Effect of Psidium guajava L on Biofi lm Forming Multidrug Resistant Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Objectives: In order to investigate the relative efficacy of Psidium guajava L (guava) leave, in vitro antibacterial effect of ethanolic extract and leaf tea of guava against pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa was carried out. Methods: This study was carried out at Microbiology laboratory of KIST medical college and teaching hospital, Lalitpur. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from different clinical samples. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was detected by microtitre culture plate method and ESBL production by combine disk methods. Antimicrobial activity of guava leaf tea and ethanol extract of leaf were determined by agar well diffusion method. Results: Ethanol extract of fresh guava leaves exhibited higher antibacterial activity than dry and fresh leaves tea, but significantly less than the standard antibiotics. In this study, 7% of the total bacterial isolates were P. aeruginosa with 65.30% of these isolates being MDR. Similary, significant number of these MDR strains ie. 83.67% of these P. aeruginosa isolates produced biofilm. While as 6.12% of the isolated were ESBL producer. Conclusion: The leaves extract of guava have shown effective result against P. aeruginosa and could serve as good source of antibacterial agents. Guava leaves extract can be an economic alternative to antibiotics. However, active compound of this extract need to be purified and pharmacologically tested before its application.

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261Comparative in vitro Activity of Sitafloxacin and Other Antibiotics Against Clinical Isolates of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Disk Diffusion Method

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofu052.127 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S111-S111

Author(s):

Patcharasarn Linasmita ◽

Nuntana Siengluecha

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Vitro Activity ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

In Vitro Activity ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Carbapenem Resistant

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Presence of different beta-lactamase classes among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa expressing AmpC beta-lactamase enzyme

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.497 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (04) ◽

pp. 239-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Supriya Upadhyay ◽

Malay Ranjan Sen ◽

Amitabha Bhattacharjee

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Enzyme Detection

Introduction: Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are difficult to treat as the majority of isolates exhibit varying degrees of beta-lactamase mediated resistance to most of the beta-lactam antibiotics. It is also not unusual to find a single isolate that expresses multiple β-lactamase enzymes, further complicating the treatment options. Thus the present study was designed to investigate the coexistence of different beta-lactamase enzymes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Methodology: A total of 202 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were tested for the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) enzyme. Detection of AmpC beta-lactamase was performed by disk antagonism test and a modified three-dimensional method, whereas detection of ESBL was done by the combined disk diffusion method per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and MBL were detected by the Imipenem EDTA disk potentiation test. Results: A total of 120 (59.4%) isolates were confirmed to be positive for AmpC beta-lactamase. Among them, 14 strains (7%) were inducible AmpC producers. Co-production of AmpC along with extended spectrum beta-lactamase and metallo beta-lactamase was reported in 3.3% and 46.6% isolates respectively. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the high prevalence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa producing beta-lactamase enzymes of diverse mechanisms. Thus proper antibiotic policy and measures to restrict the indiscriminative use of cephalosporins and carbapenems should be taken to minimize the emergence of this multiple beta-lactamase producing pathogens.

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Detection of invA and blaCTM-genes in Salmonella spp isolated from febrile patients in Lagos hospitals, Nigeria

German Journal of Microbiology - Special Issue: Existence Battle: Viruses vs. Creatures ◽

10.51585/gjm.2021.3.0008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Kabiru O. Akinyemi ◽

Christopher O. Fakorede ◽

Rebecca O. Abegunrin ◽

Samuel O. Ajoseh ◽

Abdul-Azeez A. Anjorin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Unknown Origin ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gene Markers ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Inva Gene ◽

Salmonella Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Salmonella infections remain a global challenge. The culture method is the gold standard for the detection of genus Salmonella. Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has become an effective tool for the detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella by culture and detection of invA gene and blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M-3 gene markers by PCR. A total of 612 blood samples were collected from hospitalized febrile patients between March 2020 and April 2021. The samples were cultured, isolates identified by standard method with Analytical Profile Index (API 20-E) kits and were subjected to in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) using disk diffusion method. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection was carried out by double-disc synergy test. Detection of invA gene and antibiotic-resistant genes makers was done by qPCR. A total of 24 Salmonella isolates were identified given a prevalence of 3.9% Salmonella-associated bacteraemia. Children within 1-10 years with persistent pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) accounted for 50% of the Salmonella isolated with a mean age of 5.299 years. Specifically, 75% (18/24) Salmonella isolates and their corresponding samples of positive Salmonella culture were positive for the invA gene. The AST results indicated 100% Salmonella isolates developed resistance to ceftazidime, cefotaxime , augmentin, ampicillin, ertapenem, and doripenem. None of drug resistant-Salmonella isolates expressed ESBL enzyme phenotypically. Seven resistance patterns were observed, and the pattern CAZ-CTX-OFL-AUG-NIT-AMP-ETR-DOR was the most encountered pattern. Twelve (50%) Salmonella isolates harbored the blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M-3 genes and were mostly from children. The study has added to the growing knowledge on the suitability of the invA gene primer set as a PCR target for the detection of Salmonella. It also revealed a paradigm shift in the occurrence of invasive Salmonella harboring blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M-3 genes in PUO cases. There is a need for judicious use of cephalosporin and carbapenem antibiotics to preserve their efficacies.

