MODIFIKASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DOUBLE LOOP PROBLEM SOLVING DENGAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN TUGAS DAN PAKSA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dita Anggi Yulinda Ekayati ◽  
Dinda Khoirunisa ◽  
Mardita Galuh Utami
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Double Loop ◽  
Student Responsibility ◽  
Double Loop Learning ◽  
The Right ◽  
Loop Problem

This writing aims to implement a learning model based on the characteristics and analysis of students' thinking by using the right model and strategy in order to obtain optimal learning outcomes. There are problems in education when students are faced with a problem to solve, some students have been able to solve, but some students have problems. Students do not maximize the existing learning resources, students are only fixated on one source, namely the book used, not trying to find answers in other sources. The learning model is one component that is needed in supporting the success of a learning process. The learning model is a learning design that is designed to facilitate the learning process. Learning model Double Loop Problem Solving is one of the learning models that can improve the analysis process of thinking students in solving problems. But the double loop learning model of problem solving has a lack of discipline and lack of student responsibility in solving a problem. Therefore modifications are needed in implementing the learning model Double Loop Problem Solving with task and forced strategies. Forced and forced learning strategies are in the form of giving assignments routinely with little coercion to be collected in a short time or a specified time. The purpose of modifying the Double Loop Problem Solving learning model is to develop individual abilities of students and get maximum learning outcomes with high discipline.

scholarly journals ANALISIS INTERAKSI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DOUBLE LOOP PROBLEM SOLVING BERBASIS PROJECT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN CRITICAL THINKING SKILL DAN INTERPERSONAL SKILL

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Sulistyaning Kartikawati
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Interpersonal Skill ◽  
Double Loop ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Loop Problem

<p class="AbstractEnglish"><strong>Abstract:</strong> This study aims to determine the interaction/influence of the application of the project based Double Loop Problem Solving learning model in improving Critical Thinking Skill and student Interpersonal Skill. This research is in the form of quantitative research and the sample used in this study is one class taken using Saturated Sampling techniques. The research class was treated using a project-based Double Loop Problem Solving learning model. The independent variable in this study is a project based Double Loop Problem Solving learning model, while the dependent variable is Critical Thinking Skill and student Interpersonal Skill. There are 2 kinds of data analysis techniques, namely data analysis techniques about Critical Thinking Skills and data analysis techniques about student Interpersonal Skills. The analysis of the hypothesis test of this study used the T-Test with a significance level of 5%. T-Test Criteria are as follows, Ho is accepted / H1 is rejected if T count is smaller than T table and Ho is rejected / H1 is accepted if T count is greater than T table. From the results of the TT-test for the first dependent variable Critical Thinking Skill T count = 18.77 and T table = 1.782, because T count is greater than T table, Ho1 is rejected, meaning that there is interaction/influence on the implementation of project based Double Loop Problem Solving learning model in improving Critical Thinking Skill. While the results of the T test for the Interpersonal Skill dependent variable obtained T count = 12.33 with T table = 1.782, because T count is greater than T table, Ho2 is rejected, meaning that there is interaction / influence on the application of Double Loop Problem Solving based learning models to improve Student Interpersonal Skills.</p><p class="AbstractEnglish"><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui interaksi/pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran <em>Double Loop Problem Solving </em>berbasis<em> project</em> dalam meningkatkan <em>Critical Thinking Skill</em> dan <em>Interpersonal Skill</em> mahasiswa. Penelitian ini berbentuk penelitian kuantitatif dan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah satu kelas yang diambil dengan menggunakan teknik Sampling Jenuh. Kelas penelitian diberi  perlakuan dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran <em>Double Loop Problem Solving </em>berbasis<em> project</em>. Adapun variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah model pembelajaran <em>Double Loop Problem Solving </em>berbasis<em> project</em>, sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah <em>Critical Thinking Skill</em> dan <em>Interpersonal Skill</em> mahasiswa. Teknik analisis data ada 2 macam yaitu teknik analisa data tentang <em>Critical Thinking Skill</em> dan teknik analisa data tentang <em>Interpersonal Skill</em> mahasiswa. Analisis uji hipotesis penelitian ini menggunakan  Uji-T dengan taraf signifikan 5 %. Kriteria Uji-T adalah sebagai berikut, Ho diterima/H1 ditolak jika T hitung lebih kecil dari T tabel dan Ho ditolak/H1 diterima jika T hitung lebih besar dari T tabel. Dari hasil uji T untuk variabel terikat pertama <em>Critical Thinking Skill</em> diperoleh T hitung = 18,77 dan T tabel = 1,782, karena T hitung lebih besar dari T tabel maka Ho<sub>1</sub> ditolak, artinya terdapat interaksi/pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran <em>Double Loop Problem Solving</em> berbasis <em>project </em>dalam meningkatkan <em>Critical Thinking Skill.</em> Sedangkan hasil uji T untuk variabel terikat <em>Interpersonal Skill</em> diperoleh T hitung = 12,33 dengan T tabel = 1,782, karena T hitung lebih besar dari T tabel maka Ho<sub>2</sub> ditolak, artinya terdapat interaksi/pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran <em>Double Loop Problem Solving</em> berbasis <em>project </em>dalam meningkatkan <em>Interpersonal Skill</em> mahasiswa.</p>

