scholarly journals The Effects of Layer Thickness on Brittle Boudinage in 3D

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Bamberg ◽  
Christoph von Hagke ◽  
Simon Virgo ◽  
Janos Urai
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Strain Localisation ◽  
Material Interface ◽  
Geometrical Complexity ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Fracture Distribution

We analyse the effects of thickness on brittle boudinage in a metre-scale sample of marble containing a layer of amphibolite recording two phases of ductile pinch-and-swell followed by five generations of brittle boudinage. The amphibolite geometry was reconstructed in 3D, employing a method we call ‘outcrop-scale tomography’. Our data suggests that strain localisation depends on the ration of grain size and layer thickness of amphibolite. In very thin layers (few grains across), strain is diffuse throughout the entire layer, leading to macroscopically homogeneous stretching. Strain localisation increases when layer thickness is more than 10 grains, first through narrow tensile necks and shear zones (<10-20x average grain size), then through extension fractures, and finally shear fractures emerge. The disappearance of shear fractures in thinner layers can be explained by a geometry-related compressive stress decrease in the pinches and expected shear band width exceeding layer thickness. This results in localized shear evolving only in thicker layers. Successive reactivation between fracture generations, geometrical complexity, in the form of splays and branches, and the thickness-dependence of localised strain govern fracture distribution in the layer. We infer a second, temporal trend that records the progressive embrittlement of the rocks as they cool during exhumation, evidenced by a switch from shear to extensional fracturing. In the final stages, the marble is brittle enough to allow fracture propagation from the amphibolite across the material interface and the formation of throughgoing brittle faults.

scholarly journals Laboratory investigation of mechanisms for phase mixing in olivine + ferropericlase aggregates

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2132) ◽  
pp. 20170417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harison S. Wiesman ◽  
Mark E. Zimmerman ◽  
David L. Kohlstedt
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Grain Boundary Sliding ◽  
Outer Radius ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Mixing ◽  
Grain Boundary Pinning

To investigate the role of grain boundary pinning and the mechanisms by which phase mixing occurs during deformation of polymineralic rocks, we conducted high-strain torsion experiments on samples consisting of olivine plus 30 vol% ferropericlase. Experiments were performed in a gas-medium deformation apparatus at 1524 K and 300 MPa. Samples were deformed to outer radius shear strains of up to γ ( R ) = 14.1. The value of the stress exponent and the small grain sizes of our samples indicate that our two-phase material deformed by dislocation-accommodated grain boundary sliding. In samples deformed to 1 <  γ  < 7, elongated clusters of ferropericlase grains form thin layers in the olivine matrix, and small grains of ferropericlase appear at olivine grain boundaries and three- and four-grain junctions. By γ  ≈ 14, a well-distributed mixture of small ferropericlase grains among the olivine grains developed. Microstructures exhibit similarities to both mechanical and chemical models proposed to describe the processes leading to phase mixing. Our results provide evidence for grain size reduction during phase mixing that results in a grain size significantly smaller than the value predicted by the single-phase recrystallization piezometer for olivine. Thus, phase mixing provides a mechanism for the persistent weakening of rocks that is important for developing and maintaining shear zones necessary for plate tectonics. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics'.

Characterization of TiN Oxide Doping Antimony Thin Layer with Sol- Gel Spin Coating Method for Electronic Device

2019 ◽  
Vol 966 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Aris Doyan ◽  
Susilawati ◽  
Ahmad Harjono ◽  
Syifa Azzahra ◽  
Muhammad Taufik
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Antimony Doping ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Coating Method ◽  
Antimony Tin Oxide

Antimony tin oxide coating research has been carried out using a spin sol gel coating method with different doping concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20)%. The results of the study on the morphological structure (SEM) of thin films that have been carried out showed more cracks on the surface of the morphology of thin layers without doping compared to thin layers with doping antimony. The Results of crystal structure of XRD in thin antimony doping tin oxide layer shows the grinding index of tin oxide crystals, 101, 110, 211, 220. In grain size, with increasing antimony doping percentage, the average grain size decreases. The optical properties using UV-Vis in thin films of antimony tin oxide doping show samples including semiconductor materials that can be used as electronic devices as seen from the reduction of this energy gap (3,680 - 3,574) eV. Also seen is an increase in the percentage of antimony doping and repetition of layers, the lower the transmissions value, but the value of absorbance of the thin layer increases.

scholarly journals Analytical Model to Calculate the Grain Size of Bulk Material Based on Its Electrical Resistance

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Thomas Mehner ◽  
Morgan Uland ◽  
Thomas Lampke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Grain Size Distributions

The electrical resistivity of a material can provide information on the microstructure. However, this is usually limited to thin layers. In this study, an analytical model is derived that correlates the measured electrical resistance with the average grain size of the material for different grain shapes and orientations. Rolled steel sheets (material: DC04) are microstructurally characterized by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Their electrical resistivity is measured using the four-point probe method. The sheets are utilized to validate the model. An excellent agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data is achieved. By using a calibration, unknown grain sizes can be determined. The model is applicable for materials with monomodal grain-size distributions.

