scholarly journals Women are more likely to expect social sanctions for open defecation: Evidence from Tamil Nadu India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyi Kuang ◽  
Sania Ashraf ◽  
Alex Shpenev ◽  
Maryann G. Delea ◽  
Upasak Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Peer Monitoring ◽  
Social Sanctions ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Desirable Behavior

Social sanctions can be effective for sustaining beneficial norms by harnessing the power of social pressure and peer monitoring. Yet, field evidence regarding how norms might be linked to perceived risk of sanction is limited. In this study, we focused on communities located in peri-urban areas of Tamil Nadu, India, and examined how people’s perceived prevalence of a socially desirable behavior (i.e., toilet use) relates to the perceived risk of sanctions for deviating from this behavior (i.e., open defecation) in the sanitation domain. Cross-sectional data from 2427 participants in 75 communities revealed that the majority (77%, n = 1861) perceived the risk of informal sanctions related to open defecation. Among those, verbal reprimand was the most common (60%), followed by advice (30%) and gossip (7%). Results from multilevel logistic regression indicated that those who believed toilet use was prevalent in their community were more likely to perceive the risk of social sanctions for open defecation. Moderation analysis revealed that this relationship was robust among women, but attenuated among men. Our findings suggest that women are more likely to expect social sanctions if they deviate from what is perceived as the prevalent sanitation behavior (e.g., toilet use) in their community. Open defecation practices are known to cause psychosocial stress among women due to their experiences with sanitation insecurity, which may include fear of disapproval from community members. Our results highlight the need for gendered intervention strategies when sanitation programs leverage social influence for behavior change.

Assessment of Stature from Hand Span - A Cross Sectional Descriptive Investigation among Undergraduate Medical Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 577-582
Author(s):  
Mani Kathapillai
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Span Length ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Hand Size ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Hand Length

BACKGROUND Hand size measurements are commonly used references when instruments are not available and still practiced in rural and even in urban areas of Tamil Nadu. Ancient literature evidences have adequate support for their usage. We wanted to correlate hand span length, hand breadth, and hand length with the stature of an individual. We also wanted to compare the level of correlation of hand span length between males and females. METHODS 214 students were recruited for this study as a convenient sample size. Male students were 122, females were 92. They were aged between 18 - 23 years of Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute. Hand span is the distance between tips of the casually extended pollex and minimus. RESULTS The results of Pearson’s correlations were moderately significant between height and the hand breadth (0.315), between height and weight (0.340), and between height and hand length (0.387). The extent of correlation was significant between height and the hand span (0.954) in case of males. In case of females, value of the correlation was also moderately significant between height and the hand breadth (0.619), between height and weight (0.392), between height and hand length (0.515) and between height and the hand span (0.973). CONCLUSIONS The stature was reliably estimated from the hand span length, and the same could be applied for the medicolegal, and forensic purposes. KEY WORDS Hand Span, Stature, Medico Legal, Anthropometry

scholarly journals Perbedaan Faktor Predisposisi Cara Buang Air Besar Pada Kampung Belum ODF dan Kampung ODF di Surabaya

