scholarly journals Disaggregation of Gendered Differences in Retirement Planning in Urban Ghana

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-77
Author(s):  
Delali Adjoa Dovie
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Retirement Planning ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Women's Retirement

The paper investigates gendered retirement planning, using quantitative and qualitative datasets obtained from formal and informal sector workers [n=442]. The analyses show that the majority of workers (45.4%) opined that women’s retirement preparations are tied to men’s, particularly housewives and married ones, reasoning that men are heads of their households. This includes women’s desire to be and/or live closer to their partners. Whilst women’s preparations may be tied to men’s, men often plan for retirement with the support of their spouses. An extent of independence between men and women regarding retirement planning and different levels of societal responsibilities pertains. These are two independent people with different responsibilities, preferences, needs and reasons. However, women are less likely than men to actively plan for retirement. This is inhibited by women’s low income flows compared to their male counterparts. Yet, women need to institute more plans than men because women most often do not have social security and live relatively longer. Significantly, what prompts women to plan differs from what motivates men. This provides a reinforcement of the importance of considering gender when seeking to understand the variables that predict retirement planning tendencies, and might contribute to successfully attaining financial security.

scholarly journals Retirement Preparedness: How Important Is Being Financially Literate?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 445-445
Author(s):  
Mengya Wang ◽  
Suzanne Bartholomae
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Retirement Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Retirement Preparedness ◽  
The Us ◽  
Risk Takers ◽  
Policies And Programs

Abstract Financial security in retirement is a major concern for many Americans. Numerous studies document that Americans are not prepared for retirement, with financial illiteracy cited as one reason Americans fail to plan. Employing data from the 2018 National Financial Capability Study (N=27,091), this study investigates actual financial literacy (AFL) and perceived financial literacy (PFL) and how combinations of this measure influences retirement planning, and varies based on years from retirement. This study found relatively low financial literacy and retirement preparedness levels among the US sample, even for those pre-retirees ages 55 to 64. Individually, PFL and AFL increased as one approached retirement. When combined, adults nearing retirement (55 to 64) comprised the greatest proportion of the high AFL and high PFL (29.9%) group compared to adults 20 years or more from retirement (18-44) who largely made up the low AFL and PFL (48%) group. Based on a logistic regression, adults closest to retirement (ages 55 to 64) are more likely to be planning compared to the other groups, as are adults who were financially confident, risk takers, highly educated, males, and white. Compared to adults with high AFL and high PFL, adults with low AFL and low PFL, or a combination (low PFL and high AFL, high PFL and low AFL) have lower odds of preparing for retirement. Both PFL and AFL influences retirement planning, and PFL may be as important as AFL. Our highlight the importance of policies and programs to support Americans with retirement planning.

scholarly journals Association between early working life patterns, in publicly and privately owned companies, and the course of future sickness absence due to mental disorders: a cohort study in Catalonia (Spain)

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e040480
Author(s):  
Amaya Ayala-Garcia ◽  
Laura Serra ◽  
Monica Ubalde-Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Permanent Employment ◽  
Life Patterns ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between early working life patterns, at privately and publicly held companies, and the course of sickness absence (SA) due to mental disorders.MethodsCohort study of workers aged 18–28 years, affiliated with the Spanish social security system, living in Catalonia, who had at least one episode of SA due to mental disorders between 2012 and 2014. Individual prior working life trajectories were reconstructed through sequence analysis. Optimal matching analysis was performed to identify early working life patterns by clustering similar individual trajectories. SA trajectories were identified using latent class growth modelling analysis. Finally, the relationship between early working life patterns and subsequent SA trajectories was assessed via multinomial logistic regression models.ResultsAmong both men and women, four labour market participation (LMP) patterns were identified: stable permanent employment (reference group), increasing permanent employment, fluctuating employment and delayed employment. Among women, an increasing permanent employment pattern in early working life was related to a decrease of accumulated SA days over time (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.08; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.66). In men, we observed a trend towards a middle stable accumulation of SA days in those with fluctuating employment (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.74) or delayed employment (aOR 1.79; 95% CI 0.59 to 5.41). In both men and women, an early working life in big companies was related to a more favourable SA trajectory.ConclusionsEarly LMP patterns characterised by an increasing stability—decreased number of transitions between temporary contracts and lack of social security coverage towards permanent contracts—were related to a better future SA course due to mental diagnosis.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Levels of Supervision on the Recovery of Severely Malnourished Children Treated by Community Health Workers in Mali

