scholarly journals Promoting Interest in Transportation Careers Among Young Women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Cordero ◽  
Kiana Luong
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Student Understanding ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
School Based ◽  
Educational Modules ◽  
Male Treatment

Transportation remains the largest source of U.S.-based carbon emissions, and reducing emissions from this source continues to challenge experts. Addressing challenging problems requires diverse modes of thinking—and at present the transportation workforce is not diverse in terms of gender, with women occupying only about 14% of the transportation workforce. This research developed and tested a school-based intervention that uses pro-environmental framing and exposure to women transportation role models to help attract more women to transportation careers. To investigate the efficacy of the intervention, the research team studied control and treatment groups of university students using pre- and post-surveys to measure changes in student understanding and interest in transportation fields and careers. Students in both groups were enrolled in a climate change course, and students in the treatment group completed an additional transportation learning module designed to stimulate interest in transportation careers. The results showed that by the end of the semester, student awareness that the transportation industry can provide green and sustainable careers increased by 39.7% in the treatment group compared to no change in the control group. In addition, student openness to working in a transportation related career increased by 17.5% for females in the treatment group compared to no change in the male treatment group and no change in the control group. Given the success of this intervention, similar educational modules at various educational levels could increase the number of women working in transportation. Should such approaches be successful, society will be better prepared to respond to environmental challenges like climate change.

scholarly journals Enhancement of climate-resilient livelihoods in coastal agricultural communities with an emphasis on women

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-452
Author(s):  
Nirmal Chandra Roy ◽  
Md. Atick Chowdhury ◽  
Kazi Rabeya Akther
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Agricultural Communities ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
And Control

Climate change is causing widespread concerns along the coast, reducing agricultural productivity and destroying livelihoods. A study was conducted in two cyclone-prone districts of Bangladesh, Khulna and Satkhira, with a focus on women, to improve the climate-resilient livelihoods of coastal communities. Participatory rural appraisal techniques were used to collect community perceptions of climate change and variability, as well as adaptation options. A total of 699 participants were involved, where 466 respondents were in the treatment group mostly vulnerable to climate change, and 233 were in the control group similarly matched to the treatment groups. Female respondents were adequately involved in this research and accounted for 63% of the treatment and 60% of the control areas. Climate change was impulsive, according to the findings, and variability has increased over time with no optimistic outlook. The women had an idea about climate change, with 62.7% in the treatment group and 58% in the control group being aware of it. About 55.3% in treatment and 45% in control were willing to take preventative measures against climate change. Natural disasters and difficulty in selling their products impacted agricultural harvests, and as a result, both the treatment and control groups attempted to adapt to the alternative livelihoods in response to climate change. Respondents cited changes in rainfall patterns, cyclones, saline water intrusion, and other factors as causing lower yields and crop damage. To improve the adaptive capacities of their climate-resilient livelihoods, communities adapted to the changing environment by accepting high-yielding salt-tolerant varieties, introducing new technologies, and modifying livelihood options.

scholarly journals Effects of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on the development and reproduction of the soybean aphid Aphis glycines

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0250311
Author(s):  
Aonan Zhang ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Zhenghao Shi ◽  
Tianying Liu ◽  
Lanlan Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Soybean Aphid ◽  
Aphis Glycines ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Mean

The soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a primary pest of soybeans and poses a serious threat to soybean production. Our studies were conducted to understand the effects of different concentrations of insecticides (imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) on A. glycines and provided critical information for its effective management. Here, we found that the mean generation time and adult and total pre-nymphiposition periods of the LC50 imidacloprid- and thiamethoxam-treatment groups were significantly longer than those of the control group, although the adult pre-nymphiposition period in LC30 imidacloprid and thiamethoxam treatment groups was significantly shorter than that of the control group. Additionally, the mean fecundity per female adult, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase of the LC30 imidacloprid-treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group and higher than those of the LC50 imidacloprid-treatment group (P < 0.05). Moreover, both insecticides exerted stress effects on A. glycines, and specimens treated with the two insecticides at the LC50 showed a significant decrease in their growth rates relative to those treated with the insecticides at LC30. These results provide a reference for exploring the effects of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on A. glycines population dynamics in the field and offer insight to agricultural producers on the potential of low-lethal concentrations of insecticides to stimulate insect reproduction during insecticide application.

scholarly journals THE TRAINING OF GRATEFULNESS IN IMPROVING LIFE MEANING OF CONVICTS AT CLASS 2 LPKA PEKANBARU

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Vivik Shofiah ◽  
Khairunnas Rajab
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
T Test ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Life Meaning ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Know How ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Control

Religious values need are very imporant for convicts at LPKA Class two Pekanbaru. Religion is an obvious influenced source in issuing the meaning of life to convicts. The research objective is to know how far the influence of gratefulness training in improving life meaning of convicts at LPKA class two Pekanbaru is.The researcher used experiment approaching pre and post-test control group designwith 23 control groupsand 23 treatment groups,anddata analysis independent sample t-test was obtained score  t= 6,894 (p<0,01). Average score from treatment group are higher  (23,057) than control group average (15,6). It shows that life meaning of convicts who get gratefulness training are higher than convicts who don’t join the training. With thus, it can be concluded that gratefulness training very influence significantly to the life meaning of convicts at LPKA class 2 Pekanbaru.

