Animal models for brain tumors: historical perspectives and future directions

1994 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Peterson ◽  
Peter J. Sheridan ◽  
Willis E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Complex Process

✓ The scientific understanding of the biology of human brain tumors has advanced in large part through the use of animal models. For most of this century, investigators have been evaluating the inciting factors in brain tumor development, and applying this knowledge to direct tumor growth in laboratory animals. Virus-induced, carcinogen-induced, and transplant-based models have been vigorously investigated. As knowledge of the molecular biology of neoplasia has advanced, transgenic technology has been introduced. The authors review the development of animal models for brain tumor, and focus on the role of transgenic models in elucidating the complex process of central nervous system neoplasia.

scholarly journals The Association of Human Herpesviruses with Malignant Brain Tumor Pathology and Therapy: Two Sides of a Coin

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2250
Author(s):  
Evita Athanasiou ◽  
Antonios N. Gargalionis ◽  
Fotini Boufidou ◽  
Athanassios Tsakris
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Malignant Brain Tumor ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Tumor Pathology ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

The role of certain viruses in malignant brain tumor development remains controversial. Experimental data demonstrate that human herpesviruses (HHVs), particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), are implicated in brain tumor pathology, although their direct role has not yet been proven. CMV is present in most gliomas and medulloblastomas and is known to facilitate oncomodulation and/or immunomodulation, thus promoting cancer cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. EBV and HHV-6 have also been detected in brain tumors and high-grade gliomas, showing high rates of expression and an inflammatory potential. On the other hand, due to the neurotropic nature of HHVs, novel studies have highlighted the engagement of such viruses in the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches in the context of oncolytic viral treatment and vaccine-based strategies against brain tumors. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of recent scientific data concerning the emerging dual role of HHVs in malignant brain pathology, either as potential causative agents or as immunotherapeutic tools in the fight against these devastating diseases.

Implantation metastasis of pineoblastoma after stereotactic biopsy

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey V. Rosenfeld ◽  
Michael A. Murphy ◽  
Chung W. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Needle Biopsy ◽  
Stereotactic Biopsy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Implantation Metastasis ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A case is reported of implantation metastasis occurring 2 months after stereotactic biopsy of a pineoblastoma was performed in an 18-month-old child. Although implantation metastasis is well recognized after needle biopsy of solid tumors, it has not been described following stereotactic biopsy of a brain tumor. Implications for the role of stereotactic biopsy in the management of brain tumors is discussed.

Brain Tumors

2016 ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikezie Eseonu ◽  
Jordina Rincon-Torroella ◽  
Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Preoperative Care ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Surgical Approaches

Brain tumor cases make up a significant part of the neurosurgery Oral Board Exam. A multitude of brain tumors exist and can be intraaxial or extraaxial. When considering a differential diagnosis for a brain lesion, infection, hematomas, infarctions, thrombosed aneurysms, inflammation, and demyelinating disease must be considered in addition to tumors. Common adult brain tumors consist of gliomas, meningiomas, metastases, and pituitary tumors. Management of brain tumors consists of understanding preoperative care, indications for surgery, surgical approaches, interpretation of preoperative and postoperative imaging, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and the role of adjuvant therapy, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Reviewing these essential points for the most common brain tumor cases and mastering the current treatment recommendations for common tumors will also be helpful for the boards.

Role of Hospital Medicine in Management of Intracranial Brain Tumors

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Donald Y. Ye ◽  
Thana Theofanis ◽  
Tomas Garzon-Muvdi ◽  
James J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Hospital Medicine ◽  
Intracranial Tumors ◽  
Medical Oncologists ◽  
Insight Into

Intracranial tumors reflect a broad range of benign and malignant processes that are often managed by neurosurgeons and medical oncologists. Patients presenting with new brain tumors will undergo biopsies or resection for tissue diagnosis and resolution of neurological symptoms. These patients have significant perioperative risk factors that must be addressed to ensure the best possible outcomes. Hospitalists play a pivotal role in identifying these risk factors and offering management strategies prior to the development of an operative plan. This chapter provides insight into the range of preoperative considerations and postoperative complications that a hospitalist may face when managing brain tumor patients.

