scholarly journals Prematurity Stereotyping: Absence of Evidence (DRAFT 1.DEC2015)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Ansarinia
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Full Term ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Term Birth ◽  
Statistical Interaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Absence Of Evidence

Forty-seven participants attended an experiment to rate two infants according to their perceived behavior. Half of participants rated in a setting where one infant identified with prematurely born (PL) and the other with full-term birth (FTL). The rest rated with the same configuration, except those labels were swapped for the infants. Results showed not significant difference between PL and FTL for perceived strength, alertness, and physical size. But participants rated FTL infants more positively for motor coordination. Moreover, statistical interaction between two infants when they are presented simultaneously was found and further studies seem necessary to investigate interactions more. A new experimental design to study attitudes via ultimatum game is proposed. In general, previous findings of prematurity stereotyping is replicated partially, but it does not count as an evidence for the rejection of the prematurity stereotyping hypotheses.

The Scratch of the Newborn

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 904-904
Author(s):  
C. E. Schorer
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
The Other ◽  
Skin Disorders ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Normal Neonates

For a number of years, I have been interested in newborn infants who scratch themselves. About 20% of normal neonates do this, usually on one cheek or the other, until spontaneous cessation at a mean age of 4 months. In my observations, I have found significant correlation between such scratching, low parity of the mother, and full-term gestation. The nonscratchers had significantly shorter gestation and their mothers greater multiparity. On follow-up 1 year later, after periodic checks, the only significant difference between 26 scratchers and their matched controls was the greater incidence of skin disorders (mostly atopic dermatitis) in the former group.

Response of Flamboyant seeds (Delonix regia) subjected to different dormancy overcoming methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
R. R. Rocha ◽  
C. G. B. G. D. Mariussi ◽  
S. N. Silva ◽  
R. Noetzold
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Flamboyant has great ornamental use, because it has beautiful flowers, having a great use in urban afforestation and park ornamentation. The seeds have a low germination rate because they have dormancy caused by the impermeability of the integument. In this sense, the objective was to determine the most efficient method to overcome dormancy in flamboyant seeds. The experimental design was fully randomized with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of: 1-Witness (non-scarified seeds); 2- Hot water at 90º C for 5 minutes; 3- Concentrated sulfuric acid 98% for 60 minutes; 4- Mechanical scarification with sandpaper number 80. The characteristics evaluated were: emergency, emergency speed index, seedling height and root length. A significant difference can be observed in the treatments evaluated only for the emergency speed index where the scarification treatment with sandpaper was higher than the others, for the other characteristics evaluated there was no difference

scholarly journals Giving support to disease guidelines

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
John Pilla
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Guideline Development ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Absence Of Evidence ◽  
Practice Implementation

The article by Weeramanthri et al (2002) provides an invaluable account of the processes, endeavours andbenefits derived from the development and use of disease guidelines for Indigenous populations. It highlights several important lessons from which others with a similar interest can benefit, including the following:? the importance of obtaining a consensus, and not just an evidence base, for guideline development? guidelines should be judged in relation to what already exists rather than in relation to a hypotheticalstandard of best practice? implementation is far more difficult than development.The term evidence, in this context, is often used to refer to proof of benefit derived from quasi-experimental design studies.However, one should not discount the use of other forms of evidence, particularly (in the absence of evidence from studies with an adequate experimental design) experiential-based evidence.I focus on two related matters in this commentary. The first concerns the extent to which the experiences ofthese two trials are similar to or contrasted by the experiences of the other Indigenous trials. The secondconcerns lessons learned from implementation and usage of disease guidelines as distinct from developmentissues which are the focus of the article by Weeramanthri and colleagues.

scholarly journals Who should provide Breastfeeding Education to improve success: A midwife or a physician?

2016 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elif Yılmaz ◽  
Zehra Vural Yılmaz ◽  
Mehmet Fatih Karslı ◽  
Meryem Ceyhan ◽  
Doğa Öcal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Full Term ◽  
The Other ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
Term Birth ◽  
Breastfeeding Education

<p><strong>Objective:</strong> The purpose of this study was to explore whether there was any difference in the breastfeeding success of mothers prior to hospital discharge who were given breastfeeding education by a physician (obstetrician-gynecologist) and a midwife with respect to the person giving the training. <br /><strong>Study Desıgn:</strong> The study was conducted between May- June 2015 on 200 mothers who gave their first full-term birth at the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of a tertiary hospital. The mothers were divided into two groups and each mother was explained the benefits of breastfeeding and given breastfeeding education when they became stabile in their beds after birth. One hundred of the mothers were trained by a midwife who received lactation consultancy training and the other hundred mothers by an obstetrician who also had the same training. After the education, each mother was observed while breastfeeding her baby by an investigator who also received lactation consultancy training, other than the ones who gave the training and the LATCH breastfeeding assessment tool was filled out. After calculating the LATCH score of each mother, the two groups were compared for their success in breastfeeding during discharge from the hospital with respect to the person giving the training. <br /><strong>Results:</strong> There were no differences between the two mother groups in terms of demographic characteristics (age, education, occupation etc.) and newborn characteristics (weight, gender) (p&gt;0.05). The total LACTH score was found higher in the group that was trained by a midwife than in the group that was trained by a physician (p&lt;0.05). An assessment of the LATCH sub-scores showed that the “holding the baby” score was similar in both groups (p=0.502), but the other subgroup scores were higher again in the group that was trained by a midwife (p&lt;0.05). <br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The mothers who were trained in lactation by midwives were observed to be more successful in breastfeeding their babies than the mothers who were trained by a physician. Our opinion in this respect is that obstetricians should integrate trained midwives in breastfeeding education and in this way try to correct their deficiencies in this area.</p>