Cat dissection vs. sculpting human structures in clay: an analysis of two approaches to undergraduate human anatomy laboratory education

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Waters ◽  
Peggy Van Meter ◽  
William Perrotti ◽  
Salvatore Drogo ◽  
Richard J. Cyr
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Student Attitudes ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Laboratory Education ◽  
Anatomy Laboratory

Many human anatomy courses are taught using cat dissection. Alternatives are available, but information regarding learning outcomes is incomplete. In 2003, ∼120 undergraduates enrolled in a human anatomy course were assigned to one of two treatment groups. In the control group, students performed cat dissections (emphasizing isolation and identification) of the muscular, digestive, and cardiovascular systems. In the experimental treatment group, students built clay sculptures of each human body system. Student learning was evaluated by using both low- and high-difficulty questions. On pre- and postexperiment control exams, there were no significant differences in student performance. On exams after a cat dissection vs. a human-clay sculpting experience, the students in the human-clay sculpting treatment group scored significantly higher than their classmates in the cat dissection group on both the low- and high-difficulty questions. Student attitudes toward dissection and taking future human anatomy courses were also measured. There were no differences in student attitudes at the beginning of the experiment; afterward, students exposed to a cat dissection experience viewed dissection more favorably than students in the human-clay sculpting treatment group. There were no treatment effects on student willingness to take future human anatomy courses. The experimental design makes it difficult to conclude precisely why students assigned to the human-clay sculpting experience performed better on exams, but as each method was performed in this particular human anatomy course, our data indicate that human-clay sculpting may be a viable alternative to cat dissection in an anatomy course in which the students focus on human anatomy.

scholarly journals Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid on the Population Development of Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Cao ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Chun Wang ◽  
Can Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Low Concentrations

The Western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis) is a global polyphagous pest that is often dependent on chemical control. Imidacloprid has been a commonly used chemical insecticide for effective control of WFT. Low concentrations of insecticides can have sublethal effects on individual insects. However, no more information is known about the effects of exposure at low concentrations of imidacloprid on WFT. Here, we evaluated the effects of imidacloprid at sublethal concentrations on WFT population growth parameters. We first exposed the parental generation to LC10 (56.8 mg/L) and LC25 (79.2 mg/L) concentrations of imidacloprid. We then quantified various parameters related to the development, survival, and fecundity of the F1 generation also exposed to these same concentrations. The development time of the treatment groups exposed to imidacloprid was significantly shorter than the control group, and the net reproductive rate (R0) was significantly higher for treatment groups than for the control group. For both variables, there was no significant difference between LC10 and LC25 exposure. The generational survival rate was significantly higher for the control group, followed by the LC10 treatment group and then the LC25 treatment group. However, the opposite was true for fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of WFT. In summary, exposure to low concentrations of imidacloprid was positive for the population development of WFT, which may contribute to the development of insecticide resistance and cause resurgence in WFT populations.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Musa acuminata Stem

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 294-298
Author(s):  
Maharani Laillyza Apriasari ◽  
Selviana Rizky Pramitha ◽  
Dewi Puspitasari ◽  
Diah Savitri Ernawati
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Musa Acuminata ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Mucosal Wound ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Abstract Objective This study was designed to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of Musa acuminata through the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa β (NF-κB) after 3 days of application of Musa acuminata stem extract (MASE) gel on oral mucosal wound. Materials and Methods An experimental study with post-test only control group design was conducted. Twenty male Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) were injured on their left buccal mucosa and treated three times a day with MASE gel of varying concentrations: 0% (as control), MASE 25%, MASE 37.5%, and MASE 50%. On day 3, a biopsy was performed on each mucosal wound for later immunohistochemical analysis for the expressions of TNF-α and NF-κB. Results The highest expression of TNF-α was observed in the control group (13.20 ± 1.79), while the lowest was in the treatment group using 50% MASE (6.40 ± 1.14). Meanwhile the comparison between treatment groups did not highlight any significant difference (p > 0.05). The highest expression of NF-κB was observed in the control group (13.20 ± 1.30), whereas the lowest was in the treatment group using MASE 50% (6.40 ± 1.14). NF-κB was significantly lower in the treatment group using MASE 50% when compared with other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Application of MASE on mucosal wound reduces the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB at all concentrations. The anti-inflammatory effect of MASE 50% was the strongest one.

