scholarly journals Hypotheses about the relationship of cognition with psychopathology should be tested by embedding them into empirical priors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Moutoussis ◽  
Alexandra Kathryn Hopkins ◽  
Raymond J Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Parameter Inference ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Empirical Priors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Decision Making Biases

Mechanistic hypotheses about psychiatric disorders are increasingly formalized as computational models of information-processing in the brain. Model parameters, characterizing for example decision-making biases, are hypothesized to correlate with clinical constructs. This is promising, but here we draw attention to some techniques used to minimize noise in parameter estimation which are in common use but may be unhelpful. Namely, the use of empirical priors that do not incorporate relationships between psychopathology and modelled processes will suppress the very relationships of interest. This is because the variability associated with psychopathology will be indistinguishable from that due to noise from the point of view of the hierarchical, or random-effects, fit that used the empirical priors in question. We advocate incorporating cross-domain, e.g. psychopathology-cognition relationships into the parameter inference itself.

THE GENDER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE “POWER” FRAME IN SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDY “MACBETH”

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. LOBANOVA
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Discursive Analysis ◽  
Historical Text ◽  
Gender Characteristics ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This article studies the cognitive features of the “power” frame and its gender implementation in the historical tragedy by W. Shakespeare “Macbeth”. Here, the author examines the concepts of “frame” and “gender” in linguistics, studying different approaches to their definition. The relevance of this work is determined by the close attention of the contemporary linguistics to these concepts, as well as their place in the contemporary academic paradigm. The academic affirmation of the “frame” and “gender” concepts designates a new step in understanding the ways and peculiarities of the language interaction, consciousness, and culture, and, consequently, it shows new aspects of the relationship of linguistics with other sciences. Nevertheless, the problems of both frame and gender are not yet fully understood. This study allows describing in detail the essence of the frame “power” and showing its meaning, use, and ways of its gender implementation in fiction, which explains the novelty of this article. The study’s methodology is based on the cognitive-discursive analysis of the text, as well as on an integrative approach to the discourse study, which combines methods of both cognitive and gender linguistics, as well as the discourse analysis. Common research methods were used along with private linguistic methods. The application of cognitive-discursive analysis has significantly increased the depth of understanding of the “power” frame that dominates Shakespeare’s historical tragedy. This historical text presents the central theme of political tragedy: the overthrow of the rightful ruler and the usurpation of power. The motive for the seizure of power forms a thematic core and is presented from the usurpers’ point of view. In this article, the author observes the gender shift and duality of the female and male beginnings: Shakespeare puts the female protagonist, hungry for power, among men, thus the images of Lady Macbeth and her husband come into conflict with the gender characteristics attributed to them. The play clearly traces the main idea of Machiavellianism: the goal justifies the means. The results conclude that the “power” frame is the leading one in Lady Macbeth’s monologue, thus setting one of the main themes of this tragedy.

Polymeric Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 649-660
Author(s):  
Subashini Raman ◽  
Syed Mahmood ◽  
Ayah R. Hilles ◽  
Md Noushad Javed ◽  
Motia Azmana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticle ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Background: Blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a most hindering role in drug delivery to the brain. Recent research comes out with the nanoparticles approach, is continuously working towards improving the delivery to the brain. Currently, polymeric nanoparticle is extensively involved in many therapies for spatial and temporal targeted areas delivery. Methods: We did a non-systematic review, and the literature was searched in Google, Science Direct and PubMed. An overview is provided for the formulation of polymeric nanoparticles using different methods, effect of surface modification on the nanoparticle properties with types of polymeric nanoparticles and preparation methods. An account of different nanomedicine employed with therapeutic agent to cross the BBB alone with biodistribution of the drugs. Results: We found that various types of polymeric nanoparticle systems are available and they prosper in delivering the therapeutic amount of the drug to the targeted area. The effect of physicochemical properties on nanoformulation includes change in their size, shape, elasticity, surface charge and hydrophobicity. Surface modification of polymers or nanocarriers is also vital in the formulation of nanoparticles to enhance targeting efficiency to the brain. Conclusion: More standardized methods for the preparation of nanoparticles and to assess the relationship of surface modification on drug delivery. While the preparation and its output like drug loading, particle size, and charge, permeation is always conflicted, so it requires more attention for the acceptance of nanoparticles for brain delivery.

scholarly journals The relationship of morphometric changes of the brain with IL-6 levels, systemic inflammation and immune disturbances in the patients with schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 553-559
Author(s):  
Irina K. Malashenkova ◽  
Vadim L. Ushakov ◽  
Sergey A. Krynskiy ◽  
Daniil P. Ogurtsov ◽  
Nikita A. Khailov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Chronic stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
A. V. DUBOVAYA ◽  
◽  
S. Ya. IAROSHENKO ◽  
O. A. PRILUTSKAYA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Transmission Information ◽  
Class Representative