Why Do People Reject Unintended Inequity? Responders' Rejection in a Truncated Ultimatum Game

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ohmura ◽  
Toshio Yamagishi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strategy Method ◽  
National University ◽  
Unintended Outcome

Rejection of an inequitable and yet unintended outcome in a truncated ultimatum game was examined in an experiment with 46 undergraduate students (27 men and 19 women) from a large national university in Japan. In an ultimatum game, one of two players, the proposer, makes an offer to divide a fixed-sum of money. The other player, the responder, decides whether to accept or reject the offer. When the responder rejects the proposer's offer, neither of the two players receives a reward. Previous work examining the behavior of participants in the truncated ultimatum game employed strategy method in their experimental design. We examined whether these previous findings would be replicated in an experimental design that did not use the strategy method and instead used the standard one-shot game. Seven out of 46 responders given an inequitable offer rejected it, replicating prior results with the strategy method. We further found that subjects who rejected an offer that was involuntary and yet inequitable did not over-attribute intentions to the proposer's involuntary behavior more strongly than did acceptors. These findings strongly suggest that aversion to inequity is the explanation for the subjects' rejection of the inequitable offer.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Prompt and Recast on the Pronunciation of Moroccan EFL Learners: The Case of English Department Students in Sais Faculty

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Mohamed Benhima ◽  
Souad Slaoui
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Department ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Test Instrument ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The One

This study aims to investigate the differential effects of two methods of error correction, namely prompt and recast, on the pronunciation of Moroccan EFL learners. Accordingly, an exploratory observation was conducted to design a test instrument followed by an experimental design wherein thirty English Department students in Sais Faculty in Fes (n=30) were divided into prompt, recast and no-feedback control groups. A pre-test was administered to the three groups, revealing that EFL learners make similar mistakes in the pronunciation of some English sounds due to the lack of correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. Subsequently, the experimental groups received immediate treatment for their pronunciation mistakes. The post-test, as examined by the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), revealed a significant difference between the prompt as compared to the other groups.

Microorganisms associated with intraamniotic infection among women with preterm birth at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital, Rwanda: A case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callixte Yadufashije ◽  
Jasmine Umugwaneza ◽  
Cedrick Izere ◽  
Emmanuel Munyeshyaka ◽  
Albert Onyango Mala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Fetal Membrane ◽  
Term Birth ◽  
Intraamniotic Infection ◽  
Streptococcus Species ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Preterm birth could be a worldwide open well-being danger. It was assessed that each year 15 million neonates are born prematurely around the world, and 40% brought about from intrauterine infections. Methods A total of 40 women were selected. Of the 40 women, 20 had a premature birth, and the remaining 20 had a full-term birth. 120 Swab samples were collected from the placenta, amniotic fluids, and fetal membrane immediately after birth. The sterile cotton swab was used to collect samples and put into swabs Stuart plastic to avoid sample contamination. Samples were transported to the clinical microbiology laboratory at INES Ruhengeri for microbiological investigation. Gram staining, culture, and biochemical tests were performed. The independent t-test was used to test for significant difference between means of the two groups, while the chi-square test (x2) was used to test for significant association with microorganisms and intraamniotic infections. Results The findings revealed that half of the participants were in the age range of 24–29 years. Non- Albicans Candida (32.7%) and mold (27.9%) were the foremost overwhelming confined microorganisms. Some microorganisms were common to the placenta, amniotic fluid, and fetal membrane. Only Non-Albicans Candida and mold were common to samples of both preterm and full-term women, Staphylococcus species was observed in placental and fetal membrane samples and absented in amniotic fluid. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Streptococcus species, and Candida Albicans were only observed among women with preterm birth. To compare isolated microorganisms between both preterm and full-term birth, the significance test of mean was performed. There was a statistically significant difference between the two means in the amniotic fluid isolates (t = 4.023, P = 0.006522), placental membrane isolates (t = 7.17, P = 0.000372), and fetal membrane isolates (t = 6.7, P = 0.000537). Association with microorganisms and intraamniotic infection was statistically significant with Escherichia coli (x2 = 3.98, P = 0.046044), Streptococcus species (x2 = 5.53, P = 0.018693), Yeast (x2 = 8.37, P = 0.003815) and Candida Albicans (x2 = 3.98, P = 0.046044). Conclusion Invasion of the amniotic fluid, placenta, and fetal membranes by pathogenic microorganisms may be associated with the incidence of preterm labor and birth. Early diagnosis is recommended to avoid both maternal and fetal complications.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (01) ◽  
pp. 035-040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF INSULIN IN HUMAN SERUM

1966 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Deckert ◽  
Kai R. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Pancreas ◽  
Porcine Pancreas ◽  
Crystalline Insulin ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a difference could be demonstrated between crystalline insulin extracted from normal human pancreas, and crystalline insulin extracted from bovine and porcine pancreas. Using Hales & Randle's (1963) immunoassay no immunological differences could be demonstrated between human and pig insulin. On the other hand, a significant difference was found, between pig and ox insulin. An attempt was also made to determine whether an immunological difference could be demonstrated between crystalline pig insulin and crystalline human insulin from non diabetic subjects on the one hand and endogenous, circulating insulin from normal subjects, obese subjects and diabetic subjects on the other. No such difference was found. From these experiments it is concluded that endogenous insulin in normal, obese and diabetic human sera is immunologically identical with human, crystalline insulin from non diabetic subjects and crystalline pig insulin.

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