scholarly journals What did we learn from the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afra Shamnath ◽  
Mercy Rophina ◽  
Bani Jolly ◽  
Rahul C. Bhoyar ◽  
Sridhar Sivasubbu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
The World

The unprecedented pace in vaccine research and clinical development have provided a number of COVID-19 vaccines now widely used and many more candidates are currently in clinical development. While vaccination has been picking up, the emergence of variants and the continued spread of COVID-19 in some regions of the world have resulted in vaccine breakthrough infections. The early insights from epidemiological studies as well as genomic surveillance of vaccine breakthrough infections have provided unique and valuable data. Despite the ample paucity of data regarding breakthrough infections due to under-reporting and lack of uniform testing and reporting measures, here we try to navigate the different aspects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, breakthrough infections and the various other factors that could influence them.

scholarly journals Development and design of the Hantavirus registry - HantaReg - for epidemiological studies, outbreaks and clinical studies on hantavirus disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix C Koehler ◽  
Linda Blomberg ◽  
Thomas Theo Brehm ◽  
Stefan Büttner ◽  
Oliver A Cornely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Entry ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Case Report Form ◽  
Treatment Pathways ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
The World ◽  
Electronic Case Report Form ◽  
Substantial Risk

Abstract Background Frequent outbreaks around the globe and endemic appearance in different parts of the world emphasize the substantial risk of hantavirus diseases. Increasing incidence rates, trends of changing distribution of hantavirus species and new insights into clinical courses of hantavirus diseases call for multinational surveillance. Furthermore, evidence-based guidelines for the management of hantavirus diseases and scoring systems, which allow stratification of patients into risk categories, are lacking. Methods Hantavirus registry (HantaReg) is a novel registry platform facilitating multinational research of hantavirus-caused diseases, such as haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). HantaReg provides an electronic case report form and uses the General Data Protection Regulation compliant platform clinicalsurveys.net, which can be accessed from any internet browser in the world. Having a modular structure, the registry platform is designed to display or hide questions and items according to the documented case (e.g. patient with HFRS versus HCPS) to facilitate fast, but standardized, data entry. Information categories documented in HantaReg are demographics, pre-existing diseases, clinical presentation, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, as well as outcome. Conclusions HantaReg is a novel, ready-to-use platform for clinical and epidemiological studies on hantavirus diseases and facilitates the documentation of the disease course associated with hantavirus infections. HantaReg is expected to promote international collaboration and contributes to improving patient care through the analysis of diagnostic and treatment pathways for hantavirus diseases, providing evidence for robust treatment recommendations. Moreover, HantaReg enables the development of prognosis-indicating scoring systems for patients with hantavirus disease.

On the clinical significance of HDL cholesterol at the present stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
V. N. Oslopov ◽  
◽  
Yu. V. Oslopova ◽  
E. V. Khazova ◽  
E. R. Girfanutdinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role And Function

The leading death cause in the world is diseases of the cardiovascular system, with CHD as the leader in the structure of cardiovascular diseases. The cause of this disease is atherosclerosis. One of the possible causes of atherosclerosis is an increase in LDL-C and a decrease in HDL-C in the blood. Many epidemiological studies have reliably shown that HDL cholesterol reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Data from recent studies cast doubt on this data. The review briefly describes the current understanding of the effect of HDL-C high levels on morbidity and mortality, lists the new approaches to assessing the role and function of these particles, presents the results of clinical studies of drugs that affect their concentration in blood plasma and the probable causes leading to an increase of the HDL-Cin content in the blood.

Subclinical Hypothyroidism as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 2748-2752
Author(s):  
Roman Evgenyevich Tokmachev ◽  
Andrey Valerievich Budnevsky ◽  
Andrey Yakovlevich Kravchenko ◽  
Tatiana Alexandrovna Chernik ◽  
Sudakov Oleg Valerievich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
The World

Nowadays, more than 485 million people in the world suffer from cardiovascular diseases (CVD). According to large epidemiological studies, the group of CVD is the leading cause of death in the world. One of the neurohumoral mechanisms that appears to be a risk factor for CVD is thyroid dysfunction. In this regard, in recent years, more and more attention is paid to the study the influence of subclinical hypothyroidism on the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disorders. MeSH words: cardiovascular diseases, subclinical hypothyroidism

scholarly journals A HYPOTHETICAL DESIGN TO INHIBIT COVID 19 DISEASE DISASTER BY DIAGRAMMATIC MODEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-324
Author(s):  
Deepanwita Deka ◽  
◽  
Avra Pratim Chowdhury ◽  
Arabinda Ghosh ◽  
Moni P Bhuyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Disease Clusters ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Hazards ◽  
And Control ◽  
Present World ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
High Range

