scholarly journals Quran and Sunnah Perspective on Informal Logical Fallacies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Manzoor Malik
Keyword(s):  
Law And Order ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
The People ◽  
Ad Populum ◽  
Logical Fallacies ◽  
Argumentum Ad Verecundiam ◽  
Evidence And Proof ◽  
Rational Knowledge ◽  
Hasty Generalization ◽  
Argumentum Ad Hominem

This research is aimed at providing critical appraisal of some informal logical fallacies from the Quran and Sunnah. The fallacies are defined adequately, analyzed logically, understood conceptually, and then criticized from Islamic perspective based on the Quran and Sunnah. First some fallacies of relevance are undertaken. Argumentum ad Hominem (Argument Directed at the Person) according to Islamic perspective is valid in respect to transmitted knowledge (uloom naqliah); on the other hand, this fallacy is invalid in respect to rational knowledge (uloom aqliyah) in inclusion of empirical knowledge (uloom tajribiyah). Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to the People) fallacy according to Islamic perspective is accepted as a valid fallacy if what someone, elite, or majority hold is against the evidences and facts. However, in terms of keeping law and order in a society, Islam encourages the concept of Shura (consultation and group decision) and jamaah (unity and group) to make it possible that among many good options, Muslims would be able to follow any one with majority agreement to get over any disagreement or conflict. Among fallacies of presumption, some fallacies were undertaken as follows. Secundum quid (Fallacy of Hasty Generalization) is accepted fallacy according to Islamic perspective. The Islamic spirit is against hasty generalizations. Argumentum ad Verecundiam (Argument from Authority) is an accepted fallacy according to Islamic perspective. Islam emphasizes on evidence and proof in accepting or negating any fact. This is primary. However, proper authorities should be consulted on matters, this is what the Quran and Sunnah encourages.

scholarly journals Islamic Critical Evaluation and Perspective on Fallacy of Argumentum ad Hominem

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Mohammad Manzoor Malik
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Ad Hominem ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Logical Fallacies ◽  
Rational Knowledge ◽  
Very High ◽  
Argumentum Ad Hominem

Critical thinking is of very high importance in our information age. Knowledge of logical fallacies and their detection in discourses is one of the significant end results of it. Islamic and Western critical thinking have many common shared characteristics, yet there are some essential differences between them. These differences are because of the differing understanding and perception of ontology, epistemology, and ethics. This research paper explains the Western stand of critical thinking on Argumentum ad Hominem (Argument Directed at the Person) and then provides its critical evaluation from Islamic perspective. According to the Western critical thinking, knowledge cannot be rejected by attacking the personality of the person who claims it, doing so amounts to the fallacy of Argumentum ad Hominem. However, according to Islamic perspective as it has roots in the original sources of Islam and in its historical scholarly tradition there are some distinctions that are necessary to be made regarding the issue. In brief, knowledge in Islam could be divided into transmitted knowledge (al-ulum al-naqliyah) and rational knowledge (al-ulum al-aqliyah). The fallacy of Argumentum ad Hominem in Islamic tradition is irrelevant to transmitted knowledge (al-ulum al-naqliyah), when historical reports and narrations are rejected because of the unreliability and known vices of their reporter as being liars, untrustworthy, having a sectarian bias, dishonest, etc. The fallacy of Argumentum ad Hominem is relevant to rational knowledge.

The appeal of gossiping fallacies and its eco-logical roots

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Bardone ◽  
Lorenzo Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ad Hominem ◽  
Ad Populum ◽  
Argumentum Ad Verecundiam ◽  
Argumentum Ad Hominem ◽  
The Way

In this paper we show how some reasoning, though fallacious, can appear to be attractive and useful for beings-like-us. Although they do not provide conclusive evidence to support or reject a certain claim the way scientific statements do, they tell us something interesting about how humans build up their arguments and reasons. First of all, we will consider and investigate three main types of fallacies: argumentum ad hominem (argument against person), argumentum ad verecundiam (appeal to authority), and argumentum ad populum (appeal to popularity or bandwagon). These three fallacies are traditionally considered as examples of a broader category called ignoratio elenchi. Secondly, we show how people who commit these fallacies rely on information about other human beings in their reasoning. That is, they do not follow certain logical procedures that eventually lead them to correct conclusions. But they simply make use of others as social characters. For example, being an authority, being an expert, being part of a class, etc., become the substitutes for more direct evidence to support a certain claim or to make an argument more appealing.

scholarly journals Status of Mental Toughness of the Citizens of Ahmedabad

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajul Mallik
Keyword(s):  
Mental Toughness ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
The People ◽  
Bank Employees ◽  
High Level ◽  
Difficult Situations ◽  
Score Range ◽  
Better Than