The article discusses the influence of stress on the development of nervous tissue, in particular, on the synthesis of neurotrophins (by the example of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as the most studied class representative). The biological functions of BDNF are discussed as well as its influence on neuroplasticity and the mechanisms by which the protection of neurons is carried out. The article covers the relationship of the stress-implementing system (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) and its main active agent (cortisol) with the BDNF synthesis system at its various levels: from the inhibition of mRNA formation to the mechanisms of postsynaptic signal transmission. Information is also provided on changes of BDNF levels due to the maternal deprivation. Epigenetic changes under the influence of glucocorticoids are also reported. However, it is not only glucocorticoids that alter the functioning of the neurotrophin system. The article provides examples of the reverse effect, enabling to consider neurotrophins as a substance with an anti-stress function. In conclusion, the authors give examples of activities that, according to research, can stimulate the synthesis of neurotrophic factor in the brain.

BREXIT AS A LINGUOPRAGMATIC PHENOMENON

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Б.Г. Вульфович
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Partial Sampling ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
The Eu

Задачей данной статьи является рассмотрение лингвопрагматических особенностей комментариев пользователей социальной сети «Твиттер» на выход Великобритании из ЕС. Анализ данных комментариев с лингвопрагматической точки зрения представляет интерес, так как показывает наиболее актуальную картину отношения пользователей социальных сетей к произошедшему событию. Приоритетными методами анализа лингвопрагматического потенциала Интернет-комментариев для нас являются: описательный метод, метод прагматического анализа, т.е. рассмотрение языкового материала в его непосредственном контексте в функциональном аспекте, метод частичной выборки, метод контекстологического описания. Контекстуальный метод был использован с целью установления особенностей комментариев в среде социальной сети «Твиттер»; описательный метод - для выявления непосредственного отношения пользователей социальных сетей к выходу Великобритании из ЕС; частичной выборки - для отбора наиболее эффективных и целостных комментариев с позиции прагматики и их реализации в данном контексте. Проведённое исследование позволило установить, что большинство людей удовлетворено результатами выхода Великобритании из ЕС и положительно отзывается об этом событии. Об этом свидетельствует как большое количество экспрессивов, использованных в интернет-комментариях в отношении данного события, так и активное употребление в них оценочной лексики. Результаты проведённого исследования могут быть применены в теоретических работах по описанию характеристик речевых актов, в курсе теоретической грамматики, стилистики, прагмалингвистики. The purpose of this article is to review the linguo-pragmatic features of Brexit represented in the comments in Twitter. Their analysis from a linguistic-pragmatic point of view may be of interest, since it shows the most relevant picture of the relationship of social network users for the event. The priority methods for analyzing the linguo-pragmatic potential of Internet comments for us are: a descriptive method, a pragmatic analysis method, i.e. consideration of linguistic material in its immediate context in the functional aspect, partial sampling method, contextual description method. The contextual method was used to establish the characteristics of comments on the Twitter social network; descriptive method was used to identify the direct relationship of social network users to the UK exit from the EU; partial sampling was used to select the most effective and holistic comments from the position of pragmatics and their implementation in this context. The study found that most people are satisfied with the results of the UK exit from the EU and respond positively to this event. The results of the study can be applied in theoretical works on the description of the characteristics of speech acts, in the course of theoretical grammar, stylistics, pragmalinguistics.

Intake of Anti-Epileptic Drugs and their Influences on Sexual Dysfunctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roheela Yasmeen ◽  
Nida Mobeen ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Khan ◽  
Irfan Aslam ◽  
Samia Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Penile Erection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Epilepsy which is also called seizures disorder is an uncontrolled action of the central nervous system. Itis not a single disease but a set of neurological disorders. Actually in this situation, the brain does notreceive a precise signal and as a result an abnormal condition is produced that is usually involuntary inaction. In this review, we aimed to focus on the relationship of anti-epileptic drugs with sexual dysfunctionand adaptation of better remedies that improve a patient’s family life. Sexual dysfunction is a commoncomorbidity in people with epilepsy which badly affects their quality of life. Sexual dysfunction is causedby different factors like psychiatric problems, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and social factors etc. Sexualdysfunctions include ejaculatory failure, lessen libido, penile erection in men and irregular menstrual cyclein women. Common drugs such as Topiramate, Gabapentin (GBP), Valproate (VA), Carbamazepine (CBZ),Olanzapine (OL) and Risperidone (RTG) that are in practice to treat epilepsy usually produced adverseeffect on sexual dysfunction. Even though a lot of studies have been carried out to control sexualdysfunction in epilepsy’s patient, but still research is going on. Medicine such as Cyproheptadine,Mianserin, Buspirone, Yohimbine were found better to treat epilepsy with minimum side effects of sexualdysfunction. Moreover, it is also seen that certain vasodilators, folate , and vitamin supplements areeffective in improving the quality of life.

scholarly journals The brain as a fundamental axis in learning process

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Luis Raul Meza Mendoza ◽  
María Elena Moya Martinez ◽  
Angelica Maria Sabando Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Traditional Scheme ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Learning Schemes ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
The Way