SARS-CoV-2 is a new entity in the globe studied vigorously in the present world. The estimated populations are around 47 million people who are affected by the virus and around 300,000 (16th May 2020) deaths resulted from the outbreak. The rate might keep on increasing due to the non-availability of a proper vaccine, following proper management with epidemiological studies, and displacement of contact individuals as a source of transmission in particular viral-prone regions. CoVID 19 is on its vigorous spread leading to a global impact on lots of sectors. The outreaching impacts play a role in international politics, scientific developments, and economic crises over the world, and global relations among the countries. This model attempts to determine the possible impacts and outcomes of the Pandemic over the international level and some possible ways to handle it effectively. An unpredictable catastrophe in the present scenario of the world is following a high range of public health hazards. Analytical plotted data assembles for imposing in multidisciplinary segments to cure and control morbidity, a mortality rate of disease clusters, and hotspots zone. The contagious outbreak was reprogrammed as a pandemic from Wuhan in China through the transmissible chain of human contacts. Currently, the infective chain is spreading day by day with high morbidity in the United States, Europe, Scandinavian countries, and India. The transmissible chain of the virus needs to break until any effective medicine or vaccine is launched.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN MOTIVASI PENGGUNAAN MODERN DRESSING PADA PENDERITA ULKUS DIABEKTIKUM DI KELURAHAN KALIJIRAK DAN KELURAHAN WONOLOP O KECAMATAN TASIKMADU KARANGANYAR

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Kristanto ◽  
Nur Cahyo Saputro ◽  
Elga Firdian Candra
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Diabetes Complications ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Diabetic Ulcers ◽  
The World ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Village

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the world led to an increase in cases of amputation due to diabetes complications. Epidemiological studies reported more than one million amputations are performed on people with diabetes each year. Therefore, prevention and appropriate management of lesions of the foot is the most important thing. The development of wound care is growing very rapidly in the world of health.Objective: This study aimed to compare the motivation of the use of modern dressings in patients with diabetic ulcers in the Wonolopo and Kalijirak villagedistrict of Karanganyar.Methods: This study is a comparative analytical study design to compare the motivation of the use of modern dressings in patients with diabetic ulcers in the Wonolopo and Kalijirak village district of Karanganyar.Respondents: The study sample was taken from the population of people who have diabetic ulcers in the Village Kalijirak as much as 20 and as many as 20 Wonolopo village.Results: Based on the results of independent sample t test with SPSS for Windows series 18 with α = 5% (0.05), obtained p equal to 0825 which means p> 0.05 it indicates that Ha is not accepted, which means there is no difference in motivation to use modern dressings in patients with diabetes mellitus with diabetic ulcers among respondents in the Village and Village Wonolopo Kalijirak.Keywords: Motivation, Modern dressings, Wound care

scholarly journals Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria D. Castillo ◽  
Susan C. Anenberg ◽  
Zoe A. Chafe ◽  
Rachel Huxley ◽  
Lauren S. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Health Impact Assessments

While ambitious carbon reduction policies are needed to avoid dangerous levels of climate change, the costs of these policies can be balanced by wide ranging health benefits for local communities. Cities, responsible for ~70% of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and home to a growing majority of the world's population, offer enormous opportunities for both climate action and health improvement. We aim to review the current state of knowledge on key pathways leading from carbon mitigation to human health benefits, and to evaluate our current ability to quantify health benefits for cities around the world. For example, because GHGs and air pollutants are both released during fuel combustion, reducing fuel burning can reduce both GHGs and air pollutants, leading to direct health benefits. Air quality improvements may be particularly important for city-scale climate action planning because the benefits occur locally and relatively immediately, compared with the global and long-term (typically, decades to centuries) benefits for the climate system. In addition to improved air quality, actions that promote active transport in cities via improved cycling and pedestrian infrastructure can reap large cardiovascular health benefits via increased physical activity. Exposure to green space has been associated with beneficial health outcomes in a growing number of epidemiological studies and meta-analyses conducted around the world. Finally, noise is an underappreciated environmental risk factor in cities which can be addressed through actions to reduce motor vehicle traffic and other noise sources. All of these environmental health pathways are supported by well-conducted epidemiological studies in multiple locales, providing quantitative exposure–response data that can be used as inputs to health impact assessments (HIAs). However, most epidemiologic evidence derives from studies in high-income countries. It is unclear to what extent such evidence is directly transferable for policies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This gap calls for a future focus on building the evidence based in LMIC cities. Finally, the literature suggests that policies are likely to be most effective when they are developed by multidisciplinary teams that include policy makers, researchers, and representatives from affected communities.