A survey was conducted to find out the level of mental toughness of the people of Ahmedabad city in view of rising suicide rates and cases of depression. Mental toughness is frequently used to refer to any set of positive attributes that helps a person to cope with difficult situations. It is a psychological edge that allows a person to cope better than the competition with the demands that are placed on her/him. A sample size of 990, all above the age of 18 years and belonging to various walks of society, was drawn. Data was collected using a questionnaire containing 18 items related to mental toughness. The survey result showed that mental toughness of the citizens of Ahmedabad city falls in the range of average. However, those who are in the police show the higher side of average mental toughness level. Their mean score was 64.11. The cops who often have to take tough decisions in the call of duty to enforce law and order are closely followed by teachers with a mean score of 63.73 and sports persons with a mean score of 63.22. Doctors who often have to take dispassionate decisions while treating their patients are close on their heels with a mean score of 63.00. Lawyers (61.95), government employees (61.29), college students (61.16) and bank employees (61.13) are the next in mental toughness. The survey also covered home-makers. They were found on the lower side of average range of score with a mean score of 60.54. Notably, the score range of 70-90 shows high level of mental toughness, 58-69 average mental toughness and 18-57 low mental toughness.

scholarly journals The legality of Artificial sex change in Islamic perspective

rahatulquloob ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Dr. Muhammad Yaseen ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sex Reassignment Surgery ◽  
Sex Reassignment ◽  
Corrective Surgery ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
The People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Religious Aspects

Humans and diseases are related to each other since the creation. With the passage of time, humans were able to overcome different diseases. But still, they could not find out the solution for those people who were born in wrong bodies. The progress of medical science ultimately enabled them to restore their originality through corrective surgery or sex reassignment surgery. But soon this was also misused like the other researches by opportunists. The people who were healthy and have developed sexual organs got their sex change artificially without knowing the religious aspects. This article will highlight the Islamic aspects of artificial sex change surgery.

scholarly journals KEBIJAKAN 30% KETERWAKILAN PEREMPUAN DALAM DPRD MENURUT PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

AL-WARDAH ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Noviyanti Soleman ◽  
Rifki Elindawati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
The People ◽  
Muslim People ◽  
The World

Indonesia is one of the countries with the majority Muslim people in the world. Indonesia also joins to follow up the gender equality and women empowerment. One of the things is by increase the quota of women in house of representative. In case of Islam, most of the people are believe that the leader should be men. To assess this condition, this research aims to know the 30% women quota house of representative in Indonesia based on Islamic perspective.

scholarly journals Some Remarks on the Res Publica in Cicero

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
A Value ◽  
The People ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
Latin Term ◽  
Main Characteristic Feature ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Res Publica

In recent decades, modern scholars who interpret the meaning of the concept «res publica» proceed from Cicero’s statement that est ... res publica res populi, that is, «the affair or property of the people». Most of them notes that the famous orator only expressed a common opinion shared by all the citizens of Rome. Moreover, in their opinion, res publica should not be considered as a «state», which is characteristic of previous generations of scientists, but as a value concept associated with a direct expression of the sovereignty of the Roman people, which characterizes the system, the cornerstone of which is law and order. The opposite of res publica is tyrannical rule. At first glance, such an interpretation of res publica seems to bring us closer to Roman realities and makes it possible to abandon the use of modern concepts, which often distort the essence of events and phenomena of the classical period. However, this interpretation raises questions when we are faced with how Cicero’s contemporaries, and he himself, practiced this term. As a result, the author of the article believes that the expression «res publica res populi est» is Cicero’s invention, who intentionally translated the Greek term πόλις by the Latin term res publica, which had a polysemantic character and vague definitions. His interpretation deliberately obscured the meaning of the slogan res publica in the political struggle (the «optimates» spoke only about res publica, while the «populares» used the construction res publica = res populi (plebi)), and on the other hand, such an interpretation was needed in order to with its help, imagine the ideal state system, which is at risk if the tyrant captures power. Actually, according to Cicero, the main characteristic feature of res publica is its opposition to the tyrant’s power, because the latter threatens the existence of the Senate and, accordingly, the prominent position of the «best» people.

