Discussion on the interaction between laser-induced bubble ana several different types of solid plate in water at room temperature

The present study attempts to apply Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) to 99.99% pure copper. ECAP process was realized at room temperature for 4, 8 and 16 passes through route BC using a die having angle of 90°. The microstructure of the samples was investigated by means both light and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally the microhardness was measured and statistical analysis of the grains and subgrains was performed. Based on Kikuchi diffraction patterns misorientation was determined. There were some different types of bands in the microstructure after deformation. The shear bands, bands and in the submicron range the microshear bands and microbands are a characteristic feature of the microstructure of copper. Also characteristic was increasing of the number of bands with increasing of deformation and mutually crossing of the bands. The intersection of a bands and microbands leads to the formation of new grains with the large misorientation angle. The measured grain/subgrain size show, that the grain size is maintained at a similar level after each stage of deformation and is equal to d = 0.25 – 0.32 μm.

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Alternative technology concepts for low-cost and high-speed 2D and 3D interconnect manufacturing

International Symposium on Microelectronics ◽

10.4071/isom-2013-ta11 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 (1) ◽

pp. 000001-000006

Author(s):

F. Roozeboom ◽

M. Smets ◽

B. Kniknie ◽

M. Hoppenbrouwers ◽

G. Dingemans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Microelectromechanical Systems ◽

Low Cost ◽

Industrial Process ◽

Atomic Layer ◽

Single Step ◽

Thermal Mode ◽

Different Types ◽

Sidewall Passivation

The current industrial process of choice for Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) of 3D features, e.g. Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs), Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS), etc., is the Bosch process, which uses alternative SF6 etch cycles and C4F8-based sidewall passivation cycles in a time-sequenced mode. An alternative, potentially faster and more accurate process is to have wafers pass under spatially-divided reaction zones, which are individually separated by so-called N2-gas bearings ‘curtains’ of heights down to 10–20 μm. In addition, the feature sidewalls can be protected by replacing the C4F8-based sidewall passivation cycles by cycles forming chemisorbed and highly uniform passivation layers of Al2O3 or SiO2 deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), also in a spatially-divided mode. ALD is performed either in thermal mode, or plasma-assisted mode in order to achieve near room-temperature processing. For metal filling of 3D-etched TSVs, or for deposition of 2D metal conductor lines one can use Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) of metals. LIFT is a maskless, ‘solvent’-free deposition method, utilizing different types of pulsed lasers to deposit thin material (e.g. Cu, Au, Al, Cr) layers with μm-range resolution from a transparent carrier (ribbon) onto a close-by acceptor substrate. It is a dry, single-step, room temperature process in air, suitable for different types of interconnect fabrication, e.g. TSV filling and redistribution layers (RDL), without the use of wet chemistry.

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Detection of mRNA by Reverse Transcription-PCR as an Indicator of Viability in Escherichia coliCells

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.64.4.1313-1318.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 1313-1318 ◽

Cited By ~ 254

Author(s):

G. E. C. Sheridan ◽

C. I. Masters ◽

J. A. Shallcross ◽

B. M. Mackey

Keyword(s):

Reverse Transcription ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Cellular Viability ◽

Ethanol Treatment ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Promising Candidate ◽

Mrna Targets ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽

Different Types ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACT The relationship between the detection of mRNA and cellular viability in Escherichia coli was investigated in cells killed by heat or ethanol. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) methods were developed for detecting mRNA from rpoH,groEL, and tufA genes. mRNA from all three genes was detected immediately after the cells had been killed by heat or ethanol but gradually disappeared with time when dead cells were held at room temperature. In heat-killed cells, some mRNA targets became undetectable after 2 to 16 h, whereas after ethanol treatment, mRNA was still detected after 16 h. In contrast, 16S rRNA was detected by RT-PCR in all samples containing dead cells and did not disappear during a subsequent incubation of 16 h at room temperature. Of the different types of nucleic acid, mRNA is the most promising candidate for an indicator of viability in bacteria, but its persistence in dead cells depends on the inactivating treatment and subsequent holding conditions.