scholarly journals Challenges of Home Treatment/Care of COVID-19 Patients in Nigeria: A Public Health Risk and a Huge Deceit of our Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Azuonwu O
Keyword(s):  
Daily Basis ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Home Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Copy And Paste

Background: Coronavirus disease-2019 was first discovered in a highly populated city of China in late 2019, and has since spread to most countries of the world, causing several morbidities and mortalities. In the bid to contain the disease and curtail its spread, different countries have instituted several policies, and while these policies may work for some countries, it may not work for others. Nevertheless, the disease has affected over 19 million people globally, killing as many as 700,000. Yet, thousands of persons are still being infected on a daily basis. Aim: To x-ray and evaluate the suitability of home-based treatment/care of COVID-19 patients in Nigeria. Methodology: Peer-reviewed articles revealing information about COVID-19 and its effects globally were sourced from different electronic databases (including WHO, Pub Med, Science Direct, NCDC, etc.), and appraised to extract valuable data and information from them for the purpose of analysis and synthesis of developing robust body of knowledge. Findings: The results obtained from our search include some details about COVID-19 infection, the disease epidemiology, diagnosis, management and guidelines for home-based treatment of COVID-19 patients. Also, discussed in this study are some loopholes in the Nigerian health system and leadership that makes it difficult for foreign policies or strategies (on COVID-19 containment) to be implemented in Nigeria. Conclusion/Recommendation: Differences in lifestyles and cultures among different countries of the world means that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to the problems created by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, each country is advised to determine which policies best suit the lifestyles and cultures peculiar to her inhabitants. There is literally no room for copy and paste syndrome

Abstract 242: Prevalence Of Hypertension And Associated Anthropometric Risk Factors In Indigenous Adults Of Guatemala

Hypertension ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MENFIL A ORELLANA-BARRIOS ◽  
Kenneth Nugent ◽  
Camilo Pena ◽  
Herman Sanchez-Barrios ◽  
Jose R Lopez-Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Geographical Clustering ◽  
Crude Prevalence

Background: Hypertension epidemiological studies in developing regions of the world like rural Guatemala are lacking. Methods: A sample size of 1,104 subjects (552 females, all 18 years or older) was obtained through quota and geographical clustering in the entire Department of Sololá, Guatemala. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used. Results: Average systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were significantly higher in men compared to women (116.24 vs. 113.80 mmHg, 75.24 mmHg vs. 72.69 mmHg, and 88.91 mmHg vs. 86.39 mmHg, respectively; all with p<0.05). The crude prevalence of HT was 12.5 % with no gender differences. Women had a significantly higher mean BMI than men (26.25 vs. 24.71, p< 0.001). An abnormally high WC was found in 12.7% of men and in 50.7% of women. Significant associations were found between the presence of HT, age ≥ 55 years and an elevated WC. The single most important isolated risk factor for HT was age in women (OR 6.76, CI 95% 3.59-12.72) and WC in men (OR 3.23, CI 95% 1.52-6.87). Increased BMIs (≥ 25 to 30 or ≥30) were not associated with HT in this study. Residing in Sololá's capital was a protective factor in women (OR 0.33, CI 95% 0.13-0.83). Conclusion: Hypertension and associated anthropometric risk factors are present in rural regions of Guatemala. Significant associations are found between gender, age ≥ 55 years, and increased WC but not with an increased BMI in this population.

Objectives and Review of the International Milk Fluoridation Program

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.N. Pakhomo
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
National Level ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

The WHO Global Oral Data Bank (GODB) demonstrates wide varieties of dental caries levels. During the last 10 years, dental caries prevalence in many countries has decreased from very high and high to moderate and low levels. However, there also are countries where dental caries has increased from very low and low to a moderate level. In total in 1993, of the 158 countries for which the WHO GODB has data available, 16 countries indicate a very low level (69 - low, 53 - moderate, 17 - high), and only three a very high level of dental caries. Very high levels of dental caries have been recorded in Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Uruguay. All these data, based on the weighted mean of DMF in 12-year-old children, have been obtained from national surveys or collected from published papers on oral health surveys conducted in selected areas of the countries. Very often, these papers indicated an increase (or decrease) in dental caries in people living in different areas of a particular country; however, the DMF weighted mean at the national level is still without change. One of the most populated countries in the world, China, shows clear evidence from several recent epidemiological studies that the level of dental caries in the urban population is persistently increasing. Dental caries still remains one of the most common diseases affecting a substantial number of children and adults around the world. There is evidence that water or

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