed plants of radishes, the use of effective elements of selection in combination with agrotechnical methods of cultivation. Improved technological methods of primary and commercial seed radishes allocated to favorable agro-climatic zones of cultivation of seed plants, which would produce high-quality seeds while preserving their high biological and economic characteristics. For the conditions of monsoon climate of the Far East implemented in the production system of primary and varietal seed radishes using transit and non-stop growing technologies. The results of this work open the way to the creation of new high-yielding Russian varieties and hybrids of radishes cultures.


Author(s):  
N. V. Kulyakina ◽  
G. A. Kuzmitskaya ◽  
T. K. Yurechko

The downy mildew (peronosporosis) is the most dangerous and harmful cucumber disease in the Far-Eastern region. Its harmfulness is the highest during the period of flowering – fruiting, because it may completely ruin the cucumber plants both in open and protected ground. Use of cucumber sorts with effective genes that are resistant to the disease is the most efficient way to fight cucumber peronosporosis. In this connection the publication adduces the facts of study the sorts and hybrids of different ecological and geographical origin from the genetic resources collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) in comparison with three zoned sorts of DV NIISH selection – Mig, Khabar, Amurchonok. The aim of researches – to identify the sort samples cucumber according to the main economically valuable traits and also to the degree resistance of genetypes to the main disease of the culture in the region – downy mildew (peronosporosis), for allow to select the source material for the creation of sorts and hybrids, highly productive and resistant to biotic and abiotic stress environmental factors in the monsoon climate conditions of Khabarovsk region. The perspective genetypes having both the resistance to the diseases and productivity are not revealed as a result of the evaluation of the collection of cucumber samples according to their susceptibility by fungus diseases and productivity. Slavyanskiy (Belarus) is more resistant to peronosporosis, especially in 2016 year conditions, although it was inferior to the damage degree of disease to the zoned sorts – Mig, Khabar, Amurchonok. This perspective sample is planned to be used as a source of donors of the main economically valuable traits in a further selective work.


Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva ◽  
L. I. Dutova ◽  
Е. V. Ulianovskaya

The experience in cooperation of breeders of different institutions in creating cultivars is shown. It is not always when the breeding institution has the necessary initial forms for selection. In this regard, there is a need to conduct separate stages of selection in different breeding institutions. For this purpose, a provision on authorship and continuity in the integrated work of several institutions in fruit breeding has been developed (Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding. Annex. – Orel, 1995. – pp. 492-498). Breeding work of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) and North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking can serve as a positive experience of creating new apple cultivars by two institutions. As a result of the joint work of these two institutions, 22 apple cultivars have been created, of which 9 have already been included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned), including three cultivars for the conditions of the Middle zone of Russia – Aleksandr Boiko, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas and six cultivars for the conditions of the North Caucasus – Vasilisa, Karmen, Margo, Orfey, Soyuz and Talisman. Brief economical and biological characteristics of these cultivars are given in this paper. The obtained practical results indicate that in some cases, when creating modern cultivars that meet the requirements of production, it is necessary to use the knowledge of breeders, the source material and equipment of different breeding institutions, and carry out separate stages of the selection process in different institutions.


2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Victor Brunini Moreto ◽  
Lucas Eduardo de Oliveira Aparecido ◽  
Glauco de Souza Rolim ◽  
José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de Moraes

ABSTRACT Brazil is the fourth largest producer of cassava in the world, with climate conditions being the main factor regulating its production. This study aimed to develop agrometeorological models to estimate the sweet cassava yield for the São Paulo state, as well as to identify which climatic variables have more influence on yield. The models were built with multiple linear regression and classified by the following statistical indexes: lower mean absolute percentage error, higher adjusted determination coefficient and significance (p-value < 0.05). It was observed that the mean air temperature has a great influence on the sweet cassava yield during the whole cycle for all regions in the state. Water deficit and soil water storage were the most influential variables at the beginning and final stages. The models accuracy ranged in 3.11 %, 6.40 %, 6.77 % and 7.15 %, respectively for Registro, Mogi Mirim, Assis and Jaboticabal.