scholarly journals MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR BIOLOGI PESERTA DIDIK

BIOLOVA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Hudaya Indra Bakti ◽  
Handoko Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Model Problem ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pbl Model

Abstrak : Keberhasilan suatu proses belajar mengajar dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua faktor yang mendominasi yaitu model pembelajaran dan motivasi yang dimiliki siswa saat belajar. Dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran yang tepat akan membuat kegiatan belajar mengajar lebih menarik sehingga menarik rasa ingin tahu siswa untuk belajar. Rasa ingin tahu merupakan motivasi alami yang dimiliki oleh siswa, sehingga mereka tertarik untuk mengikuti proses pembelajaran. Dalam penelitian ini model yang akan digunakan adalah Problem Based Learning atau dikenal dengan Problem Based Learning (PBL). Model pembelajaran ini berorientasi pada siswa, dimana guru akan memberikan objek permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan materi dan siswa akan diminta untuk menganalisis penyelesaian masalah tersebut dengan menggali berbagai informasi baik dari buku, internet ataupun hasil siswa. Sedangkan guru hanya berperan sebagai fasilitator dan mengarahkan siswa. Tujuan dari artikel review ini adalah (1) untuk mengkaji model Problem Based Learning (2) mempelajari hasil belajar (3) untuk mengkaji model Problem Based Learning dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar. Abstract: The success of a teaching and learning process is influenced by various factors. In this study, there are two factors that dominate, namely the learning model and the motivation that students have when learning. By applying the right learning model, it will make teaching and learning activities more interesting so that it attracts students' curiosity to learn. Curiosity is a natural motivation possessed by students, so they are interested in participating in the learning process. In this study, the model to be used is Problem Based Learning or known as Problem Based Learning (PBL). This learning model is oriented towards students, where the teacher will provide an object of problems related to the material and students will be asked to analyze the resolution of the problem by exploring a variety of information both from books, the internet or students' results. Whereas the teacher only acts as a facilitator and directs students. The purpose of this review article is (1) to examine the Problem Based Learning model (2) to study the learning outcomes (3) to examine the Problem Based Learning model in improving learning outcomes.

scholarly journals MODEL KOOPERATIF LEARNING TIPE STAD DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENGAPRESIASI CERITA FIKSI DI SD NEGERI 1 NAMLEA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
risman iye
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Teacher Observation ◽  
Cooperative Approach ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Approach Theory ◽  
The Right ◽  
Student Observation

