The Characteristics of Wakefulness: What Does it Mean to Be Spiritually Awakened?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 104-132
Author(s):  
Steve Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
The State ◽  
British English ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Higher Functioning

This paper summarises my research into the state of “wakefulness”. I put forward the “essentialist” view that the concepts of a higher-functioning ideal state in various spiritual traditions are conceptualisations of the same essential landscape of expansive human experience. Based on a thematic analysis of transcripts of interviews with 85 individuals who reported an ongoing experience of wakefulness, I describe 18 characteristics of the state. These characteristics can be divided into perceptual, affective, conceptual (or cognitive) and behavioural. I include quotations from my interviews to illustrate the characteristics, and suggest reasons why they are associated with the “wakeful” state. I suggest that there are two “meta characteristics” of wakefulness: fluid or labile self-boundaries (bringing a sense of openness and connection) and inner quietness. The article is written in British English, the author’s Native Language. KEYWORDS Wakefulness, characteristics, sleep.

The Slovene literature in Austria (the national and the polycultural)

2020 ◽  
pp. 446-460
Author(s):  
Nadezhda N. Starikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
The State ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Linguistic Terms ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Slovenian Population ◽  
New Research

In 1920, the native Slovenian lands of southern Carinthia were included into the Austrian Republic, and the Slovenian population fell under the jurisdiction of the state, the official language of which was German. Under these conditions, literature in the native language became an important factor in the resistance against assimilation for the Carinthian Slovenes. However, decades later, the national protective function of the artistic word gradually came to naught. The contemporary literature of the Slovenian minority in Austria is a special phenomenon combining national and polycultural components and having two cultural and historical contexts, two identities - Slovenian and Austro-German. In aesthetic, thematic, linguistic terms, this literature is so diverse that it no longer fits into a literature of a national minority, and can no longer be automatically assigned to only one of the two literatures - Slovenian or Austrian. A variety of works, including proper Slovenian texts, hybrid bilingual forms, and compositions in German, of course, requires a new research methodology that would expand existing approaches and could cover the literary practice of those who create a panorama of Carinthian reality, which is in demand both in Slovenia and in Austria.

Exploiting native language interference for native language identification

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Ilia Markov ◽  
Vivi Nastase ◽  
Carlo Strapparava
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
The State ◽  
Language Identification ◽  
Independent Features ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Native language identification (NLI)—the task of automatically identifying the native language (L1) of persons based on their writings in the second language (L2)—is based on the hypothesis that characteristics of L1 will surface and interfere in the production of texts in L2 to the extent that L1 is identifiable. We present an in-depth investigation of features that model a variety of linguistic phenomena potentially involved in native language interference in the context of the NLI task: the languages’ structuring of information through punctuation usage, emotion expression in language, and similarities of form with the L1 vocabulary through the use of anglicized words, cognates, and other misspellings. The results of experiments with different combinations of features in a variety of settings allow us to quantify the native language interference value of these linguistic phenomena and show how robust they are in cross-corpus experiments and with respect to proficiency in L2. These experiments provide a deeper insight into the NLI task, showing how native language interference explains the gap between baseline, corpus-independent features, and the state of the art that relies on features/representations that cover (indiscriminately) a variety of linguistic phenomena.

scholarly journals NEGARA DAN KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM PEMIKIRAN ALFARABI

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Imam Sukardi
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
The Social ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Ideal

The political concept of Alfarabi is derivated from the concept of Platonic, Aristotelian, and Islam. The ideal state is the state which is elaborated the universal values of humanism, not just limited to certain ethnic and nation which is emphasizing its obedience just to God, not the something else. In this paper, the writer tried to interpret the original works of Alfarabi which is directly related to his political thought and the other thinkers who are studying his political thought. In his political thought, Alfarabi emphasized that the main purpose of the state is to make the social-welfare for its citizens. Based on the organic theory, Alfarabi stated that the government of the state is just look-like the human organism system. In which, each of the existing element functioned to strengthen each other to achieve one goal. The ideal state for Alfarabi is the state which is having the goals for its citizen welfare, and who become the prime leader is a philosopher, who is having the prophetic character, having the wider knowledge, and able to communicate with al 'aql al fa’al trough al ‘aql mustafad. 

scholarly journals The second language acquisition: problems and challenges for Georgian Deaf community

2021 ◽  
Vol X (3) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Tamar Makharoblidze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Deaf People ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
State Language

