Effects of age on face perception: Reduced eye region discrimination ability but intact holistic processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regan Fry ◽  
Jim Tanaka ◽  
Sarah Cohan ◽  
Jeremy Bennet Wilmer ◽  
Laura Germine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aging Effect ◽  
Facial Feature ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Positivity Effect ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Holistic Face Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Perceptual Abilities ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Region

While age-related decline in face recognition memory is well established, the degree of decline in face perceptual abilities across the lifespan and their underlying mechanisms are incompletely characterized. In the current study, using the part-whole task, we sought to examine how age relates to facial feature discrimination ability and holistic face processing in a large sample of 3,341 online participants aged 18-69 years. We evaluated performance on the part-whole eye and mouth trials and the magnitude of the part-whole holistic advantage across the lifespan. We found that while discrimination of the eye region decreased beginning in the 50s, both mouth discrimination accuracy and the magnitude of the holistic advantage were stable with age. When investigating gender differences, we found that age-related declines in eye region accuracy were more pronounced in men than women, but this was not true for mouth accuracy or holistic processing. We discuss potential mechanistic explanations for this eye region-specific aging effect, including age-related hearing loss and its potential relationship with the age-related positivity effect.

scholarly journals RME-1 is required for lifespan extension and increased resistance to stresses associated with decreased insulin/IGF-1-like signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-425
Author(s):  
Chul-Kyu Kim ◽  
Sang-Kyu Park
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Lifespan Extension ◽  
Genetic Pathway ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signaling (IIS) pathway is a conserved life span-modulating genetic pathway. Many genes involved in lifespan extension associated with decreased signaling of the IIS pathway have been identified. In the present study, we found a novel gene required for the effect of the IIS pathway on the stress response and aging in C. elegans. Receptor mediated endocytosis (RME)-1 is expressed ubiquitously and known to be involved in cellular endocytic transport. Knockdown of rme-1abolished the lifespan-extending effect caused by decreased IIS. In addition, resistance to oxidative stress, heat shock and ultraviolet irradiation were significantly decreased when the expression of RME-1 was blocked. The delayed age-related decline in motility observed in age-1 mutants with defects in the IIS pathway was also modulated by RME-1. The expression of sod-3, which is positively correlated with the remaining lifespan of an individual, was decreased by rme-1 knockdown. Our study demonstrates that RME-1 is required for the anti-aging effect associated with decreased IIS. We suggest that endocytic transport could be one underlying mechanisms for longevity via the IIS pathway.

scholarly journals The Age-Sensitive Efficacy of Calorie Restriction on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and mtDNA Damage in Rat Liver

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1665
Author(s):  
Guglielmina Chimienti ◽  
Anna Picca ◽  
Flavio Fracasso ◽  
Francesco Russo ◽  
Antonella Orlando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Mtdna Damage ◽  
Mitochondrial Markers ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Efficacious Treatment ◽  
Mtdna Deletion ◽  
Cyt C ◽  
Ad Libitum

Calorie restriction (CR) is the most efficacious treatment to delay the onset of age-related changes such as mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the sensitivity of mitochondrial markers to CR and the age-related boundaries of CR efficacy are not fully elucidated. We used liver samples from ad libitum-fed (AL) rats divided in: 18-month-old (AL-18), 28-month-old (AL-28), and 32-month-old (AL-32) groups, and from CR-treated (CR) 28-month-old (CR-28) and 32-month-old (CR-32) counterparts to assay the effect of CR on several mitochondrial markers. The age-related decreases in citrate synthase activity, in TFAM, MFN2, and DRP1 protein amounts and in the mtDNA content in the AL-28 group were prevented in CR-28 counterparts. Accordingly, CR reduced oxidative mtDNA damage assessed through the incidence of oxidized purines at specific mtDNA regions in CR-28 animals. These findings support the anti-aging effect of CR up to 28 months. Conversely, the protein amounts of LonP1, Cyt c, OGG1, and APE1 and the 4.8 Kb mtDNA deletion content were not affected in CR-28 rats. The absence of significant differences between the AL-32 values and the CR-32 counterparts suggests an age-related boundary of CR efficacy at this age. However, this only partially curtails the CR benefits in counteracting the generalized aging decline and the related mitochondrial involvement.

scholarly journals IGF-1 Haploinsufficiency Causes Age-Related Chronic Cochlear Inflammation and Increases Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1686
Author(s):  
Adelaida M. Celaya ◽  
Lourdes Rodríguez-de la Rosa ◽  
Jose M. Bermúdez-Muñoz ◽  
José M. Zubeldia ◽  
Carlos Romá-Mateo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Sensorineural Deafness ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Genetic Syndromes ◽  
Expression Ratio ◽  
Postnatal Maturation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) deficiency is an ultrarare syndromic human sensorineural deafness. Accordingly, IGF-1 is essential for the postnatal maturation of the cochlea and the correct wiring of hearing in mice. Less severe decreases in human IGF-1 levels have been associated with other hearing loss rare genetic syndromes, as well as with age-related hearing loss (ARHL). However, the underlying mechanisms linking IGF-1 haploinsufficiency with auditory pathology and ARHL have not been studied. Igf1-heterozygous mice express less Igf1 transcription and have 40% lower IGF-1 serum levels than wild-type mice. Along with ageing, IGF-1 levels decreased concomitantly with the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, Tgfb1 and Il1b, but there was no associated hearing loss. However, noise exposure of these mice caused increased injury to sensory hair cells and irreversible hearing loss. Concomitantly, there was a significant alteration in the expression ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in Igf1+/− mice. Unbalanced inflammation led to the activation of the stress kinase JNK and the failure to activate AKT. Our data show that IGF-1 haploinsufficiency causes a chronic subclinical proinflammatory age-associated state and, consequently, greater susceptibility to stressors. This work provides the molecular bases to further understand hearing disorders linked to IGF-1 deficiency.

