scholarly journals FORMULASI SEDIAAN KRIM A/M DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAGING BUAH PEPAYA (Carica Papaya) MENGGUNAKAN EMULGATOR TWEEN 80 DAN SPAN 80

Media Farmasi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Gita Puspita ◽  
Nining Sugihartini ◽  
Iis Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Span 80

Papaya (Carica papaya) contains flavonoid and phenolic compounds proven to have sunscreen and antithyrosinase activity. For this reason, there is a need to formulate them in the form of cream preparations. This study analyzes the effect of the ethanol extract concentration of papaya flesh in the form of A / M cream preparations on their physical properties. The extracts were obtained using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent in A / M cream preparations and concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% through Tween 80 and Span 80 emulgators. Creams were evaluated for physical properties, including pH, adhesion, dispersion, viscosity, and physical stability. The test results showed that an increase in the concentration of ethanol extract led to a decrease in pH (p <0.05), viscosity (p <0.05), adhesion (p <0.05), and an increase in dispersion (p <0.05). Additionally, phase separation occurs at a concentration of 5% papaya fruit extract cream. These results show that variations in the ethanol extract concentration of papaya fruit influence the physical properties of A / M cream.Keywords: Carica papaya; A / M cream; Physical Properties.Pepaya (Carica papaya) mengandung senyawa flavonoid dan fenolik  yang terbukti memiliki aktivitas sebagai tabir surya dan antitirosinase sehingga perlu diformulasikan dalam bentuk sediaan krim. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daging buah papaya dalam bentuk sediaan krim A/M terhadap sifat fisik sediaan. Ekstraksi buah papaya diperoleh dengan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70% dalam sediaan krim A/M dengan konsentrasi 1% (FI), 3% (F2) Dan 5% (F3). Krim dievaluasi sifat fisik meliputi pH, daya lekat, dan daya sebar, viskositas dan stabilitas fisik. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol buah papaya menyebabkan penurunan pH (p<0.05), viskositas (p<0.05), daya lekat (p<0.05), peningkatan daya sebar (p<0.05). Terjadi pemisahan fase pada konsentrasi 5% krim ekstrak buah papaya. Berdasarkan hasil dapat disimpulkan bahwa variasi konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daging buah papaya memiliki pengaruh terhadap sifat fisik krim A/MKata kunci : Carica papaya; krim A/M; Sifat Fisik

Formulasi Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Puding Hitam (Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Elmitra Elmitra ◽  
Setya Enti Rikomah
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
The People ◽  
The Us ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dispersive Power

Daun puding hitam <em>(Graftophyllum pictum</em> (L.) Griff<em>)</em> oleh masyarakat dimanfaatkan untuk pengobatan antiinflamasi, obat luka dan bisul. Penggunaan daun puding hitam sebagai obat luar masih sangat sederhana dengan cara menghaluskan daun puding hitam dengan air secukupnya kemudian dioleskan sehingga memerlukan waktu untuk membuatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat ekstrak etanol daun puding hitam dalam bentuk krim sehingga memudahkan dalam penggunaannya. Pembuatan ekstrak dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70%. Ekstrak etanol daun puding hitam dilakukan evaluasi ekstrak meliputi organoleptis, pH, Kelarutan, kadar abu dan uji flavonoid. Ekstrak kemudian diformulasi menjadi krim dengan konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20% dan dievaluasi selama 3 minggu meliputi sifat fisiknya meliputi warna, bau, konsistensi, pH, homogenitas dan daya sebar. Data yang diperoleh dari uji pH dan daya sebar dianalisis secara statistik dengan ANOVA <em>One way</em>. Hasil uji pH didapat nilai sig 0.000 (&lt;0.05) yang menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi ekstrak mempengaruhi pH sediaan krim. pH pada penyimpanan stabil dengan nilai sig 0.994 (&gt;0.05). Konsentrasi ekstrak tidak mempengaruhi daya sebar dengan nilai sig 0.910 (&gt;0.05), tetapi mempengaruhi warna. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak semakin pekat warna krim. Krim bersifat homogen, pH 5-6 dan tidak mengiritasi kulit pada 10 orang panelis, tetapi tidak memenuhi syarat daya sebar yang baik.<p><em>Leaves of puding hitam (Graftophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) is used by the people as anti-inflammatory treatment, cure wounds and ulcers. The us of leaves puding hitam as external medicine is very simply by mixed puding hitam leaves with water then it can be applied but it takes a time to make it. This reseach objective make ethanol extract of puding hitam as a cream so it more easy in using. Making extraction is done by maceration method us ethanol 70%. The ethanol extract of leaves puding hitam is evaluatid includes extracts organoleptic, pH, solubility, ash content and flavonoid test. Then it’s formulated into a cream with 10%, 15% and 20% concentration. The evaluated is done in three weeks include physical properties color, odor, consistency, pH, homogeneity and dispersive power. This data is obtained from the scatter pH test and statistically analyzed by ANOVA One way. The pH test results obtained sig 0.000 (&lt; 0.05), indicating that the concentration of the extract affects the pH of the cream preparations. pH stable on storage with sig 0.994 (&gt; 0.05). The extract concentration did not affect the scatter with sig 0.910 (&gt;0.05), but it can more affects of the color. The higher concentration of extract will be more dark to cream color. Cream is homogeneous, pH 5-6 and does not irritate the skin at the 10 panelists, but did not qualify good dispersive power.</em></p>

scholarly journals Uji Efektivitas GELL Obat Jerawat Dari Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pare (Momordica charantia L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Herviani Sari ◽  
Firdaus Fahdi
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Bitter Melon ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Propionibacterium Acne ◽  
Extract Concentration