2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenton J Hart ◽  
Brian G Rossnagel ◽  
Peiqiang Yu

The objective of this study was to compare the most widely grown barley cultivar in Canada, AC Metcalfe, a malting type barley, with five feed cultivars. Barley cultivars were grown at one location during 3 consecutive years and barley samples were milled to pass through a 1-mm screen and analysed to determine nutritive value. Additional samples were passed through a roller mill with a gap set at 1.12 mm and incubated ruminally for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h in 3 dry Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae. The rate and extent of rumen digestion were estimated. AC Metcalfe had a higher (P < 0.001) concentration of NDF, and lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of non structural carbohydrates, starch, ADF, total digestible nutrients, and fermentable cell wall carbohydrates compared with the mean of the feed cultivars. The malting cultivar had a higher (P < 0.001) soluble DM fraction, lower (P < 0.05) CP and starch degradation rates, and a lower (P < 0.001) ruminally degradable starch concentration compared with the mean of the five feed cultivars. The results demonstrate that there are only small differences in terms of chemical composition and in situ degradation kinetics between the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe and the five feed cultivars of barley reported here. Key words: Barley, energy, protein, ruminants


Author(s):  
Mateus Possebon Bortoluzzi ◽  
Arno Bernardo Heldwein ◽  
Roberto Trentin ◽  
Ivan Carlos Maldaner ◽  
Jocélia Rosa da Silva ◽  
...  

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the mean duration and the interannual variability of phenological subperiods and total soybean development cycle for 11 sowing dates in the humid subtropical climate conditions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Daily meteorological data were used from 1971 to 2017 obtained from the Pelotas agroclimatological station and from 1968 to 2017 from the main climatological station of Santa Maria. The soybean development simulation was performed considering three sets of cultivars of relative maturity groups between 5.9-6.8, 6.9-7.3 and 7.4-8.0, with intervals between the sowing dates of approximately 10 days, comprising September, 21 to December, 31. The data of phenological subperiods duration and total development cycle were subjected to the exploratory analysis BoxPlot, analysis of variance and mean comparison by the Scott-Knott test, with 5% of probability. The development cycle duration is greater in Pelotas than in Santa Maria. There was a decrease in soybean cycle duration from the first to the last sowing date for both locations. The R1-R5 subperiod duration is decreasing from October to December due to photoperiod reduction.


2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (14) ◽  
pp. 6067-6079
Author(s):  
Ramiro I. Saurral ◽  
Gabriela A. Raggio ◽  
Carla N. Gulizia

Soil Research ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Costin ◽  
HA Polach

Extensive slope deposits are described from Black Mountain, Canberra, with particular reference to a profile exposed in an excavation at 590 m on the lower eastern slopes of the mountain. Buried organomineral soil materials near the base of the slope deposits contain fragments of carbonized wood with an average age of 27,800 (+2500, - 1900) years B.P. This age is not significantly different from the mean age of 26,790 � 810 years B.P. for carbonized wood in slope deposits near Lake George, and is close to the mean age of 31,500 � 1000 years B.P. for slope deposits above 1000 m in the Snowy Mountains. A method for comparing the results of carbon-14 determinations is described. The Snowy Mountains deposits indicated a periglacial climate with mean annual temperatures at least 8-10�C lower than at present. On the basis of their similar appearance and age, it is suggested that the Black Mountain deposits were also formed under cold-climate conditions. If this were so, the synchronous slope deposits near Lake George (and river terraces and slope deposits in an upland tributary of the Shoalhaven River) must also have developed during a colder climate. The climatic and associated soil conditions considered necessary for the formation of periglacial deposits at Black Mountain are discussed. Estimates of the lowering in temperature (compared with present-day temperature) which would have been involved vary from a crude estimate of about 14�C (annual) with relatively high precipitations and prolonged snow cover, to a more conservative estimate of 9�C (winter), 11�C (summer), and 10�C (annual) if the winter precipitations and snow cover were light. Even under the latter conditions, tree cover would have been minimal or absent from the tableland environment.


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