ABSTRACT The ability of students to understand the elements of fictional stories in particular determine the theme of the story, the character of the story, the place of the story, the storyline, the message of the story. This is caused by the lack of teachers in applying appropriate methods in learning to appreciate fiction. The problem of this research is (a) How to improve the learning process of the appreciation of fiction stories of SDN 1 Namlea students? (b) How the increase in learning outcomes appreciates the fiction of students at SDN 1 Namlea. The general objective of this study was to improve the ability to appreciate the fiction of students at SDN 1 Namlea by using the cooperative approach model STAD SDN 1 Namlea. The benefits of the research are (a) The results of this study are expected that teachers at SDN 1 Namlea and students have knowledge of the STAD model cooperative approach theory as one form of information. This type of research is a class act that is recycled / cycles, which includes planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. Data obtained by teacher observation, student observation, end of the cycle test. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant increase, both in the activities of teachers and students in appreciating fiction using the STAD type cooperative learning model. This increase can be seen in each cycle. Cycle one qualification is Poor (K), Cycle two is Good qualification (B), Cycle three is Very Good (SB). The conclusion of this research is to use the STAD model cooperative approach in learning to appreciate fiction in determining the theme of the story, the character of the story, the place of the story, the storyline and the mandate of the story in SD 1 Namlea students has increased. Research suggestions are expected to all governments involved in education so that learning can improve in schools, the right method is used.

scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV SD KRISTEN BELSO A2 AMBON DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DOUBLE LOOP PROBLEM SOLVING PADA MATERI PENGUKURAN PANJANG DAN BERAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Herlina Yacob ◽  
Carolina Selfisina Ayal ◽  
Johannis Takaria
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Double Loop ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Improve Student Learning ◽  
Loop Problem

This study aims to determine whether there is an increase in students' learning outcomes taught using Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) on the measurement material. The design of this study was a pre-experimental design with one group pre test post test design. The research sample was sixth grades which amounted to 24 people. The research techniques used were test and non-test techniques. Analysis of student learning outcomes data descriptively obtained from the results of percentages and average students while to determine the increase in student learning outcomes, we used the N-gain test formula. The results showed that using of the Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) learning model could improve student learning outcomes in the measurement material. This is supported by a pre-test and post-test analysis that uses normalized N-gain values where 21% of students are in the N-gain category with a High category, 58% of students are in the moderate category and 21% are in the low category

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PROSES DAN HASIL BELAJAR BIOLOGI PRONBIOTEK DENGAN MODEL EXPRIENTAL LEARNING SISWA KELAS XII IPA2 SMA NEGERI 1 PASUI

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Kasmiati Kasmiati
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
School Year

The background of this research was carried out because of the importance of efforts to improve learning achievement in biology through several methods or optimal learning strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the improvement in the quality of the process and learning outcomes that have an impact on learning achievement in biology after applying the principles of biotechnology with the experiential learning model of class XII IPA2 students of SMA Negeri 1 Pasui. This research is a classroom action research which investigates student factors, teacher factors and the quality of the biology learning process and outcomes. The research location is SMA Negeri 1 Pasui, Enrekang Regency, class XII IPA2, with a total of 21 students in the even semester of the 2016-2017 school year. The implementation of the action consists of two cycles followed by evaluation and reflection activities. The results of the study show that the application of biotics with the experiential learning model can improve the quality of the process and student learning outcomes. Student responses are very positive and student learning outcomes improve each cycle.Keywords: prinbiotech, experiential learning, process quality and learning outcomes

MODIFIKASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN THINKING ALOUD PAIRS PROBLEM SOLVING DENGAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN TUGAS DAN PAKSA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desti Komalasari ◽  
Karlina Karlina
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Thinking Aloud ◽  
Task Strategy ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Way

Still weakness learning process in Indonesia is a problem that must be taken with seriously especially by the teacher. Therefore the teacher must be able to be actively involved in the learning process. This research aims to change the character of students in Indonesia who tend to be lazy in doing assignments. Thinking aloud pairs problem solving learning model is a of learning based learning in groups where students are required to be able to work together between group members. So that students are responsible for the assignments given by the teacher, a task and force learning strategy emerges so that students can change the way of learning both group and individually. Therefore with the modification between the learning model of thinking aloud pairs problem solving with task and forced strategies is expected to be more active in the learning process. This research also aims to train students to be responsible, disciplined and think critically. To apply modifications between the thinking aloud pairs problem solving learning model with the task strategy and forced, teachers should make the planning carefully, the teacher should master all the stages. The teacher must also motivate students to be more enterprising and better in learning so that the learning outcomes obtained can be maximized.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DLPS TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN SAINS PERMULAAN KELOMPOK A DI GUGUS VIII KECAMATAN BULELENG

