scholarly journals HISTORICAL CHANGES OF PREFIXES IN ENGLISH WORD FORMATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4(68)) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
A. Ibrahimova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
English Language ◽  
Development Process ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
New Words ◽  
History Of

The vocabulary of literary language of modern English that becomes rich these days we can see from the development process of its word formation. The role of history of prefixes in forming of new words in the word building is extensive. The article was explored the charachteristics of the history of the English language prefixes. During the Ancient and Middle Ages, prefixes were commonly used less in word formation than before. The decrease in prefixes, of course, is due to certain reasons. Some English prefixes, on the other hand, are derived from OE adverbs and prepositions, and ME and NE are more advanced in number in the creation of new words.

The Effect of Teaching Word Formation Theory to English Students

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Miranda Enesi
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Formation Theory ◽  
Building Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Students

The word-formation theory is often avoided in English language course books and little research is conducted on the pedagogical status of word-building process. However, many researchers and lecturers have realized the effect of teaching word-formation theory in English languages course books. English language lecturers have noted that vocabulary is very important in various subjects of English language branch curricula. For this reason, we must admit that the processes of word-formation, through which every language vocabulary can be enriched, are very important in English language teaching and learning. Word formation components such as prefixes, suffixes, etymology, history of words and other required materials in composing the vocabulary of English language are tested in Aleksandër Moisiu University. The results have revealed a significant and successful effect of teaching Word formation theory, this way showing the colossal importance of this important language aspect in every English language edition course book. This paper has two aims: first to review types of English word-formation and, second, to discuss the absence and the need for word-formation theory in English language course books. Keywords: Word formation, prefixes, suffixes, words, vocabulary.

ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPOUND WORDS IN THE FORMATION OF NEOLOGISMS IN ENGLISH

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
Orzubek Anarbaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
New Words

This scientific article discusses the causes and conditions for the emergence of new words (neologisms)in the English language, and analyzes the special role of compounding (compound words) in the formation of neologisms in terms of word formation. Therefore, the results of a number of foreign scientific research were discussed. The study concluded that compound words are an effective method of forming neologisms and that their study is a requirement of our time

scholarly journals The Principles of Economy in Word-Formation in Functional Styles of English

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurbayev Rishat Zhurkenovich ◽  
Zhetpisbay Aliya Kozhamuratkyzy ◽  
Demessinova Galina Khatipovna ◽  
Kulbayeva Baglan Tasbulatovna ◽  
Vafeev Ravil Aisovich
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
New Words ◽  
Active Processes

The article is devoted to studying the principles of the language economy of modern English word-forming. The most productive ways of word-formation are highlighted, illustrating the tendency of the language to compress nominative units. In the system of English word-formation, the most effective ways to save speech are affixal word formation, word composition, and conversion. Due to the considerable potential of these methods of word formation, the vocabulary of the English language has such qualities as the richness of vocabulary, functionality, and economy. The main aim of the study is to consider the principles of word-formation in the modern English language through word-forming models represented by the concepts of length and depth of the generating word. The authors of the article explore the mechanism of the principle of the economy through the consideration of the ideas of “mental energy”, “word-forming energy”, and “pronouncing energy”. There are issues that attempt to answer; how does the principle of economy work in the English language – its word formation? What are the significant models of word formation in modern English? The findings indicate that there are active processes in the word-formation of the English language, which can cause the formation of new words without changing the length and depth of the generating term expanding the possibilities of word composition and conversion.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE OSSETIAN AND ENGLISH WORDS FOR “SWEETHEART” AND “FRIEND”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Т. ГУТИЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
English Language ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Germanic Languages

