scholarly journals Acute and subacute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Amaranthus viridis (Amaranthaceae) leaves in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-372
Author(s):  
Affy Mataphouet Emmanuel ◽  
◽  
Kouakou Koffi Roger ◽  
Douhoure Gnaore Toussaint ◽  
Kouakou Koffi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
The Family

Amaranthus viridis is a plant of the family Amaranthaceae, used by traditional medicine in the treatment of several diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological activities of A. viridis. To assess these activities, two types of test were performed: Acute and subacute toxicity test. Phytochemical analysis performed on the aqueous extract of A. viridis revealed the presence of polyphenol, flavonoids, tannins, sterolpolyterpenes, Saponosids, cardiac glycosides, traces of alkaloids and leucoanthocyanines. The aqueous extract of Amaranthus viridis showed no evidence of single dose toxicity (2000 mg/kg) when studying acute toxicity. The subacute toxicity study of the aqueous extract of A. viridis at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg showed no signs of toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that A. viridis does not cause toxicity at the doses studied

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and acute toxicity study of the rhizome of Nymphae lotus L. (Nymphaeaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Namadina Muhammad Murtala ◽  
Nuhu Aliyu ◽  
Aliyu Bala Sidi ◽  
Hafizu Muhammad Sulaiman ◽  
Ahmad Abdulkadir Tahir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Powdered Sample ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
The Family

Nymphaea lotus belongs to the family Nymphaeaceae and traditionally used in the treatment of aphrodisiac, anodyne, astringent, cardiotonic, sedative, demulcent, analgesic and as anti-inflammatory agent. The objective of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical, physicochemical analysis and safety margin of N. lotus rhizome with the hope of assisting in its standardization for quality, purity and safety. The powdered sample of the rhizome was extracted with aqueous and methanol and evaluated for physicochemical parameters of the plant. The extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity study. The physicochemical parameters evaluated include: moisture content (7.4%), total ash (10.3%), water soluble (7.1%), acid insoluble (2.8%), ethanol extractive value (16.7%), and water extractive value (22.0%). The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that alkaloids (166.0 mg/g) was the highest phytochemical detected in the rhizome while the lowest was saponins (22.0 mg/g). LD50 of both extracts was above 5000 mg/kg and did not cause mortality in all the tested rats. The results of this finding may be useful in laying down standards and for the compilation of a suitable pharmacopoeia parameters on N. lotus. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2019, 5(2): 138-145

scholarly journals Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies of the Aqueous Extract from Haloxylon scoparium Pomel (Hammada scoparia (Pomel)) by Oral Administration in Rodents

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loubna Kharchoufa ◽  
Mohamed Bouhrim ◽  
Noureddine Bencheikh ◽  
Soufiane El Assri ◽  
Asmae Amirou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Subacute Toxicity

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Haloxylon scoparium Pomel is a herbal medicine traditionally used for treating scorpions and snakebite, diabetes, and stomachache as well as several other diseases. No systematic study of the potential toxicity of the plant has been described. Aim of the Study. The current study is aimed at assessing the potential toxicity of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel through the acute and subacute toxicity tests. Materials and Methods. Acute toxicity test was performed on Swiss albino mice at a single oral dose of 1-10 g/kg for 14 consecutive days. General behavioral adverse effects, mortality, and latency of mortality were determined. In the subacute study, the Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract was administered orally at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg daily for 30 days to Wistar rats. Body weight and selected biochemical and hematological parameters were determined at the end of the experiment. Sections of livers and kidneys were removed for histological studies. Results. Acute toxicity study showed that the oral LD50 value of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract was 5000 mg/kg. The subacute toxicity study of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract at doses 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg did not produce any observable symptoms of toxicity and no significant variation in body weight, organ weights, food, and water consumption or mortality in all treated rats. However, the administration of the Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract to rats at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in platelets. Moreover, only at the highest dose (2000 mg/kg), the extract caused a significant increase in red blood cells and hemoglobin. Our results showed that subacute treatments with Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract at doses of 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase and triglycerides. Histological studies showed that the subacute treatments of rats with Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extracts, at the doses 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, induced some histopathological changes in the livers but a slight changing in kidneys. Conclusion. Our results indicated low acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel. Furthermore, daily oral administration of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extract caused some damages to the livers of rats treated with high doses, expressed by an increase in some enzyme activities such as ALP. Regarding the renal function, we did not find remarkable toxicity in the subacute treatment with Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extracts at doses 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. However, further toxicity assessments should be done to ascertain the safety or the toxicity of this valuable plant species “Haloxylon scoparium pomel” in subchronic treatments.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis and Toxicity Study of Aristolochia paucinervis Rhizomes Decoction Used in Moroccan Alternative Medicine: Histopathological and Biochemical Profiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Bourhia ◽  
Ayoub Lahmadi ◽  
Hafid Achtak ◽  
Ayoub Touis ◽  
Jamal Elbrahmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Alternative Medicine ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Tubular Necrosis ◽  
Test Population