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USING ESSENTIAL OILS TO COMBAT THE THREAT OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA, PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.13564 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 180 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jenies Grullon ◽

James P. Mack ◽

Albert Rojtman

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Alternative Treatment ◽

Scientific Discovery ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Human Beings ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cinnamon Bark

<div class="WordSection1">Objective: The development of antibiotics was a revolutionary scientific discovery and medical advancement that greatly extended the life expectancy of mankind. Through less than 100 y of using antibiotics to treat infectious bacteria, some of these highly adaptive organisms have developed resistance to the drugs. The healthcare field is greatly concerned with the threat of many common infections that have been considered treatable for decades, regaining its ability to be severely fatal; thus, making alternative treatments currently in high demand. This study concentrated on investigating an alternative treatment for a specific gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), a resistance-gaining bacteria that commonly infects hospitalized patients with weakened immune systems and/or open wounds.Methods: Prior to the age of modern medicine, human beings relied on nature for medicinal treatments. In our research, we focused on determining the in vitro efficacy of using the essential oils, cassia and cinnamon bark, their major component, cinnamaldehyde, as well as the major component of manuka honey, methylglyoxal, as an alternative treatment against P. aeruginosa We tested cassia, cinnamon bark, cinnamaldehyde, and methylglyoxal using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method; the diameter of the zone of inhibition for each treated bacterial sample was measured and compared with the standard antibiotic treatments, tobramycin, and amikacin.Results: This study showed that the selected essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, and methylglyoxal were as effective or better in inhibiting the growth of P. aeruginosa compared to the standard aminoglycoside antibiotics.Conclusion: The tested essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, and methylglyoxal may be useful as an alternative treatment for infections caused by P. aeruginosa and may also provide communities where antibiotics are not readily available, a cost-effective way to treat this infectious disease.</div>

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Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Combined Plant Extract of Pyracantha crenulata and Zanthoxylum armatum

Universities' Journal of Phytochemistry and Ayurvedic Heights ◽

10.51129/ujpah-2020-29-2(5) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (29) ◽

pp. 32-36

Author(s):

Semwal Amit Negi Sweta

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Moderate Activity ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Zanthoxylum Armatum ◽

Plant Extraction

Abstract-Medicinal plants represent an essential source of drugs and have played an important role in healthcaresystem.PyracanthacrenulataandZanthoxylum armatumhave been used as traditional medicine. The main aim of the study was to find the antibacterial activity of the selected plants against bacterialspecies:E.coliandPseudomonasaeruginosa. The solvents used for plant extraction were hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by Agar disk diffusion method. The hexane and aqueous extracts showed moderate activity whereas theethanolicextractsshowedasignificantantibacterial activity. In the study Tetracycline was used as standard. The combined ethanolic extract of both the selected plant showed the synergistic effect on the bacterial strain tested. This leads to the conclusion that the combined effect can have possible application in the development of products as antimicrobial.

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG KUNYIT (Curcuma longa L.) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus DAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pharma Xplore : Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi ◽

10.36805/farmasi.v4i1.618 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 278-287

Author(s):

Lia Fikayuniar ◽

Neni Sri Gunarti ◽

Mellya Apriliani

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Paper Disk

ABSTRAK Kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman obat yang termasuk dalam keluarga Zingiberaceae. Senyawa aktif yang terkandung dalam rimpang kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) mampu bekerja sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara refluks menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi paper disk dengan masing-masing konsentrasi ekstrak 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% b/v. Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah Ciprofloxacin sedangkan kontrol negatif yang digunakan adalah DMSO. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol, tanin dan terpenoid. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit dapat menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% dan konsentrasi 40% merupakan konsentrasi yang memberikan diameter zona hambat terbesar terhadap kedua bakteri uji yaitu 8,63 mm dan 7,8 mm. Kata Kunci : aktivitas antibakteri, Curcuma longa L., Staphylococcus aureus, ABSTRACT Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is one type of medicinal plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. The active compounds contained in the Curcuma longa L. rhizome can work as antibacterial. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Curcuma longa L. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the paper disk diffusion method with each extract concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%. The positive control used was Ciprofloxacin while the negative control used was DMSO. The results of phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Curcuma longa L. rhizome contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids. Based on the results of the study, the ethanol extract of turmeric rhizome can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 40% concentrations which give the largest inhibition zone diameter of the two test bacteria which is 8.63 mm and 7.8 mm. Keywords: antibacterial activity, Curcuma longa L., Staphylococcus aureus,