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Bening Kusuma Ramadhini ◽  
Putri Nabilah Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Cara buang air besar merupakan suatu perilaku yang dianggap baik jika seseorang melakukannya dengan benar yaitu di jamban namun, kenyataanya masih banyak masyarakat di perkotaan yang masih melakukan kebiasaan buang air besar sembarangan (BABS). Kebiasaan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh adanya faktor predisposisi dari masing-masing individu yang terdiri dari sikap dan pengetahuan.  Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan faktor predisposisi terhadap cara buang air besar pada kampung belum ODF dan kampung ODF di Surabaya.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan observasional analitik dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Populasi penelitian yaitu seluruh masyarakat yang tinggal di Kampung belum ODF di Kelurahan Jagir terdiri dari  3 RT pada RW 10 sebanyak 215 KK dan kampung ODF di Kelurahan Ketintang terdiri dari 2 RT pada RW 3 sebanyak 147 KK. Besar sampel dihitung menggunakan rumus Slovin didapatkan sebanyak 68 responden di kampung belum ODF dan 60 responden di kampung ODF. Data primer bersumber dari wawancara berdasarkan kuesioner dan data sekunder dari profil masing-masing kelurahan. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney U test. Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan adanya berbedaan sikap (p=0,00) dan pengetahuan (p=0,00) terhadap cara buang air besar pada kampung belum ODF dan kampung ODF.Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan faktor predisposisi terhadap cara buang air besar masyarakat di kampung belum ODF dan kampung ODF. Penelitian ini menyarakan untuk melaksanakan penyuluhan terkait cara buang air besar yang baik. ABSTRACT Background: How to defecate is a good behavior if someone actually does it in the latrine, however, in fact there are still many people in urban areas who still practice open defecation (BABS). This habit is obtained from the presence of predisposing factors from each individual consisting of attitudes and knowledge.  Objectives: This study aims to look at the peaceful predisposing factors for defecating in non-ODF and ODF villages in Surabaya. Methods: This study was an observational analytic study with a cross sectional design. The population of the study was all people who live in non-ODF Villages in Jagir Village consist of 3 RT in RW 10 of 215 families and ODF Villages in Ketintang Village consist of 2 RT in RW 3 of 147 families. The sample size was calculated using the Slovin formula. It was found that 68 in non-ODF villages and 60 respondents in ODF villages. Primary data sourced from interviews based on questionnaires and secondary data got from sub district profile. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test.Results: The results of this study found that there were different attitudes (p=0.00) and knowledge (p=0.00) on how to defecate in villages that were non-ODF villages and ODF villages.Conclusions: There are differences in predisposing factors for how to defecate in communities not yet ODF and in ODF villages. This research suggests to carry out education related to good defecation methods.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic factors modify awareness, knowledge, and perceived risk of glaucoma in rural and urban residents in Ghana: a population-based survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 251584142199809
Author(s):  
Stephen Ocansey ◽  
Emmanuel K. Abu ◽  
Carl Halladay Abraham ◽  
Andrews Owusu-Ansah ◽  
Caleb Acheampong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Eye Examination

Purpose: To evaluate the awareness, knowledge and the perception of risks of glaucoma among rural and urban dwellers in Ghana, a high prevalent country, in order to provide information for health promotion planning. Method: In a population-based descriptive cross-sectional survey, 1200 adults were selected from household settings, using a two-stage cluster and simple systematic random sampling. Quantitative data collection, using interviewer-administered questionnaire, was employed. Descriptive statistics were performed using chi-square, ordinal univariate, multinomial and multivariate logistic regression models used to calculate odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) to identify predictive factors. Results: Overall, only 326 (27.2%, 95% CI = 24.6–29.7) indicated they were aware of glaucoma, whereas 331 (27.6%, 95% CI = 24.6–29.7) had ever undergone an eye screening. Low knowledge was demonstrated in 152 (46.6%, 95% CI = 41.2–52.0) and high knowledge in 99 (30.4%, 95% CI = 25.4–35.4) glaucoma-aware participants. Only 238 (19.8%, 95% CI = 17.6–22.1) of respondents presumed themselves to be at risk of developing glaucoma. Having eye examination (within the last 6 months) was positively associated with knowledge (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.413; 95% CI = 0.9–1.896) and awareness (AOR = 1.13; 95% CI = 0.938–2.449). Three levels of education (no education (AOR = 0.041; 95% CI = 0.016–0.11), primary (AOR = 0.057; 95% CI = 0.018–0.179), and middle school (AOR = 0.254; 95% CI = 0.127–0.51)) were associated with low knowledge while all levels of education were inversely associated with awareness. Perceived risk of glaucoma was also influenced by area of residence (rural (AOR = 0.344; 95% CI = 0.21–0.57)), being young (18–24 years (AOR = 4.308; 95% CI = 2.36–7.88)) and having previously undergone screening for glaucoma (AOR = 13.200; 95% CI = 5.318–32.764). Conclusion: The main modifiers of glaucoma awareness and knowledge were education and previous eye examination, but awareness had additional factor of area of residence. Perceived risk of glaucoma was influenced by being young and living in urban areas.

scholarly journals Socio-cultural determinants of open defecation in rural households of Perambalur district, Tamil Nadu

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
Sati P. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Change Communication ◽  
The People ◽  
Cultural Determinants ◽  
Study Participants

