scholarly journals Physical and chemical pre-treatment of waste paper to increase saccharification by Trichoderma viride cellulase

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Waste Paper ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Renewable Feedstock ◽  
Structural Nature ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Degree Of Degradation ◽  
Office Paper

<p>Waste paper is a major component of solid waste with cellulose, a glucose biopolymer, as structural component. Cellulose is a worthy substance with renewable possibilities and if resolved into glucose it could be utilised as a feedstock for fermentation into bioproducts like bioethanol and biopharmaceuticals. The extent of saccharification is an important variable to maximise waste paper as a renewable feedstock. The structural nature of cellulose however prevents an effective bioconversion process and as a result procedures need to be developed making waste cellulose more susceptible for the hydrolytic action of cellulase. Seven different paper materials have been chemically and physically pre-treated prior to cellulase catalysed saccharification with Trichoderma viride cellulase. Non-treated brown envelope paper showed the highest relative degree of saccharification followed by Pick ’n Pay advertising paper from a local retailer and foolscap paper while newspaper resulted in the lowest degree of saccharification. When pre-treated with a combined chemical and physical procedure composed of NaOH and sonication the bioconversion of brown envelope paper showed the highest degree of degradation followed by foolscap paper and office paper. The highest percentage increase in saccharification due to pre-treatment was observed with office paper while newspaper and Woolworths advertsing showing a decrease in saccharification after pre-treatment.</p>

scholarly journals Influence of the Bottom Color Modification and Material Color Modification Process on the Performance of Modified Poplar

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Qingqing Liu ◽  
Di Gao ◽  
Wei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Modification Process ◽  
Red Color ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Surface Differentiation ◽  
Color Modification ◽  
And Chemical Properties

According to the old surface coating process of European and American furniture, the surface of modified poplar is first differentiated pre-treatment, and then the bottom color modification and material color modification are respectively applied to the modified poplar after the surface differentiation treatment. The visual physical quantity and physical and chemical properties were measured and compared with mahogany, which is commonly used in old furniture in Europe and America to explore the effect of colorants and coloring steps, as well as different surface pretreatments on the coloring effect. Finally, it is concluded that continuous coloring operations can narrow the difference in brightness and red color value in the coloring layer of modified poplar and mahogany. Continuous coloring operations increase the difference between the yellow-green color values of modified poplar and mahogany. Therefore, the coloring difference between modified poplar and mahogany was affected by the colorant and coloring steps. Through color accumulation, the gap between the two in the target color coloring effect can be reduced, thereby reducing the difference between the coloring effect of modified poplar and mahogany.

Investigation and assessment of sludge pre-treatment processes

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Müller ◽  
A. Winter ◽  
G. Strünkmann
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Sludge Properties ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Degree Of Degradation ◽  
Cell Disintegration

The pre-treatment of sludges by disintegration will result in a number of changes in sludge properties. Floc destruction as well as cell disintegration will occur. This leads to an increase of soluble substances and fine particles. Furthermore, biochemical reactions may appear during or immediately after disintegration. The influence of disintegration of excess sludge on anaerobic digestion was studied in full scale. A stirred ball mill, an ultrasound disintegrator, a lysate centrifuge and ozone treatment were used. The results of the degradation process were compared to a reference system without pre-treatment. An enhancement of the degree of degradation of 7.4% to 20% was observed. The pollution of sludge water as well as the dewatering properties of the digested sludge were investigated. COD and ammonia in the sludge water were increased and a higher polymer demand was observed while the solid content after dewatering stayed almost unchanged. Based on these results the cost effectiveness has been assessed taking into account different conditions (size of WWTP, cost for disposal, etc.). Capital and energy costs are the main factors while the decrease in disposal costs due to the reduced amount of sludge is the main profit factor.

Adsorption of MIB by activated carbons produced using several activation techniques

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
R. McCallum ◽  
F. Roddick ◽  
M. Hobday
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Steam Activation ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Water treatment authorities use activated carbon as the best available technology to remove low molecular weight organic compounds from potable water. In Australia, pollutants of concern include secondary metabolites from bacterial and cyanobacterial blooms which are highly odorous and, in some cases, toxic. Of these compounds, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) is one of the most common and its unpleasant musty earthy odour can be detected at or above approximately 10 ng/L. Difficulties in using activated carbon to target such small organic compounds arise when the water has high concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM), as these compounds also adsorb on activated carbon. The adsorption of NOM on activated carbon increases the cost of using this material in water treatment due to competition with the target organic compounds, reducing the capacity of the activated carbon for the latter. The surface of activated carbon can be tailored during production to provide physical and chemical characteristics that can either aid or hinder the adsorption of particular compounds. One source of activated carbon currently under investigation at RMIT University is brown coal char waste from power stations. This waste, currently disposed of to landfill, is potentially an option for activated carbon production. This material has the advantage that it has already been carbonised at around 500°C in the power generation process. This means that less energy is required to produce activated carbon from power station char compared to coal, making the final product cheaper to produce. Previous work at RMIT has shown that steam activated power station char can remove organic compounds from water. Production of a range of activated carbons from power station char (PSC) was undertaken using different activation methods, including steam activation, steam activation with acid pre-treatment, alkali heat treatment, and Lewis acid heat treatment. The different activation methods produced activated carbons with different pore size distributions, in particular, the acid pre-treatment increased the surface area and porosity significantly compared with steam activation, and the alkali treatment increased the microporosity. Adsorption of MIB on these activated carbons was evaluated to determine the relationship between physical and chemical interactions of the activated carbon and adsorption. Adsorption of MIB on these activated carbons was found to be dependent on the secondary micropore volume. Lewis acid treatment and alkali treatment was not involved in the generation of many of these secondary pores, hence carbons from these treatments did not perform well in adsorption tests. The best adsorption results were achieved with steam activated or acid treated steam activated samples which performed comparably to commercial products. Initial results showed that competition from NOM adsorption was lowest with the PSC activated carbons, allowing greater adsorption of MIB, compared with the commercial activated carbons.