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Aristolochia paucinervis (A. paucinervis) (Aristolochiaceae) is a plant frequently used in Moroccan alternative medicine. The aim of the current study is to investigate the phytochemical composition of rhizomes decoction of A. paucinervis (RDA) and to evaluate its acute and subacute toxicity following the OECD guidelines. Materials and Methods. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of A. paucinervis was performed using standard qualitative phytochemical procedures. The acute toxicity of rhizomes decoction of the studied plant was evaluated in mice at single doses of 1, 2, and 4 g/kg of body weight for 14 days. In subacute toxicity study, the decoction was orally administered to mice at three different doses (0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/kg/day) for 28 days. Histopathological and biochemical parameters were investigated. Results. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and polyphenols and the absence of anthraquinones, sterols, and terpenes. There was no mortality and no significant changes occurred in animals treated with 1 and 2 g/kg in the acute toxicity model. The signs of toxicity and morbidity were remarkable with the highest tested dose (4g/kg). LD50 (dose required to kill 50% of the test population) was determined as 4 g/kg. Repeated oral administration of 1 and 1.5 g/kg/day of RDA for 28 days induced significant disturbance of serum parameters (AST, ALT, LDH, urea, creatinine). Kidney and liver extracted from mice fed with 1 and 1.5 g/kg/day showed significant histopathological injuries as tubular necrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, tubular degeneration, necrosis, and hepatic cholestasis. Meanwhile, neither histopathological nor biochemical alterations were observed in mice treated with 0.5 g/kg/day of body weight in comparison to the control group. Conclusion. RDA showed toxicity in mice at a dose of 1 g/kg/day under subacute toxicity conditions. RDA is safe at a single dose inferior to 4 g/kg of body weight. The plant extract prepared by decoction showed more poisonous effect than the extract prepared by maceration at room temperature.

In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Withania coagulans extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejas Patel ◽  
B.N. Suhagia
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Withania Coagulans ◽  
Study Results

Background: Diabetes mellitus is major issue to public health as its prevalence is rising day by day. Synthetic agents available for the diabetic treatment are expensive or produce undesirable side effect on chronic use and some of them are not suitable during pregnancy. Herbal medicines accepted widely due to side effects and low cost. Objective: The aim of present study was to evaluate the activity of Withania coagulans extract using In-vitro and In-vivo model. Methods: Different three types of Withania coagulans extract were prepared using aqueous (W1), Alcohol (W2) and hydro-alcoholic (50:50) mixture (W3). In-vitro Anti-diabetic activity of the all three extracts evaluated using RINm5F Pancreatic beta cells.Further, n-vivo anti-diabetic evaluation performed by administering 50 mg/kg (p.o) aqueous extract for 7 days in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice. Body weight of the animals was also determined to perform acute toxicity study. Results: The results of in –vitro cell based study indicated that among all three extract, aqueous extract (W1) of Withania coagulans showed potential increase in inulin release. The EC50 of the W1 (249.6 µg/L) which is compared with standard (Glibenclamide) EC50. From the results of In-vitro study, W1 subjected for acute toxicity study and the acute toxicity study results indicated LD50 of 50mg/kg. Diabetic rats treated with W1 extract at oral dose of 50 mg/kg for 7 days showed 34.17% reduction in blood glucose in comparison to untreated diabetic (STZ-induced) rats. Blood glucose levels of Standard treated (Glibenclamide) and control untreated. Conclusion: In conclusion, results of pancreatic beta cell based study showed increase in insulin release by administration of extract. Further aqueous extract (W1) was potentially reduced blood glucose level in STZ induced diabetic mice.