As stated in the title, the paper is devoted to the issue of second language acquisition by Deaf people in Georgia, describing the current situation and the challenges. There are about 2500 Deaf and hard of hearing residents in Georgia. Being the linguistic minority in the country, these people communicate with each-other in the Georgian Sign Language – GESL. The second native language for local Deaf and hard of hearing people is the Georgian spoken language – the State language. In many countries Deaf people are bilingual, while it is hard to consider the local Deaf and hard of hearing people bilingual, as the knowledge of spoken Georgian on the level of a native language among the Deaf residents is not observed. Unfortunately in Georgia there are no studies concerning the second language acquisition for Deaf and hard of hearing people. The main problems are the agrammatism in written communication on the state language and the ignorance of deferent hierarchical levels of spoken Georgian. This short paper offers the key issues for the plan of strategy of spoken Georgian acquisition for local Deaf and hard of hearing residents.

scholarly journals Endogenous conflict resolution mechanisms of the San people at Platfontein

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Y Gebregeorgis
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Inductive Thematic Analysis

The objective of this study was to explore the endogenous conflict resolution mechanisms and practices of the San people at Platfontein, South Africa. To this end, data were collected from 304 interviews and 26 focus group discussions. The collected data were analysed through Inductive Thematic Analysis. The findings show that the San people have endogenous conflict resolution mechanisms which basically aim at restoring peace and harmony within the community. The endogenous mechanisms were found to be fairly participatory and supplementary to the state machineries that work for justice, peace and harmony. However, the conflict resolution mechanisms of the San people are currently weakening due to the impact of modernisation and the leadership dispute among the sub-groups of the community.

To Hear as I Do

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-212
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
The State ◽  
Noise Tolerance ◽  
Scientific Objective ◽  
Noise Abatement ◽  
Hearing Health ◽  
Objective Indicators ◽  
Individual Human

As part of democratic liberalization in the late 1970s and 1980s, noise abatement signified the Kuomintang (KMT) regime’s attention to the quality of life of local Taiwanese residents. However, the use of scientific, objective indicators for noise, such as decibels, also had the effect of subjecting individual, human experience to the standardizing techniques of quantification and measurement. This chapter examines the application of Western technologies of audiometry and noise abatement in the context of Taiwan’s transition to a postauthoritarian state. Through an analysis of audiometric testing of hearing health among schoolchildren and neighborhood-wide socioacoustic surveys that assessed noise tolerance levels, this chapter asks how hearing and noise became interests of the state—as both a source of state authority and a symbol of liberal governance.

NATIONAL EDUCATION IS THE MAIN GUARANTEE OF ESTABLISHING NATIONAL ELITE

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Mykola Zhulynskiy
Keyword(s):  
Private School ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Language Education ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
National Education ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Right

In the article, the scientist focuses on the goal of education – the formation of a leading strata of the Ukrainian people – intellectuals, the national elite. The article states that the national character is formed only by the national school. The purpose of education is defined - formation of the leading layer of the Ukrainian people - intellectuals, national elites. It is noted that a conscious volyn political elite was formed. In a systematic analysis of archival sources, the author notes that in the State Archives of Ternopil region (fund 351) you can learn about the teachers of the gymnasium: the director and teacher of Latin Sergey Ulianovich Milyashkevich, professor of general history, geography and Latin Andrei Kutsa, professor of Ukrainian language and literature Victor Gnazhevsky , teachers of religion (Yuriy Ivanitsky), natural sciences and arithmetic (Luka Skibinetsky), manual labor, calligraphy and drawing (Vasyl Doroshenko), French and German; (Katerina Milyashkevich), teacher of mathematics. Physics and Chemistry (Vasyl Kavun). Describing the preconditions for the emergence of Ukrainian gymnasiums in Volyn, the author notes that at that time in the late 1920's Volyn voivodship operated 1144 schools, of which 390 were late saturdays, 750 Polish and only 4 schools with Ukrainian language education. The state program of assimilation of national minorities (the Ukrainian minority in the Second Common Polish Commonwealth was the second largest national group after the Poles, accounting for about 15% of the total population) in Volhynia was through compulsory school education in the spirit of the Propolis ideology. At the same time, Ukrainians sought to uphold the right to open schools with their native language of instruction even in those areas where they were quantitatively prevailing. This was guaranteed to the Ukrainians by the Polish Constitution of 1921. (Articles 110-111), but in reality it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Even the opening of a Ukrainian private school required a lot of effort - only with the permission of the minister of religion and public education. Kremenets Gymnasium, as well as Lutsk, as well as Rivne (arose thanks to the "Enlightenment" of 1923), nourished the native language, professed Orthodox traditions, revered outstanding national figures, leaders of the nation. It is from this angle that the role of the Ukrainian Gymnasium in Kremenets is shown, along with similar gymnasia in Lutsk and Vinnitsa in the formation of the secular and spiritual national consciousness of the Ukrainian intelligentsia, who later worked on asserting the statehood, including in the UPA ranks, for the development of the Ukrainian national culture.