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Pilar Charle-Cuéllar ◽  
Noemí López-Ejeda ◽  
Mamadou Traore ◽  
Adama Balla Coulibaly ◽  
Aly Landouré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Supportive Supervision ◽  
Supervision Group ◽  
Different Levels

(1) Background: The Ministry of Health in Mali included the treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) into the package of activities of the integrated community case management (iCCM). This paper evaluates the most effective model of supervision for treating SAM using community health workers (CHWs). Methods (2): This study was a prospective non-randomized community intervention trial with two intervention groups and one control group with different levels of supervision. It was conducted in three districts in rural areas of the Kayes Region. In the high supervision group, CHWs received supportive supervision for the iCCM package and nutrition-specific supervision. In the light supervision group, CHWs received supportive supervision based on the iCCM package. The control group had no specific supervision. (3) Results: A total of 6112 children aged 6–59 months with SAM without medical complications were included in the study. The proportion of cured children was 81.4% in those treated by CHWs in the high supervision group, 86.2% in the light supervision group, and 66.9% in the control group. Children treated by the CHWs who received some supervision had better outcomes than those treated by unsupervised CHWs (p < 0.001). There was no difference between areas with light and high supervision, although those with high supervision performed better in most of the tasks analyzed. (4) Conclusions: Public policies in low-income countries should be adapted, and their model of supervision of CHWs for SAM treatment in the community should be evaluated.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Scarring Effects of Full-Year Nonemployment

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Guvenen ◽  
Fatih Karahan ◽  
Serdar Ozkan ◽  
Jae Song
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Earnings Losses ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scarring Effects

Drawing on administrative data from the Social Security Administration, we find that individuals that go through a long period of non-employment suffer large and long-term earnings losses (around 35-40 percent) compared to individuals with similar age and previous earnings histories. Importantly, these differences depend on past earnings, and are largest at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution. Focusing on workers that are employed 10 years after a period of long-term non-employment, we find much smaller earnings losses (8-10 percent). Furthermore, the large earnings losses of low-income individuals are almost entirely due to employment effects.

Self-employed surfers, universal credit and the minimally decent life

Legal Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Christopher Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
The Self ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decent Life ◽  
The Government

Abstract As part of its response to Covid-19 the government paused the use of the ‘Minimum Income Floor’ (MIF), which restricts the Universal Credit (UC) entitlement of the self-employed. This paper places the MIF in the wider context of conditionality in the social security system and considers a judicial review which claimed that the MIF was discriminatory. The paper focuses on how UC affects the availability of real choices for low-income citizens to limit or escape from wage labour, with two implications of the move to UC highlighted. First, the overlooked labour decommodifying aspect of tax credits, which provided a minimum income guarantee and a genuine alternative to wage labour for people who self-designated as ‘self-employed’, even if their earnings were minimal or non-existent, has been removed. Secondly, UC has in some respects improved the position of low-paid wage labourers in ‘mini-jobs’, who are not subject to conditionality once they work for the equivalent of approximately nine hours a week on the minimum wage.

scholarly journals The Allocation of Money in Couples: The End of Inequality? / Allokation von Geld in Paarbeziehungen: Das Ende der Ungleichheit?