Effects on Gingivitis of Two Different 0.4% SnF2 Gels

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Boyd ◽  
P.J. Leggott ◽  
P.B. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
High Availability ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Gingival Index ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The One

For nine months we monitored the periodontal health of 81 adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, to determine whether daily use of a brush-on 0.4% SnF 2 gel would be better than toothbrushing alone in maintaining periodontal health in these patients, and whether a gel supplying a high percentage of available Sn2+ ion would be more beneficial than a gel supplying a low percentage of available Sn2+ ion. The subjects were matched for age and sex and placed into a control group, which used toothbrushing alone, and two treatment groups, which used toothbrushing supplemented with daily use of a SnF2 gel. One treatment group used a gel with 98% available Sn2+ ion twice daily for the entire nine months. The other treatment group used a gel with less than 2% available Sn2+ once a day for six months, then twice a day for the remaining three months of the study. Clinical assessments (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Bleeding Tendency, pocket depth, and coronal staining) were made before appliances were placed and at one, three, six, and nine months after appliances were placed. Results indicated that the group using the high-availability Sn 2+ gel twice daily had significantly lower Gingival Index and Bleeding Tendency scores at the one-, three-, six-, and nine-month examinations than did the control group. The group using the low-availability Sn2+ gel showed no significant differences in these assessments from the control group. Neither treatment group showed significant differences from the control group in Plaque Index or pocket depth. In the group using the high-availability Sn2+ gel, one subject developed mild coronal staining, and two developed moderate staining.

scholarly journals Combined effect ofLactobacillus acidophilusandβ-cyclodextrin on serum cholesterol in pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alonso ◽  
J. Fontecha ◽  
P. Cuesta
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Individual

AbstractA total of twenty-four Yorkshire gilt pigs of 6–7 weeks of age were used in a 2×2 factorial experiment to determine the individual and combined effects of the inclusion of two dietary factors (cholesterol rich, 3 %β-cyclodextrin (BCD) andLactobacillus acidophiluscultures) on total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in blood serum. Pigs were assigned randomly to treatment groups (n6). Total serum cholesterol concentrations decreased after 3 weeks in all the experimental treatment groups, including diets with BCD,L.acidophilusor both. Similar trends were observed for serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations among the experimental treatments. No statistically significant differences from the control group were observed in either total serum cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P<0·05) for each of the individual treatment groups: BCD orL.acidophilus. However, significant differences in total serum cholesterol concentrations were observed when comparing the combined treatment group (BCD andL.acidophilus) with the control group, which consisted of a basal diet and sterile milk. The combined treatment group exhibited 17·9 % lower total serum cholesterol concentration after 3 weeks. Similar significant differences were observed when comparing the combined effect experimental group with the control group after 3 weeks. The combined treatment group exhibited 27·9 % lower serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations.

scholarly journals Sustained Tau Phosphorylation and Microglial Activation Following Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 837-840
Author(s):  
Andre Marolop Pangihutan Siahaan ◽  
Rr Suzy Indharty ◽  
Jessy Chrestella ◽  
Wismaji Sadewo ◽  
Steven Tandean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sham Control ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sham Control Group ◽  
Cd 68

BACKGROUND: Repetitive traumatic brain injury (TBI), even without acute sequela, can induce a delayed neurodegenerative with overexpression of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) as hallmark, caused by chronic inflammation mediated in part by microglial activation. AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the dynamics of p-tau accumulation and microglial activation following repetitive TBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into a sham control group and two treatment groups receiving three successive closed-skull impacts (TBI model) from a 40-g mass dropped from a 1-m height on alternating days (days 0, 1, 3, and 7). The first treatment group was sacrificed on the last day of trauma and the second treatment group after 7 days of no trauma. The expression level of p-tau was evaluated by AT-8 antibody immunostaining and microglial activation by anti-CD-68 immunostaining. RESULTS: Immunoexpression of AT-8 was significantly elevated 7 days after TBI compared to the last day of trauma and compared to the sham control group, while CD-68 expression was significantly higher than sham controls on the last day of trauma and remained elevated for 7 days without trauma. CONCLUSION: The study showed that brain trauma can induce p-tau overexpression and microglial activation that is sustained during the non-trauma period.

scholarly journals Does receiving a cash grant improve individual earnings in a war-torn country?  Evidence from a randomized experiment in Afghanistan

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1156
Author(s):  
Fatema Kashefi ◽  
Hisahiro Naito
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Capital Equipment ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Male Treatment ◽  
Cash Grant

Background: In this study, the effect of receiving a non-trivial cash grant and mentorship for business practice on individual earnings in Afghanistan was assessed.  Methods: This randomized control trial (RCT) included 2177 individuals (n=2177), with the age range of 18-35 years. The amount of cash grant (500 USD) was approximately equal to the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the country.  By a process of lottery, eligible applicants were equally divided into the group that received the grant (treatment group) and the group that did not (control group). Results: Almost two years after this study, the percentage of increased annual income to the size of this cash grant was approximately 173 % and 69 % for males and females, respectively. This result was much higher than the estimated percentage reported in previous literature assessing the effect of microfinance loans and cash grants in other countries.  The treatment group had 7% higher probability of having an officially registered business than the control group. The treatment group also increased labor supply and employed additional workers, compared to the control group. The male treatment group bought more capital equipment (e.g., trike and commercial carts) than the male control group, while the female treatment group bought more domestic animals. Conclusion: A non-trivial cash grant has a strong positive effect on the earnings of the recipient of the cash grant in Afghanistan. If the state of increased income continues for the next few years, the sum of increased income will be more than the sum of the administration cost, the interest cost and the amount of cash grant given.  This implies that the project passes the standard criteria to determine the appropriateness of government program. Additionally, we did not find any economically and statistically significant positive effect of mentorship on income.

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