scholarly journals HAZARDOUS WASTE CLASSIFICATION: REVIEW OF WORST CASE TO LESS WORST CASE METAL SPECIES WITH A WORKED EXAMPLE FOR A CONTAMINATED SOIL

Detritus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 4-24
Author(s):  
Ian Bishop ◽  
Pierre Hennebert
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Worked Example ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Filter Cakes ◽  
Technical Guidance

The classification of waste as either hazardous or non-hazardous, especially for mixtures such as contaminated soils, ashes, filter cakes and sludges, is not straight forward. In particular, as the laboratories can only measure total metal concentrations, both the European and the UK technical guidance state that if the classifier doesn’t know exactly which metal species is in their waste, then they should start from a worst case species and use lines of evidence to work towards a more reasonable (less hazardous) species. However, the guidance doesn’t define or list worst case nor less worst case species. While some authors have documented worst case species, this is only in relation to documenting the concentrations at which each hazard property is triggered for a given worst case species. This paper addresses this gap. It documents how to define both the worst case species and more importantly, lists less worst case species for 32 elements and 204 metal species; species based on those listed in the European legislation but also supplemented by species that haven’t (yet) been included in this legislation but are significant nevertheless. For each species, the paper tabulates the hazard property that triggers first, metal concentrations, conversion factors and other metadata, species by species, in descending order of hazard. Finally, to demonstrate how to use the data, either manually or by utilizing commercial software, the paper will give a worked example for a contaminated soil, showing how classifiers can use the list to help move from a worst case to a less worst case species.

Clay Minerals as a Feasible Additive to Stabilize Cadmium in Contaminated Soils

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1906-1909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Qi Hu ◽  
Xiu Hong Yang ◽  
Ying Chun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Langmuir Model ◽  
Adsorption Behavior ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Maximum Sorption ◽  
Cadmium Contaminated Soil

The adsorption behavior of clay minerals in cadmium contaminated soils has been studied in order to remedy soils contaminated with this metal in this work. The results show that Langmuir model best describes the adsorption of Cd2+, and the maximum sorption values of 8.45 mg/g for bentonite, 5.69mg/g for sepiolite and 10.57mg/g for attapulgite are obtained at pH 5-6. In addition, the effect of clay minerals amendment on a highly cadmium contaminated soil has been studied by means of pot experiments. The results indicate that the metal concentrations in shoot and root of plant decreased with addition of clay minerals to soil (1%), and the highest decrease value of metal concentrations is obtained in the soils added by attapulgite amendment.

Sequential extraction procedure for fractionation of Pb and Cr in artificial and contaminated soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Qayyum ◽  
Ibrar Khan ◽  
Yangguo Zhao ◽  
Farhana Maqbool ◽  
Changsheng Peng
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Residual Fraction ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Fraction Bound

AbstractMetal contamination of soil is due to mining, manufacturing and use of synthetic products (e.g. pesticides, paints, batteries, industrial waste and industrial or domestic sludge) which is a serious environmental problem. Hence, determining chemical forms of metals in soils is important to evaluate their mobility or bioavailability. Both artificial and contaminated soils were sequentially extracted to fractionate metals into the water soluble fraction (WSF), exchangeable fraction (EF), bound to carbonate fraction, bound to metal oxide fraction, organically bound fraction (OBF) and residual fraction (RF). In the case of contaminated soil, Pb and Cr are found to be associated with the carbonate fraction while in artificial soil, Pb bound to WSF and Cr with the Fe/Mn fraction. Chemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and textural classification of concerned soils were also analyzed. Percentage recovery was calculated to check the reliability of processes both in Pb and Cr, and it was found to be more in Cr (66% and 84%) in both artificial and contaminated soil than Pb (5% and 34%) in both soils. Analyses of extracts were carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results were interpreted in terms of environmental mobility or bioavailability of metals.

scholarly journals Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Multi-Contaminated Soil Treated with Biochar Using the Sequential Extraction Procedure

