scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (391) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Y. Zhakupov ◽  
A. Berzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Investment In Fixed Assets

The article analyzes the current state of small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan for all key indicators. Also, a correlation and regression analysis of statistical data was carried out, the purpose of which is to mathematically express and describe the dependence of the main indicator of the functioning of the national economy-gross domestic product on the factors that characterize small and medium – sized businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This model can be used to conduct factor analysis, i.e. to assess the degree of influence of the selected factors on the development of the national economy. The mathematical model analyzes the gross domestic product (effective indicator) and the number of active small and medium-sized businesses, the gross value added of SMEs, investment in fixed assets of SMEs as factor indicators. To build a mathematical model, the least squares method was used as the most effective and allows you to get the most accurate models of the dependence of some values on others. The calculations were performed in the Microsoft Excel data Analysis application package. Using the initial statistical data, three-factor models (linear and power-law) were constructed. The results of the research can be used in the practical activities of state bodies and other organizations that regulate and develop small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals SPECIFICS OF SECTORAL TRANSFORMATIONS ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Tertiary Sector ◽  
Sectoral Structure ◽  
Gross Value Added

The article examines the sectoral transformations in the economy of Ukraine for 2010-2019 and their specifics. The sectoral structure is a generalized characteristic of the qualitative level of development of the national economy, and sectoral transformations have a clear both economic and social manifestation. The sectoral proportions of national economies are constantly monitored by international institutions. Comprehensive research of sectoral transformational transformations at the level of the national economy allows to improve the quality of management decisions in substantiating the state structural policy and mechanisms for its implementation. The aim of the article is to analyze the sectoral transformations in the economy of Ukraine for 2010-2019, based on gross domestic product, gross value added and relative indicators of structural changes. The following research methods were used in the article: dialectical, analysis and synthesis, grouping and classification, economic-statistical, comparative analysis, logical generalization. An analysis of the dynamics of change in the structure of Ukraine's economy in terms of three sectors based on indicators of gross domestic product and gross value added. The quadratic coefficient of "absolute" structural shifts of Kazynets is calculated. The main trends of sectoral changes in the economy of Ukraine during the analyzed period are clarified. Emphasis is placed on the rapid growth of the tertiary sector, mainly due to a decrease in the share of the secondary (industrial) sector. A comparative analysis of the sectoral structure of the distribution of gross value added of Ukraine by the level of gross domestic product per capita with the economies of seventy-two countries. It is emphasized that the transformations that have taken place in the sectoral structure of Ukraine's economy increase its instability and vulnerability to cyclical and other shocks. In order for sectoral changes in Ukraine's economy to be positive and ensure long-term economic growth, it is necessary to change priorities and directions of development in line with modern world trends.

scholarly journals Cointegration analysis of indirect taxes and economic growth in the Republic of Serbia

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Branimir Kalaš ◽  
Vera Mirović ◽  
Jelena Andrašić
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Cointegration Test ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic

This research examines the relationship between indirect taxes and gross domestic product per capita in the Republic of Serbia from 2005 to 2019. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the long-run relationship between value added tax, excises and gross domestic product per capita based on Johansen cointegration test. The empirical analysis includes descriptive statistics, unit root test, cointegration test and FMOLS model. The results reveal a long-run relationship between indirect taxes such as value added tax and excises and the gross domestic product per capita in the Republic of Serbia for the observed period. Empirical findings confirm that revenues of value added tax and excises have positive and significant effect on the gross domestic product per capita in the long-run.

scholarly journals Structural Changes in Agriculture: Implications for the Economy of the Republic of Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Jelena Stanojević ◽  
Bojan Krstić
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
The Republic

Agriculture of the Republic of Serbia plays an important role in the national economy, making it significantly different from agriculture of developed countries. Its contribution to the national economy is reflected in a still significant share in the gross domestic product, total employment, and trade balance. Despite the insufficient utilization level of available natural resources, agriculture in Serbia is a backbone of the economic development of rural areas. The research goal of the paper is to examine structural changes in Serbian agriculture in the following aspects: changes in the employment structure, plant and animal production, as well as a change in the share of agriculture in the gross domestic product and trade balance of Serbia. The analysis has been carried out in the period from 2002 to 2017 based on the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Research results show that the Serbian agriculture has suffered significant changes in the analysed areas, resulting in its decreasing share in the overall employment and gross domestic product, but also in the slight increase of its share in the value of exports and imports.

scholarly journals Measuring and estimating tax elasticity in the Republic of Serbia