Ethotic arguments and fallacies: The credibility function in multi-agent dialogue systems

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas N. Walton
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Dialogue Systems ◽  
Personal Attack ◽  
Argument Evaluation ◽  
Informal Fallacy ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Credibility Rating ◽  
Argumentum Ad Verecundiam ◽  
Credibility Function ◽  
Argumentum Ad Hominem

In this paper, it is shown how formal dialectic can be extended to model multi-agent argumentation in which each participant is an agent. An agent is viewed as a participant in a dialogue who not only has goals, and the capability for actions, but who also has stable characteristics of types that can be relevant to an assessment of some of her arguments used in that dialogue. When agents engage in argumentation in dialogues, each agent has a credibility function that can be adjusted upwards or downwards by certain types of arguments brought forward by the other agent in the dialogue. One type is the argument against the person or argumentum ad hominem, in which personal attack on one party's character is used to attack his argument. Another is the appeal to expert opinion, traditionally associated with the informal fallacy called the argumentum ad verecundiam. In any particular case, an agent will begin a dialogue with a given degree of credibility, and what is here called the credibility function will affect the plausibility of the arguments put forward by that agent. In this paper, an agent is shown to have specific character traits that are vital to properly judging how this credibility function should affect the plausibility of her arguments, including veracity, prudence, sincerity and openness to opposed arguments. When one of these traits is a relevant basis for an adjustment in a credibility function, there is a shift to a subdialogue in which the argumentation in the case is re-evaluated. In such a case, it is shown how the outcome can legitimately be a reduction in the credibility rating of the arguer who was attacked. Then it is shown how the credibility function should be brought into an argument evaluation in the case, yielding the outcome that the argument is assigned a lower plausibility value.

scholarly journals KONSEPSI NEGARA DALAM ISLAM (SEBUAH DISKURSUS POLITIK HUKUM ISLAM)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Iskandar Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government

The Qur'an introduces Islam as ad din, therefore, Islam is not just a "religion" in the narrow sense, but covers all aspects of human life. in ad-din al Islam, humans are required to menggayutkan all its activities, either born or spiritual to the supreme absolute reality, that is God Almighty. Being a Muslim, meaning, expression forever subservient and obedient to Allh SWT, devote yourself to Him.The teachings of Islam, he said, ordered to consider the interests of minorities, recognize their rights, especially all the rights included in the circle of human rights. in the concept of this country as the reference is the Qur'an and Sunnah. Thus requiring an ijtihad to review it.Countries in the Islamic perspective, if explored further in fact no concept of the state in the Qur'an Q.S. Ali Imran (3): 140, Q.S. Al-Hashr (59): 7, Q.S. Al Bagarah (2): 213, Q.S. Shura (42): 38, Q.S. An Nisa (4), while the Government of the Prophet with a combination of the people of the Ansar and muhajrin an early milestone of unity and brotherhood, as well as other people are tribes that are in the Medina area in conducting their activities as social beings with their charter Medina. This union covers all aspects of life.

scholarly journals The Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-297
Author(s):  
Mushtaqur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
The West ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil Flow ◽  
New Social Order

ISLAM is as natural to the people of Afghanistan as the air they breathe.Any system repugnant to Islam or the introduction of alien forces to introducea new social order has always been resisted by the Afghans. The presentAfghan-Soviet war is one such story.The war is a matter of vital importance because its outcome will immenselyaffect Pakistan, Iran, and the rest of the Muslim world. It will also upset thebalance of power between the West and the Soviets, and might change thedirection of oil flow. It is curious that the war is not given the support orattention it deserves, in spite of its global ramifications. The West perhapsignores the war as Afghanistan is far removed from the Western mainstream,and its impact is not generally understood because the Afghan Mujahideenlack a sophisticated network of information. Moreover, the Soviets continuemisleading the world by claiming the war is only a law and order problembetween the Afghan government and a handful of “bandits” encouraged fromoutside.The war is neither a law and order matter nor its impact hard to realize.Afghan Mujahideen are fighting the Soviets to force them out of Afghanistan,and the Soviets are trying to hold on using biological, chemical, and othersophisticated weapons. In spite of enormous destruction and genocide, theAfghan Mujahideen are determined to fight to the last, and so apparently arethe Soviets to consolidate their occupation of Afghanistan. This paper presentsan analysis of the war and its impact on Pakistan, the Muslim world, andthe West from a geopolitical standpoint. A brief discussion of Afghanistanexplains the former status of Afghanistan as a buffer state first between theRussians and the British and later between the Soviets and Pakistan.Modern Afghanistan dates back to 1747 when Ahmad Shah Durrani tookover reins of that country. More or less during the same time, the British ...

scholarly journals Introduction to Informal Logical Fallacies from Islamic Perspective

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Manzoor Malik
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
Informal Fallacies ◽  
Main Portion ◽  
Logical Fallacies

This work is aimed at providing an Islamic perspective on few selected informal logical fallacies. It serves an introduction to the theme and opens ways of reflecting on it, which is the main portion of critical thinking as a subject. Informal logical fallacies are numerous innumber and for the sake of convenience they are very often categorized under three classifications: relevance, presumption, and ambiguity. This work follows the same categories and discusses few, selected informal fallacies under each category.

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