India’s Kochi Biennale: sponsorship, patronage, and art’s resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-31
Author(s):  
Annamma Joy ◽  
Russell Belk
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Art World ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
International Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Financial Power

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the meaning, in both local and international context, of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale (KMB), the first international exhibit of contemporary art in India. Kochi Biennale Foundation (KBF), which administers the KMB, identifies art as a means for transforming society, with a mission to bring global contemporary art to India and to present India’s modern art to the world. The authors further investigate the role of government sponsorship and corporate patronage in funding the KMB, and investigate how resistance through art is key to the KMB’s identity. Design/methodology/approach This study focuses primarily on published materials relating to the KMB. One of the authors attended the 2016 KMB and interviewed fellow attendees. Additionally, the authors reviewed and assessed social media postings regarding the 2016 KMB. Findings The authors argue that government sponsorship and corporate patronage are never solely about political or financial power. Rather, a generalized reciprocity among the three entities – corporations, the government and the artists – allows the KMB to flourish. For the artists involved, the KMB, co-founded by activist artists, sustains interest in and awareness of resistance. Originality/value Extant literature on biennales is sparse on ways in which these exhibits extend their impact beyond the art world. The authors examine issues such as India expanding its position on the world stage through art, and the implications of political resistance embraced by Indian artists on future directions for the KMB, that have heretofore been unaddressed.

scholarly journals The Role of the JC Virus in Central Nervous System Tumorigenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6236
Author(s):  
Nicholas Ahye ◽  
Anna Bellizzi ◽  
Dana May ◽  
Hassen S. Wollebo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Merkel Cell

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. The study of DNA tumor-inducing viruses and their oncoproteins as a causative agent in cancer initiation and tumor progression has greatly enhanced our understanding of cancer cell biology. The initiation of oncogenesis is a complex process. Specific gene mutations cause functional changes in the cell that ultimately result in the inability to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation effectively. The human neurotropic Polyomavirus JC (JCV) belongs to the family Polyomaviridae and it is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in an immunosuppressed state. Sero-epidemiological studies have indicated JCV infection is prevalent in the population (85%) and that initial infection usually occurs during childhood. The JC virus has small circular, double-stranded DNA that includes coding sequences for viral early and late proteins. Persistence of the virus in the brain and other tissues, as well as its potential to transform cells, has made it a subject of study for its role in brain tumor development. Earlier observation of malignant astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in PML, as well as glioblastoma formation in non-human primates inoculated with JCV, led to the hypothesis that JCV plays a role in central nervous system (CNS) tumorigenesis. Some studies have reported the presence of both JC viral DNA and its proteins in several primary brain tumor specimens. The discovery of new Polyomaviruses such as the Merkel cell Polyomavirus, which is associated with Merkel cell carcinomas in humans, ignited our interest in the role of the JC virus in CNS tumors. The current evidence known about JCV and its effects, which are sufficient to produce tumors in animal models, suggest it can be a causative factor in central nervous system tumorigenesis. However, there is no clear association between JCV presence in CNS and its ability to initiate CNS cancer and tumor formation in humans. In this review, we will discuss the correlation between JCV and tumorigenesis of CNS in animal models, and we will give an overview of the current evidence for the JC virus’s role in brain tumor formation.

Automated brain tumor segmentation from multimodal MRI data based on Tamura texture feature and an ensemble SVM classifier

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-480
Author(s):  
Li Na ◽  
Xiong Zhiyong ◽  
Deng Tianqi ◽  
Ren Kai
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Svm Classifier ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Original Solution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tumor Region ◽  
The Brain

Purpose The precise segmentation of brain tumors is the most important and crucial step in their diagnosis and treatment. Due to the presence of noise, uneven gray levels, blurred boundaries and edema around the brain tumor region, the brain tumor image has indistinct features in the tumor region, which pose a problem for diagnostics. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors propose an original solution for segmentation using Tamura Texture and ensemble Support Vector Machine (SVM) structure. In the proposed technique, 124 features of each voxel are extracted, including Tamura texture features and grayscale features. Then, these features are ranked using the SVM-Recursive Feature Elimination method, which is also adopted to optimize the parameters of the Radial Basis Function kernel of SVMs. Finally, the bagging random sampling method is utilized to construct the ensemble SVM classifier based on a weighted voting mechanism to classify the types of voxel. Findings The experiments are conducted over a sample data set to be called BraTS2015. The experiments demonstrate that Tamura texture is very useful in the segmentation of brain tumors, especially the feature of line-likeness. The superior performance of the proposed ensemble SVM classifier is demonstrated by comparison with single SVM classifiers as well as other methods. Originality/value The authors propose an original solution for segmentation using Tamura Texture and ensemble SVM structure.