Nechung: a Modern Parallel to the Delphic Oracle?

1989 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Dalai Lama ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Northern India ◽  
The Individual

The definitive study of the Delphic Oracle by H. W. Parke and D. E. W. Wormell published over thirty years ago assembled all the information then known about it and discussed the various theories both ancient and modern about its operation where reliable information was lacking. In the presentation and evaluation of these theories, however, Parke and Wormell take no account of the methods and practices of state oracles in other cultures, even though such oracles may still be functioning today at the end of the twentieth century and so be able to provide contemporary and authenticated evidence of their workings, power and credibility. In Tibet, for instance, the State Oracle has a history going back over 800 years. It was originally sited at the monastery of Nechung (‘Small Place’) some four miles west of Lhasa, operating there until the Chinese annexation of Tibet in the 1950's, when the monk who acted as the mouthpiece of the oracle followed the Dalai Lama in his flight to northern India. The Tibetan State Oracle now functions in exile at Dharamsala in Himachal Pradesh some 250 miles north of Delhi. Its operations show some striking similarities to those attested for Delphi, and although the distances in time and space (not to mention the differences in cultural and religious background) obviously preclude any links between Nechung and Delphi other than those of common human experience and psychology, the parallels may at times help to shed some illumination on a few darker or confused areas in our knowledge of Delphic practice. Analogy admittedly is not argument, and the individual reader must judge for himself the applicability of the evidence.

scholarly journals The Struggle for Native Language in Ladakh: A History of a Journal

2015 ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Ekaterina L. Komissaruk
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

Considers the problem of the native language of the people of Ladakh, a region of India in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The situation is analysed in relation to the history of the “Ladags Melong” journal (1992-2005) published in English and Ladakhi and the regional educational system.

scholarly journals Grundtvigs folkelighedsbegreb

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-87
Author(s):  
Balder Mørk Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Violence ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Politics And Religion ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Principal Method ◽  
Point Of Departure

Grundtvigs folkelighedsbegreb[Grundtvig's Concept of ’Folkelighed’]By Balder Mork AndersenWith Grundtvig’s own writings underpinning a dialogue with previous commentators, the article seeks to clarify elements in, and the significance of, Grundtvig’s concept offolkelighed. This then makes possible an assessment of the compass and the spectrum within which his thinking on nationhood developed. The principal method here has been to take as a point of departure the degree of influence exerted by the German philosophers Herder and Hegel who had earlier nurtured ideas concerning folk and fatherland.Analysis of the concept of folkelighed is made against the background of a survey of three separate, yet at the same time linked, chief components in Grundtvig’s conceptual world: folkeand, fadreland and modersmal [‘folk-spirit’, ‘fatherland’, ‘mother-tongue’]. Folkeand is perceived as the basic understanding of an idea of communality which must be constantly alive and alert in heart and in mind. Grundtvig requires that the folk opens itself up and embrace communality, though in such a way as not to curtail individuality.In the modersmal, the folkeand finds the optimum means of manifesting itself. For Grundtvig, the national and native language is the embodiment, tool and articulation of the folkeand, and without it no nation can flourish. At the same time, a feeling for the mother-tongue is for Grundtvig a crucial precondition for being Danish. On this point Grundtvig displays throughout his adult life a consistency of thinking in contrast to most other areas where his self-critical revaluations make it difficult to view him as a systematic thinker.The evolution of his thinking about the fadreland was somewhat characterised by changeability, in tandem with historical developments in the country. However, it is certainly the case that for Grundtvig love of the fadreland was a basis for the love of God and therefore that which legitimised cultivation of nationalism. He was fully aware that a selfsacrificing love of the fadreland could manifest itself in ethnocentric form; but this does not prevent one from justly pointing to instances where Grundtvig himself loses this focus and allows the culture of nationalism to take on a negative expression. It is, for example, problematic when he mixes politics and religion together and uses Christianity to legitimise acts of war.This notwithstanding, the overall picture affirms that Grundtvig basically found that there was no justification for exercising spiritualintellectual violence against people of a different nationality and that physical violence could be resorted to only when the country was threatened by aggressors. Thus his nationalistic thinking is of a polycentric character and closely tied to that of J. G. Herder.All in all, folkelighed is to be seen as a spiritual-intellectual and historical communality of values where all make their contributions and nurture feelings for the state of the nation, past, present and future. When the three strains - folkeand, fadreland and modersmal – sounded together in harmony, then, for Grundtvig, there could be talk of an authentic Danish folkelighed.

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