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Mahrous Awad ◽  
Zhongzhen Liu ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Eldessoky S. Dessoky ◽  
Marian Brestic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity represents a global problem depending on the soil environment’s geochemical forms. Biochar addition safely reduces HMs mobile forms, thus, reducing their toxicity to plants. While several studies have shown that biochar could significantly stabilize HMs in contaminated soils, the study of the relationship of soil properties to potential mechanisms still needs further clarification; hence the importance of assessing a naturally contaminated soil amended, in this case with Paulownia biochar (PB) and Bamboo biochar (BB) to fractionate Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu using short sequential fractionation plans. The relationship of soil pH and organic matter and its effect on the redistribution of these metals were estimated. The results indicated that the acid-soluble metals decreased while the fraction bound to organic matter increased compared to untreated pots. The increase in the organic matter metal-bound was mostly at the expense of the decrease in the acid extractable and Fe/Mn bound ones. The highest application of PB increased the organically bound fraction of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu (62, 61, 34, and 61%, respectively), while the BB increased them (61, 49, 42, and 22%, respectively) over the control. Meanwhile, Fe/Mn oxides bound represents the large portion associated with zinc and copper. Concerning soil organic matter (SOM) and soil pH, as potential tools to reduce the risk of the target metals, a significant positive correlation was observed with acid-soluble extractable metal, while a negative correlation was obtained with organic matter-bound metal. The principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the total variance represents 89.7% for the TCPL-extractable and HMs forms and their relation to pH and SOM, which confirms the positive effect of the pH and SOM under PB and BB treatments on reducing the risk of the studied metals. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals and their geochemical forms widely varied according to pH, soil organic matter, biochar types, and application rates. As an environmentally friendly and economical material, biochar emphasizes its importance as a tool that makes the soil more suitable for safe cultivation in the short term and its long-term sustainability. This study proves that it reduces the mobility of HMs, their environmental risks and contributes to food safety. It also confirms that performing more controlled experiments, such as a pot, is a disciplined and effective way to assess the suitability of different types of biochar as soil modifications to restore HMs contaminated soil via controlling the mobilization of these minerals.

scholarly journals Dynamic of Morphological and Physiological Parameters and Variation of Soil Characteristics during Miscanthus × giganteus Cultivation in the Diesel-Contaminated Land

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Valentina Pidlisnyuk ◽  
Andriy Herts ◽  
Volodymyr Khomenchuk ◽  
Aigerim Mamirova ◽  
Oleksandr Kononchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Contaminated Land ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Uncontaminated Soil ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Biochar Amendment

Miscanthus × giganteus (M. × giganteus) is a perspective plant produced on marginal and contaminated lands with biomass used for energy or bioproducts. In the current study, M. × giganteus development was tested in the diesel-contaminated soils (ranged from 250 mg kg−1 to 5000 mg kg−1) and the growth dynamic, leaves quantity, plants total area, number of harvested stems and leaves, SPAD and NPQt parameters were evaluated. Results showed a remarkable M. × giganteus growth in a selected interval of diesel-contaminated soil with sufficient harvested biomass. The amendment of soil by biochar 1 (produced from wastewater sludge) and biochar 2 (produced from a mixture of wood waste and biohumus) improved the crop’s morphological and physiological parameters. Biochar 1 stimulated the increase of the stems’ biomass, while biochar 2 increased the leaves biomass. The plants growing in the uncontaminated soil decreased the content of NO3, pH (KCl), P2O5 and increased the content of NH4. Photosynthesis parameters showed that incorporating biochar 1 and biochar 2 to the diesel-contaminated soil prolonged the plants’ vegetation, which was more potent for biochar 1. M. × giganteus utilization united with biochar amendment can be recommended to remediate diesel-contaminated land in concentration range 250–5000 mg kg−1.

scholarly journals Towards a hydrological classification of European soils: preliminary test of its predictive power for the base flow index using river discharge data

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1501-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Schneider ◽  
F. Brunner ◽  
J. M. Hollis ◽  
C. Stamm
Keyword(s):  
Water Movement ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Base Flow Index ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. Predicting discharge in ungauged catchments or contaminant movement through soil requires knowledge of the distribution and spatial heterogeneity of hydrological soil properties. Because hydrological soil information is not available at a European scale, we reclassified the Soil Geographical Database of Europe (SGDBE) at 1:1 million in a hydrological manner by adopting the Hydrology Of Soil Types (HOST) system developed in the UK. The HOST classification describes dominant pathways of water movement through soil and was related to the base flow index (BFI) of a catchment (the long-term proportion of base flow on total stream flow). In the original UK study, a linear regression of the coverage of HOST classes in a catchment explained 79% of BFI variability. We found that a hydrological soil classification can be built based on the information present in the SGDBE. The reclassified SGDBE and the regression coefficients from the original UK study were used to predict BFIs for 103 catchments spread throughout Europe. The predicted BFI explained around 65% of the variability in measured BFI in catchments in Northern Europe, but the explained variance decreased from North to South. We therefore estimated new regression coefficients from the European discharge data and found that these were qualitatively similar to the original estimates from the UK. This suggests little variation across Europe in the hydrological effect of particular HOST classes, but decreasing influence of soil on BFI towards Southern Europe. Our preliminary study showed that pedological information is useful for characterising soil hydrology within Europe and the long-term discharge regime of catchments in Northern Europe. Based on these results, we draft a roadmap for a refined hydrological classification of European soils.

scholarly journals Authors' Response to: Alcohol imagery and branding, and age classification of films popular in the UK