Географическое соседство сарматов-аланов с тевтонцами на континенте, объеди- нение носителей иранских и германских языков для многочисленных военных походов и захватнических экспедиций должны были приводить к многоуровневому взаимовлиянию этих языков в период античности и раннего Средневековья. Это обусловило то, что не- которые явления следует рассматривать не в контексте генетического родства данных индоевропейских языков, а в свете позднейших языковых контактов. Фонетическое и се- мантическое сходство между осетинской лымæн / lymæn и английской лексемой leman в отсутствие параллелей в других индоевропейских языках позволяют предполагать факт сепаратного заимствования. Больший возраст осетинской лексемы, ее более широкий се- мантический объем, исторические данные о времени и формах контактов между предками носителей обоих языков указывают на возможность заимствования английским языком слова leman из сарматского, аланского. Кроме того серьезным аргументом в пользу заим- ствованного характера английского слова leman является нарушение узуального морфоло- гического регламента для слов со словообразовательным элементом -man и развитие им регулярной формы множественного числа lemans. Данное обстоятельство не позволяет согласиться с традиционной трактовкой слова leman как результата словосложения двух корней в раннесреднеанглийский период. Morphological features of the English word leman contradict to its etymological interpretation, which categorizes it as a compound native word. Its semantic and phonetic similarity with the Ossetic word лымæн / lymæn give solid ground for classifying it as a direct loan from the Iranian language. The geographical proximity of the Sarmatians-Alans and the Teutons on the continent, the union of the speakers of Iranian and Germanic languages for numerous military campaigns and expeditions could not but lead to a multi-level mutual influence of these languages in the period of antiquity and the early Middle Ages. This accounts for the fact, that some phenomena should be viewed not in the context of the genetic relatedness of these Indo-European languages, but in the light of their later language contacts. The phonetic and semantic similarities between the Ossetian lymæn / lymæn and the English lexeme leman in the absence of parallels in other Indo-European languages prompt to regard this fact as separate borrowing. The greater age of the Ossetian lexeme, its wider semantic volume, historical data on the time and forms of the contacts between the ancestors of the speakers of both languages indicate the possibility of borrowing by the English language of the word leman from the Sarmatian, Alanian. Moreover, a serious argument in favor of the borrowed character of the English word leman is a violation of the usual morphological rules for words with the word-formation element -man and the development of the regular plural form: lemans. This fact contradicts with the traditional interpretation of the word leman as a result of the composition of two roots in the early Middle English period.

scholarly journals The Principles of Economy in Word-Formation in Functional Styles of English

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-435
Author(s):  
Saurbayev Rishat Zhurkenovich ◽  
Zhetpisbay Aliya Kozhamuratkyzy ◽  
Demessinova Galina Khatipovna ◽  
Kulbayeva Baglan Tasbulatovna ◽  
Vafeev Ravil Aisovich
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
New Words ◽  
Active Processes

The article is devoted to studying the principles of the language economy of modern English word-forming. The most productive ways of word-formation are highlighted, illustrating the tendency of the language to compress nominative units. In the system of English word-formation, the most effective ways to save speech are affixal word formation, word composition, and conversion. Due to the considerable potential of these methods of word formation, the vocabulary of the English language has such qualities as the richness of vocabulary, functionality, and economy. The main aim of the study is to consider the principles of word-formation in the modern English language through word-forming models represented by the concepts of length and depth of the generating word. The authors of the article explore the mechanism of the principle of the economy through the consideration of the ideas of “mental energy”, “word-forming energy”, and “pronouncing energy”. There are issues that attempt to answer; how does the principle of economy work in the English language – its word formation? What are the significant models of word formation in modern English? The findings indicate that there are active processes in the word-formation of the English language, which can cause the formation of new words without changing the length and depth of the generating term expanding the possibilities of word composition and conversion.

The Nonviolent Struggle for Indian Freedom, 1905-19

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hardiman
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
Moral Stance

Much of the recent surge in writing about the practice of nonviolent forms of resistance has focused on movements that occurred after the end of the Second World War, many of which have been extremely successful. Although the fact that such a method of civil resistance was developed in its modern form by Indians is acknowledged in this writing, there has not until now been an authoritative history of the role of Indians in the evolution of the phenomenon.The book argues that while nonviolence is associated above all with the towering figure of Mahatma Gandhi, 'passive resistance' was already being practiced as a form of civil protest by nationalists in British-ruled India, though there was no principled commitment to nonviolence as such. The emphasis was on efficacy, rather than the ethics of such protest. It was Gandhi, first in South Africa and then in India, who evolved a technique that he called 'satyagraha'. He envisaged this as primarily a moral stance, though it had a highly practical impact. From 1915 onwards, he sought to root his practice in terms of the concept of ahimsa, a Sanskrit term that he translated as ‘nonviolence’. His endeavors saw 'nonviolence' forged as both a new word in the English language, and as a new political concept. This book conveys in vivid detail exactly what such nonviolence entailed, and the formidable difficulties that the pioneers of such resistance encountered in the years 1905-19.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildar Garipzanov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Sources Of Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Periods