Background: In many areas of the world, including India, open defecation still remains the predominant norm and poses one of the biggest threats to the health of the people particularly in rural areas.Objectives were to study the prevalence and socio-cultural determinants of open defecation in rural area of Perambalur district.Methods: The present cross-sectional was done in a three randomly selected villages falling under rural field practice area of Department of Community Medicine of Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital in Perambalur district (Tamil Nadu). Data was collected on 330 houses using pre-tested interview schedule developed using SBM-G questionnaire/schedule for ODF verification for household surveys which was modified for present study. Statistical analysis was done using Epi Info version 7 software.Results: Most (89.1%) of the study participants were above 30 years of age. Majority of respondents (39.4%) were illiterate. Prevalence of open defecation was 78.8%. Only 70 (21.2%) houses were using household sanitary latrines. Various reasons reported for open defecation were unawareness about availability of public latrine (41.5%), inadequate water (15.3%), insufficient space for latrine construction (16.9%), inadequate money (10%), considering open defecation better (16.6%) and caste based discrimination (0.4%). The study found sex, education and occupation of head of family to be significantly associated with open defecation.Conclusions: This study highlights the need for implementation well planned behavior change communication strategy to stop the menace of open defecation.

scholarly journals Women are more likely to expect social sanctions for open defecation: Evidence from Tamil Nadu India

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e0240477
Author(s):  
Jinyi Kuang ◽  
Sania Ashraf ◽  
Alex Shpenev ◽  
Maryann Greene Delea ◽  
Upasak Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Social Sanctions

scholarly journals Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and perceived risk about COVID-19 vaccine and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Bangladesh

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257096
Author(s):  
Sultan Mahmud ◽  
Md. Mohsin ◽  
Ijaz Ahmed Khan ◽  
Ashraf Uddin Mian ◽  
Miah Akib Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Age Range

Bangladesh govt. launched a nationwide vaccination drive against SARS-CoV-2 infection from early February 2021. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines and examine the factors associated with the acceptance in Bangladesh. In between January 30 to February 6, 2021, we conducted a web-based anonymous cross-sectional survey among the Bangladeshi general population. At the start of the survey, there was a detailed consent section that explained the study’s intent, the types of questions we would ask, the anonymity of the study, and the study’s voluntary nature. The survey only continued when a respondent consented, and the answers were provided by the respondents themselves. The multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors that influence the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination. A total of 605 eligible respondents took part in this survey (population size 1630046161 and required sample size 591) with an age range of 18 to 100. A large proportion of the respondents are aged less than 50 (82%) and male (62.15%). The majority of the respondents live in urban areas (60.83%). A total of 61.16% (370/605) of the respondents were willing to accept/take the COVID-19 vaccine. Among the accepted group, only 35.14% showed the willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine immediately, while 64.86% would delay the vaccination until they are confirmed about the vaccine’s efficacy and safety or COVID-19 becomes deadlier in Bangladesh. The regression results showed age, gender, location (urban/rural), level of education, income, perceived risk of being infected with COVID-19 in the future, perceived severity of infection, having previous vaccination experience after age 18, having higher knowledge about COVID-19 and vaccination were significantly associated with the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines. The research reported a high prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine refusal and hesitancy in Bangladesh. To diminish the vaccine hesitancy and increase the uptake, the policymakers need to design a well-researched immunization strategy to remove the vaccination barriers. To improve vaccine acceptance among people, false rumors and misconceptions about the COVID-19 vaccines must be dispelled (especially on the internet) and people must be exposed to the actual scientific facts.

scholarly journals To assess the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on dog bites and its management in the prevention of rabies among general population in an urban area in Tamil Nadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL2) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Sruthi N Anandhan ◽  
Shiny Chrism Queen Nesan G ◽  
Charumathi B ◽  
Timsi Jain
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
The People ◽  
Behaviour Study ◽  
The Masses

Rabies is a major health issue in the urban areas where there are many free roaming dogs. The absence of knowledge among people regarding the management of dog bites results in increased death due to rabies. Myths and indigenous methods have a greater influence on people than the available vaccines with proven efficacy. Rabies is a 100% fatal disease that can be prevented by timely intervention. Knowledge, attitude and practice among the people play an important role in reducing death due to rabies.So this study aims to assess and evaluate the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on dog bites and its management in the prevention of rabies among general population. A Pretested questionnaire regarding the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on dog bites and it management, containing 34 questions, was used. A cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 205 residents of an urban area (Thirumazhisai) in Tamil Nadu. The data obtained was analysed using SPSS10. A total of 205 subjects were studied. 52 subjects had heard of rabies and knew that it could be spread by animal bite. Regarding the animals that could spread rabies, 52 subjects reported dogs to be the most common source, the second commonest response being cats (24 subjects). Knowledge, attitude and behaviour study suggests that there is need to create awareness amongst the masses regarding epidemiology of the disease and merits of prompt and appropriate post exposure treatment.