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-888
Author(s):  
A. Lyons ◽  
A. McNeill ◽  
I. Gilmore ◽  
J. Britton
Keyword(s):  
The Uk

scholarly journals Effect of Cadmium, Copper and Lead on the Growth of Rice in the Coal Mining Region of Quang Ninh, Cam-Pha (Vietnam)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Marquez ◽  
Olivier Pourret ◽  
Michel-Pierre Faucon ◽  
Sebastian Weber ◽  
Thi Hoàng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Mine Waste ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Coal Extraction ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Rice Paddy Soils

The goal of this study was to quantify the mobility and partitioning of trace elements originating from mine waste rocks derived from open pit coal extraction activities. The results showed that native rice plants were adapted to growing in metal contaminated soils, posing a severe health risk to local population. Sequential extraction procedures and bulk soil chemical analyses both suggest enrichment of Cd, Pb and Cu in rice paddy soils. Lead was shown to be evenly partitioned among all mineral and organic phases. Copper was associated with carbonates and organic matter. Smaller fractions of Pb and Cu were also bound to Fe and Mn oxides. Only 25% of Cd, 9% of Pb and 48% of Cu were associated with the exchangeable fraction, considered mobile and thus bioavailable for plant uptake. Effects of Cd, Cu and Pb on local Cam Pha Nep cai Hoa vang, and control Asia Italian rice, showed marked differences in growth. The local Vietnamese variety grew close to control values, even upon exposure to higher trace metal concentrations. Whereas the development of the control rice species was significantly affected by increasing trace metal concentrations. This result suggests toxic trace elements accumulation in the edible parts of crops.

Synergistic remediation of PCB-contaminated soil with nanoparticulate zero-valent iron and alfalfa: targeted changes in the root metabolite-dependent microbial community

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 986-999
Author(s):  
Ting Wu ◽  
Yangzhi Liu ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
Lizhong Zhu ◽  
Jason C. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
New Strategy

This work provides a new strategy using nanomaterial-facilitated phytoremediation to promote the restoration of POP-contaminated soils.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Associations Between Migraine and Lipoprotein Subtractions

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012919
Author(s):  
Yanjun Guo ◽  
Iyas Daghlas ◽  
Padhraig Gormley ◽  
Franco Giulianini ◽  
Paul M Ridker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Lipoprotein Subfractions ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Summary Data

Background and Objective:To evaluate phenotypic and genetic relationships between migraine and lipoprotein subfractions.Methods:We evaluated phenotypic associations between migraine and 19 lipoprotein subfractions measures in the Women’s Genome Health Study (WGHS, N=22,788). We then investigated genetic relationships between these traits using summary statistics from the International Headache Genetics Consortium (IHGC) for migraine (Ncase=54,552, Ncontrol=297,970) and combined summary data for lipoprotein subfractions (N up to 47,713).Results:There was a significant phenotypic association (odds ratio=1.27 [95% confidence interval:1.12-1.44]) and a significant genetic correlation at 0.18 (P=0.001) between migraine and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLP) concentration but not for LDL or HDL subfractions. Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates were largely null implying that pleiotropy rather than causality underlies the genetic correlation between migraine and lipoprotein subfractions. Pleiotropy was further supported in cross-trait meta-analysis revealing significant shared signals at four loci (chr2p21 harboring THADA, chr5q13.3 harboring HMGCR, chr6q22.31 harboring HEY2, and chr7q11.23 harboring MLXIPL) between migraine and lipoprotein subfractions. Three of these loci were replicated for migraine (P<0.05) in a smaller sample from the UK Biobank. The shared signal at chr5q13.3 colocalized with expression of HMGCR, ANKDD1B, and COL4A3BP in multiple tissues.Conclusions:The current study supports the association between certain lipoprotein subfractions, especially for TRLP, and migraine in populations of European ancestry. The corresponding shared genetic components may be help identify potential targets for future migraine therapeutics.Classification of Evidence:This study provides Class I evidence that migraine is significantly associated with some lipoprotein subfractions.

Effect of compost in phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soils

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vouillamoz ◽  
M. W. Milke
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
The Impact

The effect of compost on phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soils was investigated using 130 small (200 g) containers in two screening tests. The experiments were conducted in a controlled environment using ryegrass from seed. Containers were destructively sampled at various times and analyzed for plant mass and total petroleum hydrocarbons. The results indicate that the presence of diesel reduces grass growth, and that compost helps reduced the impact of diesel on grass growth. The addition of compost helps increase diesel loss from the soils both with and without grass, though the addition of grass leads to lower diesel levels compared with controls. A second set of experiments indicates that the compost helps in phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil independent of the dilution effect that compost addition has. The results indicate that the compost addition allowed diesel loss down to 200 mg TPH/kg even though the compost would be expected to hold the diesel more tightly in the soil/compost mixture. The simplicity of the screening tests led to difficulties in controlling moisture content and germination rates. The conclusion of the research is that the tilling of compost into soils combined with grass seeding appears to be a valuable option for treating petroleum-contaminated soils.

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