The concluding chapter highlights how the cultural history of graphic signs of authority in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages encapsulated the profound transformation of political culture in the Mediterranean and Europe from approximately the fourth to ninth centuries. It also reflects on the transcendent sources of authority in these historical periods, and the role of graphic signs in highlighting this connection. Finally, it warns that, despite the apparent dominant role of the sign of the cross and cruciform graphic devices in providing access to transcendent protection and support in ninth-century Western Europe, some people could still employ alternative graphic signs deriving from older occult traditions in their recourse to transcendent powers.

Return to the ancestral land: The semiotic map of the Mapuche people

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-269
Author(s):  
Camila Pérez ◽  
Giuseppina Marsico
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indigenous Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Territorial Claim ◽  
Mapuche People ◽  
Territorial Claims ◽  
Von Uexküll ◽  
Over Time

Indigenous territorial claims are a long-standing concern in the history of Latin America. Land and nature have profound meaning in indigenous thinking, which is neither totally understood nor legitimized by the rest of society. This article is aimed at shedding light on this matter by examining the meanings at stake in the territorial claims of the Mapuche people. The Mapuche are an indigenous group in Chile, who are striving to recover their ancestral land. This analysis will be based on the concept of Umwelt, coined by von Uexküll to refer to the way in which species interpret their world in connection with the meaning-making process. Considering the applications of Umwelt to the human being, the significance assigned to land and nature by the Mapuche people emerges as a system of meaning that persists over time and promotes interdependence between people and the environment. On the other hand, the territorial claim of the Mapuche movement challenges the fragmentation between individuals and their space, echoing proposals from human geography that emphasize the role of people in the constitution of places.

Art. XIX.—An old Hebrew Romance of Alexander

1897 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-549
Author(s):  
M. Gaster
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bibliographical Information ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Great Mass

More marvellous and more remarkable than the real conquests of Alexander are the stories circulated about him, and the legends which have clustered round his name and his exploits. The history of Alexander has, from a very early period, been embellished with legends and tales. They spread from nation to nation during the whole of the ancient times, and all through the Middle Ages. Many scholars have followed up the course of this dissemination of the fabulous history of Alexander. It would, therefore, be idle repetition of work admirably done by men like Zacher, Wesselofsky, Budge, and others, should I attempt it here. All interested in the legend of Alexander are familiar with those works, where also the fullest bibliographical information is to be found. I am concerned here with what may have appeared to some of these students as the bye-paths of the legend, and which, to my mind, has not received that attention which is due to it, from more than one point of view. Hitherto the histories of Alexander were divided into two categories; the first were those writings which pretended to give a true historical description of his life and adventures, to the exclusion of fabulous matter; the other included all those fabulous histories in which the true elements were smothered under a great mass of legendary matter, the chief representative of this class being the work ascribed to a certain Callisthenes. The study of the legend centred in the study of the vicissitudes to which this work of (Pseudo-) Callisthenes had been exposed, in the course of its dissemination from the East, probably from its native country, Egypt, to the countries of the West.

1. On the Philological Genius and Character of the Neo-Hellenic Dialect

1875 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
Blackie
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Present State ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Of Greece

The Author showed by a historical review of the fortunes of Greece, through the Middle Ages, and under the successive influences of Turkish conquest and Turkish oppression, how the Greek language had escaped corruption to the degree that would have caused the birth of a new language in the way that Italian and the other Roman languages grew out of Latin. He then analysed the modern language, as it existed in current popular literature before the time of Coraes, that is, from the time of Theodore Ptochoprodromus to nearly the end of the last century, and showed that the losses and curtailments which it had unquestionably suffered in the course of so many centuries, were not such as materially to impair the strength and beauty of the language, which in its present state was partly to be regarded as a living bridge betwixt the present and the past, and as an altogether unique phenomenon in the history of human speech.

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