scholarly journals Pretreatment of Lignocelollusic Biomass Based on Improving Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meysam Madadi ◽  
Yuanyuan Tu ◽  
Aqleem Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Accessible Surface Area ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Sugar Degradation ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Accessible Surface ◽  
Alternative Energy Resources ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Lignocellulosic materials among the alternative energy resources are the most desirable resources that can be employed to produce cellulosic ethanol, but this materials due to physical and chemical structure arranges strong native recalcitrance and results in low yield of ethanol. Then, a proper pre-treatment method is required to overcome this challenge. Until now, different pre-treatment technologies have been established to enhance lignocellulosic digestibility. This paper widely describes the structure of lignocellulosic biomass and effective parameters in pre-treatment of lignocelluloses, such as cellulose crystallinity, accessible surface area, and protection by lignin and hemicellulose. In addition, an overview about the most important pre-treatment processes include physical, chemical, and biological are provided. Finally, we described about the inhibitors enzymes which produced from sugar degradation during pre-treatment process and the ways to control this inhibitors.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(1): 1-11

The reliability of radiocarbon dates of different carbon fractions in the Australian tropical savannas: A case study from Sanamere Lagoon, northeast Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rivera-Araya ◽  
Michael Bird ◽  
Cassandra Rowe ◽  
Sean Ulm ◽  
Vladimir Levchenko
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Tropical Lake ◽  
Tropical Lakes ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Organic Fractions ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical And Chemical

&lt;p&gt;The selection and pre-treatment of a reliable organic fraction from which to acquire radiocarbon dates is fundamental to obtain accurate chronologies. Sampling from tropical lakes is particularly challenging given the adverse preservation conditions and diagenesis in these environments. Our research is the first to examine and quantify the differences between the radiocarbon date results from different carbon fractions and pretreatments from the same depths from a tropical lake sediment core (1.72 m long) located in north Australia to assess which one(s) are more reliable. Six different organic fractions (bulk organics, pollen concentrate, cellulose, stable polycyclic aromatic carbon (SPAC), charcoal &gt;250 um and charcoal &gt;63 um), for a total of 27 radiocarbon dates, were compared in six different depths along the core. Acid-base-acid (ABA), modified ABA (30 % hydrogen peroxide + ABA), 2chlorOx (a novel cellulose pre-treatment method) and hydrogen pyrolysis (hypy) were used to pre-treat the correspondent organic fractions. The oldest date is 31,295 calibrated years before present (cal yr BP) and the youngest is 2,048 cal yr BP, spanning 29,247 years. The smallest offset between the minimum and the maximum age in a given depth was found to be 975 years (between SPAC and charcoal &gt;63 um) and the largest 16,527 years (between pollen concentrate and SPAC). The SPAC fractions pre-treated with hypy consistently yielded older ages compared to all other fraction in most cases, while bulk organics yielded consistently younger ones. The magnitude and consistency of the offsets and the physical and chemical properties of the tested organic fractions suggest that SPAC is the most reliable fraction to date in tropical lake sediments and that hypy successfully removes contamination sourced from exogenous carbon.&lt;/p&gt;

A method for assessing tumor response to therapy and more precisely guiding treatment decisions so as to improve survival.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13122-e13122
Author(s):  
Julia Wilkerson ◽  
Laleh Amiri-Kordestani ◽  
Ravi A. Madan ◽  
Bamidele Adesunloye ◽  
Sen Hong Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Treatment Decisions ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cancer Multiple ◽  
Over Time