Since the beginning of humanity, an attempt has been made to explain the way in which man acquires knowledge, the way in which he assimilates, processes and executes it in order to develop the teaching-learning process that people need throughout of his life, which forces to change the learning schemes using new study methodologies, such as neuroscience, which is a discipline that studies the functioning of the brain, the relationship of neurons to the formation of synapses creating immediate responses which transmits to the body voluntarily and involuntarily, in addition to controlling the central and peripheral nervous system with their respective functions. It is necessary to change the traditional scheme and implement new strategies that allow the teacher to venture into neuroscience, in order to individually understand the different learning processes that students do. As some authors of neuroscience say, the brain performs processes of acquisition, storage and evocation of information, which form new knowledge schemes that generate changes in the attitude of the human being, for this reason teachers are responsible for taking advantage of what It is known about the multiple functions of the brain and be clear about the various ways of acquiring knowledge.

scholarly journals Pola Asuh Orang Tua Terhadap Anak Berdasarkan Golongan Darah

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Hamam Burhanuddin
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Relationship With God ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The study in this paper are explain about the studies of medical (medicine) blood type have the same relationship to human character because the blood producing antibodies and antigens. It could determine a person helpless hold strong or weak body, has an allergy to something or not, in the blood also contains various nutrients (like protein) and also the oxygen being supplied to the brain and nerves and body affect performance someone will then be emanated from the attitude of the person and social interaction. As has been explained, but keep in mind, there is blood in the genes, the nature of which is carried in the body/genotif rightly so it is, but we can not ignore the fenotif/nature arising or visible, this trait appear due to interaction between genes and the environment, so even if the person is smart in the intelligentsia and emotional, but grew up in a bad environment is going to be a bad trait. The theory of personality based on blood type can be used as a reference in parenting children through an understanding of the fundamental principles of the application of personality accompanied by parenting. Furthermore, the taking of steps in the care tailored to the stage of development of the child, in the Qur'an explicitly did not mentioned paragraph that discusses about blood type, but in the Qur'an there are blood (ad-Dam), Islamic studies in the study of Children is seen as a mandate from God, forming 3-dimensional relationships, with parents as the central figure. First, her parents relationship with God that is backed by the presence of children. Second, the relationship of the child (which still need a lot of guidance) with God through his parents. Third, the relationship of the child with both parents under the tutelage and guidance of God.

scholarly journals Characteristics of cows’ cicatricial metabolism of different linearity

2021 ◽  
Vol 213 (10) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
E. Razhina
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ideal Line ◽  
Microsoft Office ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Veterinary Laboratory

Abstract. The aim of this work is to investigate the relationship between indicators of cicatricial digestion and linearity of cows. Methods. The research was carried out in the breeding enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region on the livestock of Ural-type cows. Cicatricial fluid was collected with an oropharyngeal rubber probe, and a wooden yaw was also used. Cicatricial content was assessed at the Chelyabinsk Interregional Veterinary Laboratory. The pH value was determined by the electrometric method, VFA – in the Markgam apparatus, ammonia – by the microdiffusion method. Ciliates – in Goryaev’s chamber and under a microscope, bacteria – under a microscope with the addition of sodium chloride solution. Statistical data processing was carried out in the Microsoft Office Excel 2010 program. Results. In terms of the number of ciliates and bacteria in the rumen fluid, the Montwick Chieftain cows, characterized by high productive qualities, had an advantage. In terms of pH and VFA, the Vis Back Ideal line was the best. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the amount of ammonia in the rumen. The best animals from the point of view of influence on cicatricial metabolism were the animals of the Vis Back Ideal and Montwick Chieftain lineage. Scientific novelty. Studies have shown that linearity is associated with cicatricial digestion in cows. The relationship of bull lines with indicators of cicatricial metabolism of cows has been determined for the first time. The food in the rumen is digested due to the action of bacteria, ciliates, and fungi. An environment has been created in the rumen for the active development of microflora. Bacteria are able to synthesize amino acids and vitamins. The proventriculus can contain up to 50 species of ciliates.

scholarly journals The Perspective of Overcoming Nihilism in Heidegger’s Dialogue with Jünger

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tautvydas Vėželis
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dialectical Thinking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metaphysical Tradition ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
European Civilization

This article examines the problem of overcoming nihilism in Heidegger’s dialogue with Jünger. It is suggested that nihilism is manifested in various forms and is the deep logic of the whole history of European civilization. One of the main aims of this paper is to outline the relationship of nihilism and Nothing in Heidegger’s dispute with Jünger, viewing how Heidegger distinguishes his approach from Jünger’s point of view. Heidegger, on the one hand, treats nihilism as consummation of the Western metaphysical tradition, on the other hand, identifies Nothing itself as the shadow of Being, which cannot be overcome in the traditional dialectical thinking manner.

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