KEJADIAN PENYAKIT HIPERTENSI DAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH PADA PEREMPUAN YANG TINGGAL DI PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
Venti Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Normal Body Mass Index ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Stadium I

Hipertensiadalah penyebab kematian utama di Indonesia. Kematian akibat hipertensi lebih banyak terjadi di perkotaan dibandingkan di desa. Tingginya kejadian hipertensi dipengaruhi oleh faktor yang dapat dikontrol (obesitas,berat badan lebih, konsumsi garam berlebih,aktivitas fisik rendah, perokok, dan konsumsi alkohol) dan faktor yang tidak dapat dikontrol (genetik, usia, dan jenis kelamin). Penelitian bertujuan memberikan gambarandistribusi tekanan darah dan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) pendudukperempuan di kota maupun di desa.Desain penelitian adalah deskriptif kuatitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Data primer didapatkan melalui pengukuran tekanan darah, tinggi badan dan berat badan. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Kutowinangun Kidul, Kecamatan Tingkir,Salatiga yang mewakili penduduk perempuan di perkotaan dan Desa Batur, Kecamatan Getasan, Kabupaten Semarangyang mewakili penduduk perempuan pedesaan. Adapun jumlah sampel masing-masing 66 respondendan 72responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kejadian penyakit hipertensi, resiko obese dan obese lebih didominasi oleh respondendi perkotaan dibandingkan di pedesaan dengan rentang usia di atas 46 tahun. Respondendi desa dengan indeks massa tubuh normal cenderung mengalami pre-hipertensi (8,3%) dan hipertensi stadium I (6,9%) sementararesponden dengan resiko obese dan obese cenderung mengalami hipertensi stadium I (1,4%).Respondendi kota dengan indeks massa tubuh normal cenderung mengalami pre hipertensi (6,06%), hipertensi stadium I (4,5%) dan II (7,5%). Responden dengan resiko obese cenderung mengalami hipertensi stadium I (4,5%), dan responden dengan obese I dan II cenderung mengalami pre-hipertensi (4,5%).   Hypertension is the leading cause of death in Indonesia. Deaths due to hypertension are more common in urban areas than in villages. The high incidence of hypertension is influenced by factors that can be controlled (obesity, overweight, excessive salt consumption, low physical activity, smokers, and alcohol consumption) and factors that cannot be controlled (genetic, age, and sex). The study aimed to provide an overview of blood pressure distribution and body mass index (BMI) of female residents in cities and villages. The study design was descriptive quantitative with a cross sectional approach. Primary data was obtained through measurements of blood pressure, height and weight. The study was conducted in Kutowinangun Kidul Village, Tingkir Subdistrict, Salatiga representing women in urban areas and Batur Village, Getasan Subdistrict, Semarang Regency, representing rural women. The number of samples was 66 respondents and 72 respondents respectively. The results showed that the incidence of hypertension, the risk of obese and obese was more dominated by respondents in urban areas than in rural areas with ages above 46 years. Respondents in villages with normal body mass index tended to experience pre-hypertension (8.3%) and stage I hypertension (6.9%) while respondents with obese and obese risk tended to experience stage I hypertension (1.4%). Respondents in cities with normal body mass index tended to experience pre-hypertension (6.06%), stage I hypertension (4.5%) and II (7.5%). Respondents with obese risk tended to experience stage I hypertension (4.5%), and respondents with obese I and II tended to experience pre-hypertension (4.5%).

HIV INFECTION AND SOME RELATED FACTORS IN FEMALE MASSAGE THERAPISTS IN QUANG NGAI PROVINCE

2015 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Xuan Chuong Tran ◽  
Thi Thanh Hoa Le ◽  
Ngoc Van Nguyen ◽  
Thanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Massage Therapists

Background: HIV/AIDS is still a dangerous infection in Vietnam and in the world. Studying of HIV infection and related factors in high risk groups, including female massage therapists is therefore very important. Aims: 1. To study the HIV infection in female massage therapists in Quang Ngai province. 2. To fine some related factors to HIV infection. Patients and methods: Female massage therapists working in Quang Ngai province. Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Results: The rate of HIV infection was 0.99%. Group older than 22 years old had higher rate of infection than group under 22 years old (1.80% vs 0.69%). The girls from urban areas or not using condom had higher rate of infection than group from rural or not using condom (1.57% vs 0.47% and 7.32% vs. 0.57%). Most of HIV infected belong to single or divorce groups. Conclusions: The rate of HIV infection in female massage therapists in Quang Ngai province was 0.99%. The HIV infection related factor was not using condom in sexual contact. Keywords: HIV, female massage therapists, Quang Ngai

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