e13122 Background: The response of tumors to chemotherapy is monitored using imaging data or tumor markers and this quantitative data provides a rich source for an objective response assessment and treatment decisions. Responses are usually assessed as categorical variables based on percentage increase or decrease in tumor size. Methods: We have developed mathematical equations that describe efficacy as a continuous variable, enabling the extraction of the appropriate rate constants for tumor growth and regression (decay), designated g and d, respectively. Both are used to describe the rates of tumor growth and regression for the fraction of tumor that is growing despite treatment and the fraction dying as a result of therapy, respectively. Results: Using data from randomized phase III trials in kidney and breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and medullary thyroid carcinoma; as well as phase II trials in prostate cancer we have shown that: (1) values of g but not those of d are strongly correlated (negatively) with patient survival; (2) g can be discerned early in treatment, before growth is demonstrated clinically, providing an early efficacy measure; (3) g typically does not change over time, even over years, suggesting resistance is intrinsic and predictable and does not worsen over time; (4) effective therapies both increase d, and reduce g; and (5) in every cancer studied, the evidence suggests tumor growth reverts to its pre-treatment rate when chemotherapy is discontinued. Conclusions: The observation that g remains stable allows one to predict the most likely outcome of continued therapy. The evidence indicates that the increase in g occurring after treatment discontinuation is due to a resumption of a pre-treatment growth rate and not a change in biology. Our hypothesis is that if a favorable growth rate that slows tumor growth can be identified, survival might be improved if therapies that achieve this favorable growth rate are continued despite crossing conventional disease progression boundaries. We plan a prospective test of this model to provide a more informed decision and better survival outcome by maximizing the benefit obtained from approved therapies.

scholarly journals Successive Saccharification of Waste Paper as a Resource for Bio-product Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M.P. Mokatse ◽  
J.P.H. van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Waste Paper ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Incubation Periods

Environmental pollution and the exploitation of fossil-based products are topical issues that should be a matter of concern to the global population. The production of bio-based substances from waste biomass is a way to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and limit environmental pollution. Enzymatic catalysed saccharification of cellulose is an important step for the bio-conversion of biomass such as waste paper into glucose that could be utilized as a feedstock for the production of value added bioproducts and this process can also be considered as an alternative route of waste management. During this study, fresh cellulase enzyme from Trichoderma viride was incubated separately with seven different waste paper materials during twelve successive incubation periods of 2 h each. The amount of sugar released from each paper material during each incubation period was determined. The highest sugar concentration released from each paper materials was produced during the first incubation period except the filter paper for which the highest amount of sugar was produced during the 9th period of incubation. During these optimum sugar producing incubation periods the highest total sugar concentration was released from brown envelope paper (3.3 mg.mL-1 followed by foolscap paper (3.0 mg.mL-1) and office paper (2.8 mg.mL-1) while the lowest amount of sugar was released from Pick ’n Pay paper (0.6 mg.mL-1). The relative saccharification percentage was also calculated which showed that filter paper produced the highest amounts of sugar followed by newspaper, and foolscap paper with advertising paper from a retailer. Pick ’n Pay offered the highest resistance towards cellulase catalysed bio-conversion into sugar.

scholarly journals Optimization of Cellulase Enzyme Production by Co-cultures of Fungi Isolated from Lignocellulosic Waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Francis John V ◽  
Dr. Soloman P A
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Lignocellulosic Waste ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme ◽  
Degree Of Degradation

Fruit wastes were incubated with the mixture of cellulolytic fungi Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma viride to hydrolyze the cellulosic components and to increase the degree of degradation. . The batch experiments are statistically designed and performed using Box-Benhken method of Response Surface Methodology to investigate the influence of major parameters viz., incubation time, temperature, pH, moisture content and substrate concentration on cellulase enzyme production. Maximum cellulase production of 2.03 Units/ml (U/ml) was detected by the RSM method in a mixed culture containing fungi at a ratio of 1: 1: 1 under optimal conditions at an incubation time of 5.27 days, a temperature of 34.09 °C, pH 4.85, moisture content of 63.83% and a substrate concentration of 5.03%.

scholarly journals Alkaline and acid solubilisation of waste activated sludge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tales Abreu Tavares de Sousa ◽  
Fernanda Patrício do Monte ◽  
José Vanderley do Nascimento Silva ◽  
Wilton Silva Lopes ◽  
Valderi Duarte Leite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Waste Activated Sludge ◽  
Anaerobic Biodegradability ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract The influence of acidic and alkaline conditions on the solubilisation process of waste activated sludge (WAS) was investigated using HCl and NaOH at pH 2, 10, 11 and 12. The rise in concentration of solubilised compounds, the influence of reaction time, and the influence of the concentration of total solids (TS) during the solubilisation process were determined. Physical and chemical tests demonstrated that pre-treatment provided a release of compounds from the sludge floc matrix into the soluble fraction, characterising the solubilisation process. The highest degree of WAS solubilisation was observed when a pH of 12 was applied. Although largest effects were already attained after 0.25 h, WAS solubilisation continued reaching an increase in total dissolved solids by a factor 10.4 after 720 hrs. Under these conditions, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), proteins, and carbohydrates resulted in releases up to 15, 40 and 41 times, respectively; and phosphorus increased 5.7 times. Results indicate that by applying alkaline pre-treatment, higher TS concentrations can be treated per reactor volume compared to non-pre-treated WAS. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability tests showed increased bioconversion potentials in full-scale treatment plants. The respirometry tests ratify the improvement in solubilisation, with O2 consumption rates increasing 1.4 times, concomitant with an additional 261 mg·L−1 of the COD used, which represents 90% bioconversion of waste activated sludge. Biomethanisation test indicated an increase of 3.6 times relative to the blank.

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