Safety Evaluation of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oils through Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity and Skin Irritation in Mice and Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-195
Author(s):  
Berhan Mengiste ◽  
Tizazu Zenebe ◽  
Kassahun Dires ◽  
Ermias Lulekal ◽  
Awol Mekonnen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Limit Test ◽  
Ointment Formulation

Background: The Eucalyptus globulus extractions have been used by the traditional healers to treat diseases in the study area. Our previous study revealed that the essential oil has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. This study determined phytochemical analysis, skin irritation, acute and subacute toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil in mice and rats. Methods: The phytochemicals were analyzed using GC-MS mass spectrometry. The acute toxicity study was determined at three dose levels of 1500 mg/kg, 1750mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg. The essential oil limit test at a dose of 1000 mg/kg was administered to mice for 28 consecutive days for sub-acute toxicity study. The mice mortality, behavioral change, injury and other signs of illness were recorded once daily. Biochemical parameters were evaluated. Liver and kidney were analyzed for histopathological analyses. The 5% ointment formulation was applied to the rat skin to determine skin irritation effects. Results: The Eucalyptus globulus essential oil showed no effect on the mice at a dose of 1500mg/kg and below, but caused signs of toxicity and death at a dose of 1750mg/kg and above compared to the controls (p<0.05). The LD50 value was 1650 mg/kg. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the body weights, gross abnormalities of the organs and biochemical parameters compared to the control at 1000 mg/kg subacute toxicity study. No histopathological changes were detected in the organs tested. The 5% ointment formulation did not show any abnormal skin reaction. Discussion: In the present study, the Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was comparable with other studies in terms of both chemical composition and its effects on sub-acute and topical application. Conclusion: This toxicity study demonstrated that Eucalyptus globulus essential oil is nontoxic at a relatively lower concentration.

scholarly journals Toxicological evaluation of aqueous extract of the traditional Chinese formula Qing Hao Gan Cao

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongchun Li ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Shanshan Chen ◽  
Liutao Zhao ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Artemisia Annua ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Organ Weight ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Qing Hao

Abstract Qing Hao Gan Cao (QHGC), a Chinese medicinal formula containing Artemisia annua and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, has been used to treat sunstroke and as an antiviral agent for more than 800 years. It has not previously been subject to a toxicological safety evaluation in acute and subacute (28 days) studies. Therefore, the acute and subacute toxicity of an aqueous extract of QHGC were evaluated in vivo. For the QHGC preparation, the botanical raw materials were crushed into pieces and mixed in the ratio of 10:1 in distilled water for 12 h, then boiling three times for 2 h each time. The three decoctions were mixed and filtered, then spray-dried with hot air at 160°C for 30 min, and stored at room temperature. For the acute toxicity test, 72.0 g/kg of QHGC extract was administered by gavage to male and female mice. Body weight, general observations, and autopsy results were recorded. No mortality or toxicity signs were observed during the studies. For the subacute toxicity test, 4.0, 8.0, or 16.0 g/kg/day of QHGC extract was administered to rats for 28 days. General observations and mortality, body weight, biochemical and hematological parameters, organ weight, and pathological morphology were analyzed. The acute and subacute toxicity studies did not show significant changes in body weight, general observations, hematology and biochemical parameters, organ weight, and liver, spleen, stomach, duodenum, testis, ovary, lung, heart, and kidney histopathological analyses. The consumption of QHGC aqueous extract can be considered safe within the conditions of this study.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Study of Standardized Mitragyna speciosa Korth Aqueous Extract in Sprague Dawley Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Saleh Ahmad Kamal ◽  
Ahmad Rohi Ghazali ◽  
Noral ‘Ashikin Yahya ◽  
Mohd Isa Wasiman ◽  
Zakiah Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Mitragyna Speciosa ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