Ekonomika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Branimir Kalaš ◽  
Vera Mirović ◽  
Jelena Andrašić
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
The Republic

The paper analyzes tax elasticity in the Republic of Serbia in terms of tax revenues, personal income tax, corporate income tax, value added tax, social security contributions and excises for the period 2005-2019. Tax elasticity manifest sensitivity of tax forms to a change in the gross domestic product, where results have shown that indirect taxes have higher coefficients of elasticity compared to direct taxes. Results of empirical analysis have manifested that tax revenues are elastic to a change in gross domestic product, where 1% increase in GDP makes to a change of tax revenues for 1.31%. Also, tax elasticity is the highest at corporate income tax, while revenues from value added tax and excises are also elastic in the observed period. On the other hand, personal income tax and social security contributions are inelastic to a change in the gross domestic product in the Republic of Serbia.

scholarly journals The innovation environment in the system of economic development

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (214) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Oleg Kondrashov ◽  
◽  
Boris Lapko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Innovative Environment ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Implementation Of Innovations

The article shows that at present there is no generally accepted definition of the innovative environment in the scientific circulation, which fully reveals its substantive characteristics. The author's definition of the concept of "innovative environment" is proposed. On the basis of the analysis of statistical data, the positive and negative aspects of the innovation environment in the Republic of Belarus have been identified. It is shown that the formation of an innovative environment is an important factor in the sustainable growth of the national economy. A set of measures is proposed to develop an innovative environment, create conditions for effective implementation of innovations and increase the competitiveness of the national economy.

scholarly journals Relação entre o valor adicionado das atividades econômicas e o produto interno bruto do Rio Grande do Norte

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 757-782
Author(s):  
Ruhama Bezerra Fernandes ◽  
Adilson de Lima Tavares ◽  
Yuri Gomes Paiva Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Sense Data ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
The Difference

Resumo: Neste estudo teve-se por objetivo analisar a relação do valor adicionado das principais atividades econômicas (agropecuária, indústria, serviços e administração pública) relativamente ao Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do Rio Grande do Norte, durante o período de 2010 a 2013. Nesse sentido, foram coletados dados relativos ao valor adicionado, ao PIB e à população no sítio do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), bem como referentes ao Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM), por meio do sítio do Sistema Firjan. A amostra compreendeu 166 municípios, de uma totalidade de 167. Para a realização das análises, além da estatística descritiva, foi estimado um modelo de regressão por mínimos quadrados ordinários com dados dispostos em painel, tendo o PIB como variável dependente e as demais variáveis como independentes. Com base nos resultados encontrados, verifica-se que os valores adicionados pelas atividades econômicas apresentam relação positiva e estatisticamente significante, enquanto que as variáveis população e IFDM se relacionam de forma negativa, trazendo à tona questionamentos sobre a distribuição de renda, as políticas socioeconômicas relativas à transição demográfica e a diferença dos conceitos de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico, corroborando para a hipótese de que o PIB não mede qualidade de vida. Por fim, a partir dos resultados mensurados, conclui-se que os valores adicionados pelas atividades econômicas do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte possuem relação estatisticamente significante com o PIB no período investigado.Palavras-chave: Produto Interno Bruto. Demonstração do Valor Adicionado. Rio Grande do Norte. Relationship between the added value of the economic activities and the Gross Domestic Product of Rio Grande do Norte Abstract: The study aims to analyze the relation of the value added of the main economic activities (agriculture, industry, services and public administration) regarding the Gross Domestic Product of Rio Grande do Norte during the period from 2010 to 2013. In this sense, data on value added, GDP and population were collected on the website of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), as well as on the Firjan Municipal Development Index (IFDM), through the Firjan System website. The sample comprised 166 municipalities, out of a total of 167. In addition to the descriptive statistics, a regression model was estimated by ordinary least squares with data arranged in a panel, with GDP as a dependent variable and the other variables as independently. Based on the results found, it can be seen that the values added by economic activities have a positive and statistically significant relationship, while the variables population and IFDM were related in a negative way, raising questions about income distribution, socioeconomic policies related to the demographic transition and the difference of the concepts of growth and economic development, corroborating the hypothesis that GDP does not measure quality of life. Finally, from the results measured, it can be concluded that the added values by the economic activities of the State of Rio Grande do Norte have a statistically significant relation with the GDP in the period investigated.Keywords: Gross Domestic Product. Added Value Statements. Rio Grande do Norte.