scholarly journals Age-related differences in resting state functional connectivity in pediatric migraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Bell ◽  
Akashroop Khaira ◽  
Mehak Stokoe ◽  
Megan Webb ◽  
Melanie Noel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Pediatric Migraine ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Status Interaction ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background Migraine affects roughly 10% of youth aged 5–15 years, however the underlying mechanisms of migraine in youth are poorly understood. Multiple structural and functional alterations have been shown in the brains of adult migraine sufferers. This study aims to investigate the effects of migraine on resting-state functional connectivity during the period of transition from childhood to adolescence, a critical period of brain development and the time when rates of pediatric chronic pain spikes. Methods Using independent component analysis, we compared resting state network spatial maps and power spectra between youth with migraine aged 7–15 and age-matched controls. Statistical comparisons were conducted using a MANCOVA analysis. Results We show (1) group by age interaction effects on connectivity in the visual and salience networks, group by sex interaction effects on connectivity in the default mode network and group by pubertal status interaction effects on connectivity in visual and frontal parietal networks, and (2) relationships between connectivity in the visual networks and the migraine cycle, and age by cycle interaction effects on connectivity in the visual, default mode and sensorimotor networks. Conclusions We demonstrate that brain alterations begin early in youth with migraine and are modulated by development. This highlights the need for further study into the neural mechanisms of migraine in youth specifically, to aid in the development of more effective treatments.

scholarly journals Effects of aging on emotion recognition from dynamic multimodal expressions and vocalizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana S. Cortes ◽  
Christina Tornberg ◽  
Tanja Bänziger ◽  
Hillary Anger Elfenbein ◽  
Håkan Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Positivity Effect ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging

AbstractAge-related differences in emotion recognition have predominantly been investigated using static pictures of facial expressions, and positive emotions beyond happiness have rarely been included. The current study instead used dynamic facial and vocal stimuli, and included a wider than usual range of positive emotions. In Task 1, younger and older adults were tested for their abilities to recognize 12 emotions from brief video recordings presented in visual, auditory, and multimodal blocks. Task 2 assessed recognition of 18 emotions conveyed by non-linguistic vocalizations (e.g., laughter, sobs, and sighs). Results from both tasks showed that younger adults had significantly higher overall recognition rates than older adults. In Task 1, significant group differences (younger > older) were only observed for the auditory block (across all emotions), and for expressions of anger, irritation, and relief (across all presentation blocks). In Task 2, significant group differences were observed for 6 out of 9 positive, and 8 out of 9 negative emotions. Overall, results indicate that recognition of both positive and negative emotions show age-related differences. This suggests that the age-related positivity effect in emotion recognition may become less evident when dynamic emotional stimuli are used and happiness is not the only positive emotion under study.

scholarly journals Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Diabetic Retinopathy

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Khaled Elmasry ◽  
Samar Habib ◽  
Mohamed Moustafa ◽  
Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Retinal Inflammation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in bone formation and repair. Recent studies underscored their essential role in the normal development of several organs and vascular homeostasis in health and diseases. Elevated levels of BMPs have been linked to the development of cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. However, their particular role in the pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) is still under-investigated. Accumulated evidence from our and others’ studies suggests the involvement of BMP signaling in retinal inflammation, hyperpermeability and pathological neovascularization in DR and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, targeting BMP signaling in diabetes is proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy to halt the development of microvascular dysfunction in retinal diseases, particularly in DR. The goal of this review article is to discuss the biological functions of BMPs, their underlying mechanisms and their potential role in the pathogenesis of DR in particular.

scholarly journals Heightened self-reactivity associated with selective survival, but not expansion, of naïve virus-specific CD8+ T cells in aged mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 1333-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie M. Quinn ◽  
Sophie G. Zaloumis ◽  
Tania Cukalac ◽  
Wan-Ting Kan ◽  
Xavier Y. X. Sng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

In advanced age, decreased CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to novel pathogens and cancer is paralleled by a decline in the number and function of naïve CTL precursors (CTLp). Although the age-related fall in CD8+ T-cell numbers is well established, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the extent of variation for different epitope specificities have been defined. Furthermore, naïve CD8+ T cells expressing high levels of CD44 accumulate with age, but it is unknown whether this accumulation reflects their preferential survival or an age-dependent driver of CD8+ T-cell proliferation. Here, we track the number and phenotype of four influenza A virus (IAV)-specific CTLp populations in naïve C57BL/6 (B6) mice during aging, and compare T-cell receptor (TCR) clonal diversity for the CD44hi and CD44lo subsets of one such population. We show differential onset of decline for several IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations with advanced age that parallel age-associated changes in the B6 immunodominance hierarchy, suggestive of distinct impacts of aging on different epitope-specific populations. Despite finding no evidence of clonal expansions in an aged, epitope-specific TCR repertoire, nonrandom alterations in TCR usage were observed, along with elevated CD5 and CD8 coreceptor expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that naïve CD8+ T cells expressing markers of heightened self-recognition are selectively retained, but not clonally expanded, during aging.

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