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Crystal structures of ZnCl2·2.5H2O, ZnCl2·3H2O and ZnCl2·4.5H2O

Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online ◽

10.1107/s1600536814024738 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 70 (12) ◽

pp. 515-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Erik Hennings ◽

Horst Schmidt ◽

Wolfgang Voigt

Keyword(s):

Phase Diagram ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Tetrahedral Coordination ◽

Lattice Water ◽

Octahedral Environment ◽

Dimensional Network ◽

Different Types ◽

Solid Liquid

The formation of different complexes in aqueous solutions is an important step in understanding the behavior of zinc chloride in water. The structure of concentrated ZnCl2solutions is governed by coordination competition of Cl−and H2O around Zn2+. According to the solid–liquid phase diagram, the title compounds were crystallized below room temperature. The structure of ZnCl2·2.5H2O contains Zn2+both in a tetrahedral coordination with Cl−and in an octahedral environment defined by five water molecules and one Cl−shared with the [ZnCl4]2−unit. Thus, these two different types of Zn2+cations form isolated units with composition [Zn2Cl4(H2O)5] (pentaaqua-μ-chlorido-trichloridodizinc). The trihydrate {hexaaquazinc tetrachloridozinc, [Zn(H2O)6][ZnCl4]}, consists of three different Zn2+cations, one of which is tetrahedrally coordinated by four Cl−anions. The two other Zn2+cations are each located on an inversion centre and are octahedrally surrounded by water molecules. The [ZnCl4] tetrahedra and [Zn(H2O)6] octahedra are arranged in alternating rows parallel to [001]. The structure of the 4.5-hydrate {hexaaquazinc tetrachloridozinc trihydrate, [Zn(H2O)6][ZnCl4]·3H2O}, consists of isolated octahedral [Zn(H2O)6] and tetrahedral [ZnCl4] units, as well as additional lattice water molecules. O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the water molecules as donor and ZnCl4tetrahedra and water molecules as acceptor groups leads to the formation of a three-dimensional network in each of the three structures.

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Flow Phenomena in Rubber Samples

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3547001 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 67-88

Author(s):

Fritz Rössler

Keyword(s):

Low Temperatures ◽

Test Specimen ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Elastic Materials ◽

Dead Weight ◽

Point Change ◽

Different Types ◽

Flow Phenomena ◽

High Degree ◽

Highly Elastic Materials

Abstract A more extended investigation was made of the surprising flow phenomena which were found in an earlier study of rubber at low temperatures. The tensile apparatus was reconstructed so that a dead-weight load could be applied to the rubber test-specimen. Determinations of the dependence of the rate of flow on time of stressing, initial elongation, magnitude of the stress, and temperature showed that a simple law can be derived for expressing the flow phenomena. Yield point, change in color, and deterioration in physical properties, as well as the reversibility of these phenomena were investigated and are discussed. The phenomena of flow at room temperature are expressed by the same constants as at lower temperatures. Only the effective stress increases at low temperatures and only by this change does flow become perceptible. Different types of rubber were compared, and all showed approximately the same value for the flow constant. The essential characteristics of the flow phenomenon can be explained, on a basis of the theory of highly elastic materials, by their microliquid state of aggregation. This applies to the high degree of dependence of the mechanical properties of rubber on the temperature.

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Growth Peculiarities and Magnetic Properties of (LuBi)3Fe5O12 Films by LPE Method

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.200.256 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 200 ◽

pp. 256-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I.I. Syvorotka ◽

Igor M. Syvorotka ◽

S.B. Ubizskii

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Film Thickness ◽

Faraday Rotation ◽

Liquid Phase Epitaxy ◽

Magnetization Reversal ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Mirror Surface ◽

Different Types

The series of (LuBi)3Fe5O12 film were grown on (111) oriented GGG substrate with diameters 1, 2 and 3 inch by liquid phase epitaxy using Bi2O3-base flux. Different types of surface morphology on the grown films were observed. The films’ surface was smooth and mirror while the film thickness was less than 13 μm and becomes rough for thickness above this value. The grown films were characterized by measuring magnetization loops and magneto-optic Faraday rotation under magnetization reversal as well as ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). All films with mirror surface demonstrate the in-plane magnetization, high Faraday rotation and FMR linewidth about 0.8 Oe at 9.1 GHz and room temperature.