Estimating the direct contribution of tourism to Rwanda’s economy: Tourism satellite account methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-271
Author(s):  
Pius O Odunga ◽  
Geoffrey Manyara ◽  
Mark Yobesia
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Fixed Capital ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Gross Value Added ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
Economic Contribution

The tourism industry is poised to command a significant role in the economy of Rwanda, a low-income developing country that is rapidly transforming into a service-oriented economy. However, the industry does not exist as a distinct entity in a country’s national accounts leading to difficulties in estimating its role. Besides, the existence of a significant informal sector aggravates the situation. This study used tourism satellite accounts approach to estimate the economic contribution of tourism. Using primary data from various tourism surveys, six core tables of the tourism satellite accounts framework are presented to estimate the direct economic contribution of tourism to Rwanda’s economy in 2014. In this year, a total of 1,219,529 international tourists visited the country while 560,000 residents took part in domestic tourism trips resulting in internal tourism expenditure/consumption amounting to RWF 261.2bn. This generated an estimated RWF 197.5bn as gross value added by the tourism characteristic industries. Direct tourism gross value added was estimated at RWF 120.0bn while direct tourism gross domestic product, a measure of the direct effects of internal tourism consumption on gross domestic product of the economy was computed at RWF 128.3bn (or 2.5% of Rwanda’s gross domestic product) in the year. In addition to the core six tourism satellite accounts tables, the levels of tourism employment (about 89,000 jobs) tourism gross fixed capital formation (slightly over RWF 200bn) and tourism collective consumption (over RWF 7bn) were estimated. Under this study, the international methodological recommendations on tourism satellite accounts were implemented for Rwanda. The contribution of tourism to gross domestic product, employment, investment, and collective consumption was quantified and estimated. Informal sector tourism activities were included in these estimates. Gross fixed capital formation and collective consumption estimates are tentative due to conceptual considerations documented by the methodological framework.

The relationship between energy consumption and gross domestic product in Hong Kong (1992–2015): Evidence from sectoral analysis and implications on future energy policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-236
Author(s):  
Ruixiaoxiao Zhang ◽  
Geoffrey QP Shen ◽  
Meng Ni ◽  
Johnny Wong
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Per Capita

The causal relationship between energy consumption and gross domestic product in Hong Kong from 1992 to 2015 is investigated in this study. Different from the previous studies focusing on the causal relationship between total energy consumption and total gross domestic product per capita, this study further investigates the causal relationship from sectoral perspective, including residential, commercial, industrial and transportation sectors. For each sector, the time series data of sectoral energy consumption and sectoral per capita value added are collected. To conduct the Granger causality test, the unit root test is first applied to analyse the stationarity of time series. The cointegration test is then employed to examine whether causal relationship exists in long-term. Finally, based on the aforementioned tests, both vector error correction model and vector autoregression model can be selected to determine the Granger causality between time series. It is interesting to find that the sectoral energy consumption and corresponding sectoral per capita value-added exhibit quite different causal relationships. For both residential sector and commercial sectors, a unidirectional causal relationship is found running from the sectoral per capita value added to sectoral energy consumption. Oppositely, for industrial sector and transportation sector, a unidirectional causal relationship is found running from sectoral energy consumption to sectoral per capita value added. Regarding the Granger causality test results, the indicative suggestions on energy conservation policies, energy efficiency policies and greenhouse gas emission reduction policies are discussed based on the background of Hong Kong’s economic structure and fuel types.

The Degree of Openness to Intra-Regional Trade - Towards Value-Added Based Openness Measures

2006 ◽  
Vol 226 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Belke ◽  
Lars Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Export Ratio ◽  
Trade In Value Added ◽  
Integration Area

SummaryThis study develops innovative measures of openness towards bilateral trade. The most widely applied openness indices are not able to accurately calculate the degree of trade openness. For example, the intra-regional export ratio which relates the value of exports of an integration area to the gross domestic product, can exceed 100 percent because trade is stated in gross terms, while the gross domestic product is expressed in value-added terms. This implies a negative value of domestic non-tradeables. The actual openness concept corrects the traditional concept by expressing trade in value-added terms instead of gross terms.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF OIL REFINING AND PETROCHEMICAL SECTORS FOR EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Neft i gaz ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (119) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
O.I. EGOROV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Further Development

Expediency of complex use of hydrocarbonic resources in the course of further development of a domestic oil and gas complex for increase of his competitiveness is proved. Ways of development of the petrochemical productions capable to provide release of the wide range of products with a high value added are offered. In article the provision that with development of the petrochemical industry the oil and gas complex of the republic will find necessary stability is reasoned and will be able to become not only the leading, but also knowledge-intensive branch of domestic economy

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