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
NI NYOMAN LEMES SUCIASIH . ◽  
Luh Putu Putrini Mahadewi, S.Pd., M.S. . ◽  
Dr. Putu Aditya Antara, S.Pd., M.Pd. .
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Double Loop ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Child Group ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Loop Problem

Permasalahan pada penelitian ini adalah perkembangan kognitif khususnya kemampuan sains permulaan anak belum berkembang secara optimal, dengan kegiatan pembelajaran yang cenderung menggunakan media gambar atau lembar kerja yang seadanya saja Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen dengan desain penelitian menggunakan post-test only control group design. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh anak kelompok A gugus VIII Kecamatan Buleleng yang berjumlah 121 anak. Teknik penentuan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Sampel penelitian ini adalah anak-anak kelompok A TK Shinta Kumara yang berjumlah 15 anak, sebagai kelompok eksperimen yang diberikan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS). Anak-anak kelompok A TK Dewi Kumara yang berjumlah 15 anak sebagai kelompok kontrol yang diberikan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional. Data hasil kemampuan sains permulaana anak dikumpulkan dengan teknik observasi dan dokumentasi, yang dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis uji-t. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh thitung adalah 8,135 dan ttabel dengan taraf signifikan 5% dengan (db) 28 adalah 2,048 dengan demikian thitung 8,135 > ttabel 2,048. Berdasarkan kriteria pengujian, maka H1 diterima yaitu terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan kemampuan sains permulaan antara anak yang dibelajarkan menggunakan model pembelajaran Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) dengan anak yang menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional. Adapun nilai rata-rata anak kelompok yang diberikan model pembelajaran DLPS yaitu 31,13 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok anak yang menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional yaitu 22,67.Kata Kunci : Kata Kunci: Double Loop Problem Solving, Sains Permulaan The problem in this research is the cognitive development, especially the ability of the early childhood science has not developed optimally, with learning activities that tend to use a picture media or a one-of-a-kind worksheet. This type of research is quasi experiment with research techniques using post-test only control group design. The population of this study is all children Kelompok A di Gugus VIII Kecamatan Buleleng amounting to 121 children. The sampling techniques in this study used cluster sampling techniques. These research samples are children kelompok A TK Shinta Kumara which amounted to 15 children, as an experimental group given learning by using the Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) learning model. And the children of the Kelompok A TK Dewi Kumara which amounted to 15 children as a control group given learning by using conventional learning models. Data on the results of the child's beginning science is collected with observation and documentation techniques, which are analyzed using one way anava analysis techniques. Based on the results of analysis obtained thitung is 4.572 and this with a significant level of 5% with (db) 28 is 2.048 thus thitung 4.572 > this 2.048 ttabel. Based on the test criteria, the H1 is accepted that there is a significant difference of initial science ability between children who are taught using the Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) learning model with children using models Conventional learning. The average value of the child group is given a DLPS learning model that is 31.13 higher than that of the child group who use conventional learning model is 22.67.keyword : Keywords: Double Loop Problem Solving, Early Science

scholarly journals Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas V SDN 3 Anjir Mambulau Timur Kecamatan Kapuas pada Mata Pelajaran IPA dengan Menggunakan Metode Pembelajaran Doubel Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) dan Media Audio Visual Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Raymullah Rahman ◽  
Chandra Anugrah Putra
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Double Loop ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Loop Problem