scholarly journals Acute and Subacute Toxicity Profiles of the Methanol Extract of Lycopersicon esculentum L. Leaves (Tomato), a Botanical with Promising In Vitro Anticancer Potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Gaëlle S. Nguenang ◽  
Arsène S. M. Ntyam ◽  
Victor Kuete
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Tomato Extract ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) is a plant widely used in Africa like food and to solve many health problems. The methanol crude extract of tomato recently demonstrated a good antiproliferative effect on many human cancer cell lines. The aim of this research was to evaluate the acute toxicity and subacute oral toxicity of methanolic extract from leaves of this plant. These toxicities were evaluated based on the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines. The assay of acute toxicity was performed using a total of 3 female rats, which received a single dose of 5000 mg/kg of methanolic extract via oral gavage. For the subacute toxicity study, 32 Wistar rats (males and females) were used. The groups were treated with three different doses of Lycopersicon esculentum methanolic extract (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days and the control group received distilled water. The hematological, biochemical, and histopathological studies were performed after the sacrifice. Single dose of tomato extract caused no toxicity up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight; hence, the median lethal dose (DL50) of leaves of this plant was greater than this value. However, lower toxic effects could be manifested in the long-term treatment at the highest dose (1000 mg/kg) because urea level and total serum proteins significantly increased at a dose of 1000 mg/kg with respect to control. The microscopic observation showed no remarkable pathological changes on all organs in the treated groups compared with the control groups of female and male rats. These results demonstrate that single dose of tomato extract leaves is relatively nontoxic at a dose of 5000 mg/kg b.w. and prolonged use of lower doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of L. esculentum orally should be encouraged, whereas highest dose (1000 mg/kg) should be avoided.

scholarly journals Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous leaf extract of Olea europaea var. sylvestris in albino Wistar rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Zaouani ◽  
Fatima Yahiaoui ◽  
Nazli Nacer Bey ◽  
Meriem Hind Ben-Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Olea Europaea ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Motility Assay ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Leaf Aqueous Extract

Olea europaea var. sylvestris, also named oleaster, is widely used by traditional medicine practitioners in Algeria to treat high blood pressure and diabetes. However, the antidiarrhoeal activity of this plant has not been scientifically evaluated. The main aim of the study deals with an investigation of three topics: the phytochemical screening, the acute toxicity, and antidiarrhoeal activity of the oleaster leaf aqueous extract. Acute oral toxicity study was carried out based on Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 423 guideline. The extract was orally administered in wistar rats at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight and the animals were observed for mortality, behavioral changes and other abnormal signs. Qualitative analysis of phytochemical constituents was carried out using standard methods developed by Harborne, Trease and Evans. Castor oil-induced diarrhoea tests and gastro intestinal motility assay were evaluated in rats to determine the antidiarrhoeal activity of the extract. In the acute toxicity study, the extract did not induce death or any sign of toxicity in treated rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The oleaster extract at oral doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight showed a significant (P<0.05) antidiarrhoeal activity compared to the control group treated with castor oil induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility assay, after charcoal meal administration. The oleaster leaf aqueous extract has shown a gradual response with increasing dose. The present study indicates that the oleaster leaf aqueous extract is safe with antidiarrhoeal property.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Identification, Acute, and Sub-Acute Oral Toxicity Studies of the Foliar Extract of Withania frutescens

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui ◽  
Mohammed Bourhia ◽  
Fatima Zahra Jawhari ◽  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Meryem Slighoua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Repeated Doses

Withania frutescens (W. frutescens) is a medicinal plant widely used to treat several diseases. This work aims to study phytochemical composition as well as acute and subacute toxicity of W. frutescens hydroethanolic extract in mice. The phytochemical composition of W. frutescens extract was performed using gas chromatographic analysis. Acute toxicity was studied in vivo with oral administration of single doses 400 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg for 14 days. Subacute toxicity was studied with the administration of repeated doses of 400 mg/kg/day and 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Phytochemical analysis of W. frutescens hydro-ethanolic extract confirmed the presence of interesting chemical compounds. Acute toxicity results showed no toxic symptoms in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg. Alongside acute toxicity, subacute data showed no clinical symptoms nor biochemical or histological alteration in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg compared to the control group (p < 0.05). This study shows no toxic effects in animals treated with W. frutescens extract, and, therefore, this plant can be considered safe in animals up to 2000 mg/kg under both acute and subacute toxicity conditions.

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