The stabilization of B.C.C. Cu in Cu/Nb nanolayered composites

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 228-229
Author(s):  
H. Kung ◽  
A.J. Griffin ◽  
Y.C. Lu ◽  
K.E. Sickafus ◽  
T.E. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Metastable Structure ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Potential Improvement ◽  
Two Phases

Materials with compositionally modulated structures have gained much attention recently due to potential improvement in electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties. Specifically, Cu-Nb laminate systems have been extensively studied mainly due to the combination of high strength, and superior thermal and electrical conductivity that can be obtained and optimized for the different applications. The effect of layer thickness on the hardness, residual stress and electrical resistivity has been investigated. In general, increases in hardness and electrical resistivity have been observed with decreasing layer thickness. In addition, reduction in structural scale has caused the formation of a metastable structure which exhibits uniquely different properties. In this study, we report the formation of b.c.c. Cu in highly textured Cu/Nb nanolayers. A series of Cu/Nb nanolayered films, with alternating Cu and Nb layers, were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering onto Si {100} wafers. The nominal total thickness of each layered film was 1 μm. The layer thickness was varied between 1 nm and 500 nm with the volume fraction of the two phases kept constant at 50%. The deposition rates and film densities were determined through a combination of profilometry and ion beam analysis techniques. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) was used to examine the structure, phase and grain size distribution of the as-sputtered films. A JEOL 3000F high resolution TEM was used to characterize the microstructure.

Surface Modification and its Influence on the Microstructure and Creep Resistance of Nickel Based Superalloy René 77 / Modyfikacja Powierzchniowa Oraz Jej Wpływ Na Mikrostrukture I Wytrzymałosc Na Pełzanie Odlewów Z Nadstopu Niklu Ren´E 77

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zielinska ◽  
J. Sieniawski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Cobalt Aluminate ◽  
Nickel Based Superalloy ◽  
Average Grain Size

Superalloy René 77 is very wide used for turbine blades, turbine disks of aircraft engines which work up to 1050°C. These elements are generally produced by the investment casting method. Turbine blades produced by conventional precision casting methods have coarse and inhomogeneous grain structure. Such a material often does not fulfil basic requirements, which concern mechanical properties for the stuff used in aeronautical engineering. The incorporation of controlled grain size improved mechanical properties. This control of grain size in the casting operation was accomplished by the control of processing parameters such as casting temperature, mould preheating temperature, and the use of grain nucleates in the face of the mould. For nickel and cobalt based superalloys, it was found that cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4) has the best nucleating effect. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of the inoculant’s content (cobalt aluminate) in the surface layer of the ceramic mould on the microstructure and mechanical properties at high temperature of nickel based superalloy René 77. For this purpose, the ceramic moulds were made with different concentration of cobalt aluminate in the primary slurry was from 0 to 10% mass. in zirconium flour. Stepped and cylindrical samples were casted for microstructure and mechanical examinations. The average grain size of the matrix ( phase), was determined on the stepped samples. The influence of surface modification on the grain size of up to section thickness was considered. The microstructure investigations with the use of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enable to examine the influence of the surface modification on the morphology of ’ phase and carbides precipitations. Verification of the influence of CoAl2O4 on the mechanical properties of castings were investigated on the basis of results obtained form creep tests.

scholarly journals ODS EUROFER Steel Strengthened by Y-(Ce, Hf, La, Sc, and Zr) Complex Oxides

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Husák ◽  
Hynek Hadraba ◽  
Zdeněk Chlup ◽  
Milan Heczko ◽  
Tomáš Kruml ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Complex Oxides ◽  
Oxide Dispersion Strengthened ◽  
Interparticle Spacing ◽  
Oxide Dispersion ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Dispersion Strengthening ◽  
Doping Element ◽  
Average Grain Size

Oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) materials contain homogeneous dispersions of temperature-stable nano-oxides serving as obstacles for dislocations and further pinning of grain boundaries. The strategy for dispersion strengthening based on complex oxides (Y-Hf, -Zr, -Ce, -La) was developed in order to refine oxide dispersion to enhance the dispersion strengthening effect. In this work, the strengthening of EUROFER steel by complex oxides based on Y and elements of the IIIB group (lanthanum, scandium) and IVB group (cerium, hafnium, zirconium) was explored. Interparticle spacing as a dispersoid characteristic appeared to be an important factor in controlling the dispersion strengthening contribution to the yield strength of ODS EUROFER steels. The dispersoid size and average grain size of ODS EUROFER steel were altered in the ranges of 5–13 nm and 0.6–1.7 µm, respectively. Using this strategy, the yield strength of the prepared alloys varied between 550 MPa and 950 MPa depending on the doping element.

scholarly journals Development of Al–Mg–Si alloy performance by addition of grain refiner Al–5Ti–1B alloy

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 003685042110294
Author(s):  
Khaled Abd El-Aziz ◽  
Emad M Ahmed ◽  
Abdulaziz H Alghtani ◽  
Bassem F Felemban ◽  
Hafiz T Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Dendritic Structure ◽  
Grain Refiner ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Alloy Addition

Aluminum alloys are the most essential part of all shaped castings manufactured, mainly in the automotive, food industry, and structural applications. There is little consensus as to the precise relationship between grain size after grain refinement and corrosion resistance; conflicting conclusions have been published showing that reduced grain size can decrease or increase corrosion resistance. The effect of Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner (GR alloy) with different percentages on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy (Al–Mg–Si) was studied. The average grain size is determined according to the E112ASTM standard. The compressive test specimens were made as per ASTM: E8/E8M-16 standard to get their compressive properties. The bulk hardness using Vickers hardness testing machine at a load of 50 g. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out in 3.5 % NaCl solution using Autolab Potentiostat/Galvanostat (PGSTAT 30).The grain size of the Al–Mg–Si alloy was reduced from 82 to 46 µm by the addition of GR alloy. The morphology of α-Al dendrites changes from coarse dendritic structure to fine equiaxed grains due to the addition of GR alloy and segregation of Ti, which controls the growth of primary α-Al. In addition, the mechanical properties of the Al–Mg–Si alloy were improved by GR alloy addition. GR alloy addition to Al–Mg–Si alloy produced fine-grained structure and better hardness and compressive strength. The addition of GR alloy did not reveal any marked improvements in the corrosion properties of Al–Mg–Si alloy.

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