This study aims: (1) To describe the learning activities of fifth grade students of SDN-3 Anjir Mambulau Timur on science subjects using the Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) and Audio Visual Media methods, and, (2) To determine the improvement in learning outcomes Science using the Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) Method and Audio Visual Media. To the fifth grade students of Anjir Mambulau East SDN-3 2016/2017 academic year. The research method used in this study is the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method. Determination subjects were class V students of SDN-3 Anjir Mambulau Timur with a total of 13 students consisting of 5 men and eight women. Data analysis techniques used qualitative and quantitative. From the results of the study concluded that: (1) Learning activities of fifth-grade students of SDN-3 Anjir Mambulau Timur by using the Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) Method and Audio Visual Media. In science subjects, it is better. This is evidenced from the average results in the observational data on the activities of students in the first cycle, which is 2.87 increased to 3.3 in the second cycle, (2) There is an increase in science learning outcomes using the Double Loop Problem Solving (DLPS) and Media Method Audiovisual. This can be seen from the acquisition of the average value of each cycle increasing. In the first cycle obtained an average cost of 71 and classical completeness 84% included in the criteria not achieved and in the second cycle increased to 77 and 100% artistic completeness including the tests achieved

scholarly journals Analisis Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Peserta didik Berdasarkan Strategi Polya pada Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning Berbasis Hands On Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Santika Lya Diah Pramesti ◽  
Juwita Rini
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Mathematical Problems ◽  
Better Than

Strategi pembelajaran yang digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran kurang membangun kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika peserta didik sehingga menyebabkan peserta didik mengalami kesulitan dalam pemecahan masalah matematika. Proses pembelajaran dapat diperbaiki dengan menerapkan model Problem Based Learning. Kegiatan peserta didik dalam model pembelajaran tersebut diharapkan dapat berlangsung optimal manakala dilengkapi dengan hands on activity. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mana yang lebih baik antara kemampuan pemecahan masalah peserta didik pada kelas dengan model pembelajaran problem based learning berbasis hands on activity atau pada kelas pembelajaran konvensional. Selain itu, juga untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan pemecahan masalah peserta didik menggunakan strategi Polya. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah mixed methods. Metode penelitian yang mengkombinasikan atau menggabungkan antara metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Kemampuan pemecahan masalah peserta didik dengan menggunakan langkah polya pada pembelajaran Problem Based Learning berbasis hands on activity lebih baik daripada kemampuan pemecahan masalah peserta didik pada pembelajaran ekspositori. (2) Penyebab kesalahan peserta didik dalam menyelesaikan tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah (TKPM) ditinjau dari langkah-langkah Polya yaitu antara lain: (a) peserta didik tidak terbiasa dengan bahasa soal yang rumit (memahami masalah); (b) peserta didik kurang cermat sehingga ketika mengerjakan soal sering terjadi salah menggunakan rumus (menyusun rencana penyelesaian); (c) peserta didik kurang teliti sehingga ketika mengerjakan soal sering terjadi salah perhitungan (melaksanakan rencana penyelesaian); (d) peserta didik kurang bisa memanfaatkan waktu pengerjaan dengan baik (melihat kembali). Kata kunci: Pemecahan Masalah Polya; PBL; Hands On Activity Abstract Learning strategies used in the learning process are not enough to develop problem solving for students. It causes students get difficulties in solving mathematical problems The learning process can be improved by applying learning models that can improve problem solving skill for students, one of which is the Problem Based Learning learning model. The activities of students in the learning model are expected to be optimal when equipped with activities. The purpose of this study is to find out which is better between students' problem solving abilities in the class with a problem-based learning model that is hand-based on activities or in conventional learning classes. The type of research used in this study is a mixed method. Research method that combines or researches between quantitative and qualitative research methods. The results of this study are as follows: (1) The problem solving ability of students by using the Polya steps in Problem Based Learning learning based on hands on activity is better than students' problem solving abilities in expository learning  (2) The cause of the students' mistakes in completing the problem solving ability based on Polya's steps are: (a) students cannot use complex language (problem solving); (B) students do not accurately solve problems often occur using the formula (c) students are not thorough so working on the problem often occurs miscalculation (d) students can not take the time to work properly (looking back). Kata kunci: Polya’s Problem Solving; PBL; Hands On Activity

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