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Ludwig-Mayerhofer ◽  
Hermann Gartner ◽  
Jutta Allmendinger
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
Money Management ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Financial Arrangements ◽  
Fourth Wave ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

SummaryResearch conducted in the 1980s and early 1990s showed considerable inequalities within male-female couples as concerns financial arrangements and access to personal spending money. This paper provides an analysis of the allocation of money in German couples that goes beyond previous research in two respects. First, data are used that permit direct, albeit only rough, assessments of the amount of personal spending money available to each of the partners. Second, it is therefore possible to investigate in some detail the factors that may influence the availability of personal spending money and thus also the possible differences between the woman and the man concerning the amount of money available to each of them.The empirical analysis is based on the German Low Income Panel (NIedrig-Einkommens-Panel, NIEP), a panel study representative of households with an income lower than about 1.5 times the German social assistance rate in 1999, the year of the first wave. We use the fourth wave of the NIEP, in which questions about couples’ money management were added to the questionnaire. The data refer to those 718 households that consisted of an adult couple, with or without children.While not all couples allocate the same amount of money to each partner, there is no difference in the proportion of men and women who have more money at their disposal than their partners. A number of hypotheses are tested concerning the amount of money allocated to individual partners, and the effects are basically the same for men and women. Investigation of the effects on the within-couple differences in personal spending money shows that the balance shifts in favor of the male partner if his education is superior to that of the female partner. This holds specifically for couples with very low incomes.

Pengaruh Pendapatan, Pengetahuan Dan Kerentanan Penyakit Terhadap Willingness To Pay (WTP) Premi Jaminan Kesehatan Pada Pekerja Sektor Informal

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
Anom Dwi Prakoso
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Susceptibility Data ◽  
Central Java

  Background: The Indonesian Government's target of Universal Coverage or 100% Health Insurance participation by 2019 failed to be achieved, even until the end of October 2020. The failure of universal coverage resulted in BPJS Health's finances getting worse after experiencing a deficit. Informal sector workers are the most dominant sector that has not participated in the Health Insurance scheme, totaling 30,487,891 workers. Low income, uncertainty each month, and the increase in contributions resulted in a decrease in Willingness to pay Health Insurance contributions. Research purposes: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of income, knowledge, and disease susceptibility to the willingness to pay (WTP) of health insurance contributions to informal sector workers. Method: This cross-sectional research was conducted in Kudus Regency, Central Java in January-February 2020. Sampling used purposive sampling with a total of 200 informal sector workers who had not yet participated in BPJS Kesehatan. The dependent variable is a willingness to pay. The independent variables are income, knowledge, and disease susceptibility. Data collection using a questionnaire and data analysis with logistic regression. Result: Willingness To Pay health insurance contributions for informal sector workers increased in income ≥Rp 2,218,451 (b = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.01-3.55; p = 0.044), high knowledge (b = 4.64; 95% CI = 2.36-8.31; p <0.001), high disease susceptibility (b = 3.01; 95% CI = 0.26-5.75; p = 0.031). Conclusion: Income, knowledge, and disease vulnerability have a significant effect on the willingness to pay for health insurance contributions for informal sector workers.   Keywords: Universal Health Coverage; Willingness To Pay; Health Insurance; informal sector workers.

Gender and Social Security: Some Lessons from Europe

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Charlotte Ståhlberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Sickness Benefit ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
The Individual

Different social security schemes affect men and women differently. This article compares the family or single earner model with the individual or dual earner model and examines their impact on gender inequality. However, even where social security schemes are designed to be gender neutral, when applied in a context that is systematically structured by gender, it points out that they will have a different impact on men and women. The article examines the ways in which supposedly gender-neutral rules, in sickness benefit, survivors' pensions and old age pensions have affected men and women in Sweden and concludes that, if countries wish to achieve equal economic outcomes for men and women, they will need to introduce measures to equalise men's and women's commitments to the home and the labour market, and to enable women to attain higher-paid jobs on the same basis as men.

Financial literacy and retirement planning in Sweden

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHAN ALMENBERG ◽  
JENNY SÄVE-SÖDERBERGH
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Retirement Planning ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Consumer Survey ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Risk Diversification

AbstractWe use data from the Swedish Financial Supervisory 2010 consumer survey to look at levels of financial literacy and retirement planning in the Swedish population. The results indicate that many adults have low financial literacy. In general, financial literacy levels are lower among the young, the old, women and those with low income or low educational attainment. People who report having tried to plan for retirement have higher levels of financial literacy. In particular, an understanding of risk diversification is strongly correlated with planning for retirement. We relate our findings to features of the Swedish pension system.

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