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Impact of Orifice Angle Configurations on the Droplet Atomization Enhancement of Diesel Fuel in a Group-Hole Nozzle

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.4002888 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 133 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Hyun Kyu Suh ◽

Chang Sik Lee

Keyword(s):

Diesel Fuel ◽

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Sauter Mean Diameter ◽

Spray Tip Penetration ◽

Different Types ◽

Time Distance ◽

Atomization Characteristics ◽

Spray Velocity ◽

The Relationship

This paper presents the effect of orifice configuration on the droplet atomization characteristics of diesel fuel injected through different types of group-hole nozzle angles, which are converged (θ=−3 deg), parallel (θ=0 deg), and diverged (θ=+3 deg) orifices in atmospheric pressure and room temperature condition (0.1 MPa, 293 K). It was revealed that the parallel hole nozzle has the largest Sauter mean diameter (SMD) value and both sprays from diverged and converged hole nozzles show better atomization. A comparison of spray tip penetration illustrates that as the orifice angle is converged, spray tip penetration becomes longer, and it must be the reason for the fast spray velocity. These results can confirm the relationship among time, distance, and velocity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the droplet atomization enhancement can be expected in the converged nozzle spray rather than in the parallel and diverged nozzle sprays based on the results of smaller SMD, faster velocity, better air utilization, and higher percentage of small size of droplets in the measuring area.

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Synthesis of Three Different Types of Chalcone Derivatives

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.81 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1033-1034 ◽

pp. 81-84

Author(s):

He Ping Yan ◽

Du Shu Huang ◽

Ju Cheng Zhang ◽

Rui Na Huang ◽

You Wang Fu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Hydrochloric Acid ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Glacial Acetic Acid ◽

Chalcone Derivatives ◽

Different Types ◽

Naoh Solution

Three chalcone derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of acetophenone with dimethylamino benzaldehyde, vanillin, diphenyl formaldehyde, respectively. The results showed that: A yield of 80.4% was obtained by the reaction of acetophenone and dimethylamino benzaldehyde in ethanol as solvent, 10% NaOH solution as catalyst at room temperature. A yield of 25.0% was obtained by the reaction of acetophenone and vanillin in ethanol as solvent, a mixed glacial acetic acid and hydrochloric acid as the catalyst, adding 10% KOH solution for dehydration by heating after the reaction at room temperature. A yield of 76.3% was obtained by the reaction of acetophenone and diphenyl formaldehyde in ethanol as solvent, 10% NaOH solution as catalyst at room temperature. Acid was used as the appropriate catalyst when chalcone derivatives were synthesized by aldehyde with hydroxy.

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Freeze Fracturing of Hot Samples

Microscopy Today ◽

10.1017/s1551929500056066 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 14-15

Author(s):

Thomas Rades

Keyword(s):

Liquid Crystals ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Structural Defects ◽

Freeze Fracturing ◽

Different Types ◽

State Of Matter

Liquid crystals are substances which combine properties of both liquids and solids. To investigate the structures and slructurai defects of liquid crystals, freeze fracturing of these gel-Like substances has been performed successfully for many years. In the TEM the structures of the different types of liquid crystals have been investigated and the results confirmed the earlier investigations using polarizing light microscopy. These TEM studies extended the knowledge of structures and structural defects of this fascinating state of matter. However, freeze fractures were only carried out on liquid crystals which form around or below room temperature.

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2, 4-Ionene Supported Permanganate: A Novel, Efficient and Selective Solid Phase Oxidizing Agent for Oxidation of Organic Compounds

Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies ◽

10.1515/jaots-2011-0210 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Moslem Mansour Lakouraj ◽

Sayed Maysam Hossaini ◽

Vahid Hasantabar ◽

Masoomeh Soleimani

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Carbonyl Compounds ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Oxidizing Agent ◽

Solvent Free Conditions ◽

Oxidation Of Organic Compounds ◽

Different Types ◽

Hydroxyl Compounds

Abstract2, 4-ionene supported permanganate is easily prepared by treatment of 2, 4-ionene with an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. This reagent could be used as a stable, mild and efficient oxidizing agent to produce carbonyl compounds from hydroxyl compounds or arenes, and disulfides from thiols in either heterogonous or solvent free conditions. In addition, aromatization of different types of 2-arylimidazolines and 2-alkylimidazolines to corresponding imidazoles was achieved in good yields in acetonitrile at room temperature.

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