scholarly journals Problematising the interplay between employment relations, migration and mobility

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny K. Rodriguez ◽  
Lesley Mearns
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Work And Employment

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce the special issue by problematising labour agency, precariousness, and labour fragmentation as defining themes of the interplay between employment relations, migration and mobility.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from discussions about the impact of globalisation on changes in features of work and employment, and bringing together theory and research on employment relations and labour migration, the paper discusses the relational spatial and temporal nature of agency, the diverse features of worker experiences of precariousness, and the resulting fragmentation in labour solidarity.FindingsLabour agency, precariousness and labour fragmentation intersect to create the axis of dynamics of hardship and abuse that dominate work experiences of migrant workers in the global labour market. Globalisation has a pervasive impact in articulating and perpetuating systemic processes of closure, entrapment and containment, which are triggered by migration and legitimised by dynamics of employment relations.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to current discussions about the interplay between migration, mobility and employment relations and sets out future directions of research to enhance our understanding of the role of employment relations to perpetuate, legitimise and normalise dynamics of globalisation that promote the migrant division of labour and create contradictory labour demands and displacements in the global labour market.

scholarly journals Increasing Evidence for Involvement of SV40 in Human Cancer

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet S. Butel
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Oncogenic Potential ◽  
Tumor Virus ◽  
Human Infections

SV40, a small DNA virus, is known to possess strong oncogenic potential. Millions of people were exposed to SV40 as an unknown contaminant of some early poliovaccines. This article briefly summarizes the increasing evidence of the association of SV40 with certain types of human cancer, including mesotheliomas and brain tumors. Unanswered questions pertaining to the pathogenesis of human infections by SV40 and the functional role of the virus in tumor development are noted. It is concluded that SV40 should be considered a candidate human tumor virus and that vigorous efforts to clarify the role of the virus in human disease should be supported.

scholarly journals OMIC-13. THE ROLE OF COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS IN PREDICTING SURVIVAL AND INFLUENCING TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD BRAIN TUMORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i40-i40
Author(s):  
Sharon Freshour ◽  
Bryan Fisk ◽  
Christopher Miller ◽  
Obi Griffith ◽  
Malachi Griffith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Pediatric Brain Tumor ◽  
Copy Number Alterations ◽  
Childhood Brain Tumors ◽  
Entire Cohort

Abstract Brain and central nervous system tumors are the most common form of solid tumor cancers and the second most common cancer overall among children. While many advances have been made in understanding the genomics of childhood brain tumors in recent years, the role of copy number alterations (CNAs) has not been fully characterized. Although the genomes of childhood brain tumor patients are generally considered to be relatively stable diploid genomes, analysis of a subset of pretreatment diagnostic samples from a cohort of 84 deceased patients from Washington University revealed widespread alterations, suggesting CNAs may play a larger role in the progression and prognosis of childhood brain tumors than originally thought. Follow up analysis of the entire cohort, containing a variety of tumor types that had low-pass whole genome sequencing performed, similarly showed evidence of CNAs across samples. 75 out 84 patients showed the presence of CNAs with an average of 16% of the genome being altered per sample and a median of 7%. Preliminary results examining correlations between the percentage of the genome that was copy number altered and event free survival or overall survival indicated that CNA percentage may have some prognostic value. For example, ependymoma samples showed positive correlation between alteration percentage and overall survival, while glioblastoma samples showed negative correlation. To explore copy number alteration in a larger cohort and increase statistical power, similar analyses are being performed using an additional 950 samples from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Atlas curated by The Children’s Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) to determine if CNVs and CNV percentage or specific alterations can serve as prognostic markers and whether the biology of this genomic instability could inform therapeutic strategy.

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