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In vitro efficacy of synergistic antibiotic combinations in imipenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.3329/bjmm.v9i1.31332 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8

Author(s):

Aleya Farzana ◽

S. M. Shamsuzzaman

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Considerable Proportion ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

New Antibiotics

The increase in antibiotic resistance coincided with the decline in production of new antibiotics. Combination antibiotic treatment is preferred in nosocomial infections caused by multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro synergism test by agar dilution method were used to choose the combinations which might be used in clinic. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic efficacy of antibiotic combinations in imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Carbapenem resistance (imipenem and meropenem) wasdetermined by disk diffusion method. Among isolated P. aeruginosa 44.9% were cabapenem resistant. The MIC of drugs among 25 imipenem resistant isolates ranged from >_ 256 mg/L to <_ 8 mg/L for imipenem, >_ 1024 mg/L to <_ 64 mg/L for ceftriaxone, >_ 256 mg/L to <_ 8 mg/L for amikacin, >_ 16 mg/L to <_ 2 mg/L for colistin, >_ 512 mg/L to <_ 16 mg/L for piperacillin/tazobactam. Among antibiotic combinations, piperacillin /tazobactam- amikacin was most effective with 80% synergism next to which was imipenem-amikacin with 60% synergism, then imipenem-colistin with 50% synergism, imipenem-ceftriaxone with 30% synergism. Only one combination (piperacillin/tazobactum -imipenem showed 20% antagonism. All these combinations had considerable proportion of additive effect which is also desirable for these multi drug resistant isolates.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2015; 9 (1): 3-8

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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL ORAL EMULGEL CONTAINING PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN. LEAVES EXTRACT (A PREVENTIVE ORAL CARE PREPARATION)

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i12.43218 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 93-95

Author(s):

AKBAL AHMAD ◽

ABADHESH KUMAR NIRANJAN

Keyword(s):

Oral Care ◽

Research Work ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Skin Permeability ◽

In Vitro Techniques ◽

Guava Leaves ◽

Permeability Studies

Objective: The present research work is based to establish the formulation and evaluation of herbal oral emulgel containing extracts of powdered Psidium guajava Linn. leaves extract. Methods: The guava leaves were collected and extracted by cold maceration process using different solvents, further ethanolic extract was used for the emulgel preparation. Emulsion and gel phase were prepared separately and mixed together in ratio of 1:1. Results: Different formulations ere developed and evaluated for the physical appearance, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, viscosity, extrudability, antibacterial activity, and in vitro skin permeability studies. In all formulated emulgel containing P. guajava Linn. Leaves, extract F2 formulation gives all satisfactory results as in discuss in this paper. Conclusion: Overall, concluded that the extract might contain anti-bacterial properties and further tests are required to prove for oral care activity using other in vivo or in vitro techniques.

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In vitro antimicrobial screening of Lycoperdon lividium and determination of the ethanol extract composition by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v11i2.26369 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 389 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kerem Canli ◽

Ergin Murat Altuner ◽

Ilgaz Akata ◽

Yavuz Turkmen ◽

Ugur Uzek

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Video Clip ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Test ◽

Wide Range

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Lycoperdon lividium against 17 bacterial and 1 fungal strains and analyse the composition of ethanol extracts by GC/MS. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of L. lividium extracts having 15 mg/mL concentration was assessed against a wide range of strains by disk diffusion method. The ethanol extract of L. lividium had antimicrobial activity against several microorganism tested, but it was active especially against S. carnosus. The results obtained herein indicate that L. lividium contains several active metabolites.Video clip<a href="https://youtube.com/v/ymWOQBeNN84">Disk diffusion test</a>: 7 min 11 sec

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Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) pada Berbagai Konsentrasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus mutans secara In-Vitro

Jurnal Kesehatan ◽

10.26630/jk.v9i3.967 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 336

Author(s):

Ni Luh Budi Artaningsih ◽

Nur Habibah ◽

Mastra Nyoman

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Gliricidia Sepium ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Growth Inhibition Zone

Streptococcus mutans is a positive gram bacteria which cause dental caries. From the several previous studies, Gamal leaf has been predicted as the antibacterial agent because of their active substance such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. The objective of the study was to know the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Gamal leaf (Gliricidia sepium) for Streptococcus mutans in various concentrations. This study was a true experimental with post-test only control design. The determination of antibacterial activity in this study was conducted by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method with the various concentrations, there were 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80%. The positive and negative controls in this study were 30 µg disk diffusion of chloramphenicol and the 96% of ethanol. The average inhibition of zone diameter in the concentrations of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% were 11.3, 12.3, 13.4, 15.3 and 19.2 mm, respectively. One Way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that the value of p was 0.000, so there was a difference of growth inhibition zone of Streptococcus mutans in various concentrations of ethanol extract of Gamal leaf (Gliricidia sepium). Based on the result, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Gamal leaf (Gliricidia sepium) have strong antibacterial activity, especially to Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

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