Bacterial infection is a major factor in causing acne. The causes of acne are many (multifactorial), including genetic, endocrine, dietary factors, the activity of the sebaceous glands themselves, psychological factors, mucin, infection by Propionibacterium acne, cosmetics, and other chemicals. Pare extract can be formulated as a gell pimple, which can inhibit the growth of propionibacterium acne. The samples in this study were gell preparations of the ethanol extract of bitter melon with a concentration of 5%, 7.5%, 10%. Based on the results obtained, the addition of the ethanol extract concentration of bitter melon fruit depends on the extract produced. The higher the concentration of gell preparations, the better it is to inhibit bacterial growth. The  results showing that pare fruit extract with a concetration of 5%, 7,5%, 10%, and as gell verile 0,025% get a variety of results. And a good resistance zone on the three concentrations that are most close to verile effectiveness is 10% concentration. In conclusion, bitter melon extract can be formulated as an acne medication that can inhibit the growth of the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria.

scholarly journals Analisis Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etanol Buah Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

KOVALEN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Joni Tandi ◽  
Bella Melinda ◽  
Anita Purwantari ◽  
Agustinus Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Qualitative Test ◽  
Qualitative Assay

This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites and the levels of total secondary metabolites in ethanol extract of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) fruit with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) fruit extract was prepared by maceration method with 96% ethanol. The extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator that followed by a qualitative test for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins using suitable reagents with the test parameters, while for the qualitative assay using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Qualitative analysis of alkaloids using test parameters of total alkaloids equivalent to quinine, flavonoid using parameter of total flavonoids equivalent to quercetin, saponin using parameters of standard saponins total from the Quillaja Bark, and tannin using test parameters of total tannins equivalent to tannic acid. Qualitative test results indicated that the ethanol extract of Okra fruit tested positive for alkaloids content wich characterized by the orange deposition, flavonoids characterized by the formation of an orange-yellow color, a stable foam for saponins and tannins marked in black. The quantitative analysis resulted alkaloids of 2228.06 mg/gram, flavonoids of 2.79 mg/gram, saponins of 10.03 mg/gram, and tannins of 1973.27 mg/gram. Keywords: Okra fruit, secondary metabolites, UV- Vis spectrophotometry, qualitative, quantitative.

scholarly journals Application of CMC as Thickener on Nanoemulsions Based on Olive Oil: Physical Properties and Stability

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Arancibia ◽  
R. Navarro-Lisboa ◽  
R. N. Zúñiga ◽  
S. Matiacevich
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Anionic Charge ◽  
Oil Concentration

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a hydrocolloid with surface activity that could act as emulsifiers in oil-in-water emulsions; however the principal role is that it acts as structuring, thickening, or gelling agent in the aqueous phase. This study aims to evaluate the application of CMC as thickener into nanoemulsions based on olive oil and their influence on particle characteristics, flow behavior, and color. Four nanoemulsions with different oil (5% and 15% w/w olive oil) and CMC (0.5% and 0.75% w/w) concentration and two control samples without CMC added were prepared using Tween 80 as emulsifier. All physical properties studied on nanoemulsions were depending on both oil and CMC concentration. In general, z-average particle size varied among 107–121 nm and those samples with 5% oil and CMC were the most polydisperse. The addition of CMC increased anionic charge of nanoemulsions obtaining zeta potential values among −41 and −55 mV. The oil concentration increased both consistency and pseudoplasticity of samples, although samples were more stable to gravitational separation at the highest CMC concentration. Color of nanoemulsions was affected principally by the oil concentration. Finally, the results showed that CMC could be applied in nanoemulsions as thickener increasing their physical stability although modifying their physical properties.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF CARBOPOL 940 AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL CONCENTRATION ON THE CHARACTERISTIC AND INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT GEL OF PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) SEEDS AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Octavianus Yandri ◽  
Wahyuning Setyani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Carbopol 940 ◽  
Papaya Seed

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds and saponins have been proven its synergistic effect in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. In this research, ethanol extract of papaya seeds was formulated in gel preparations. Optimization of the composition of the gelling agent and humectant was carried out to obtain the gel preparation of papaya seed ethanol extract with good physical properties and stability. The parameters used to determine the stability of the preparation are Physical properties which include viscosity, spreadability, and percentage of viscosity shift. Data analysis was performed using Design-Expert software version 12 and SPSS. The inhibitory activity test was carried out by the disk-diffusion agar method with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 as the test bacteria. The results of the inhibitory activity test of papaya seed ethanol extract at a concentration of 20% had moderate activity and at concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% classified as strong against the Staphylococcus aureus. Carbopol 940 is dominant factor in influencing the response of viscosity (92.504%) and spreadability (59.539%). Preparations with good physical properties and stability were obtained on the use of carbopol 940 and propylene glycol as much as 1.06604 grams and 13.2146 grams respectively.

scholarly journals FORMULASI DAN EFEKTIFITAS SAMPO EKSTRAK BUAH PEDADA (Sonneratia caseolaris L) SEBAGAI ANTIKETOMBE TERHADAP Candida albicans

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Dwi Kurniawati Sambodo ◽  
Lisa Erie Yani
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Sonneratia Caseolaris

     Half of the world's population has been affected by dandruff, especially those aged 15 to 50 years. Dandruff is one of the problems on the scalp with common symptoms of scales (exfoliation of dead skin), itching of the scalp and redness around the scalp. Dandruff can be caused by an oily scalp, hormones or fungus. One of the fungi that cause dandruff is Candida albicans. Based on research that has been done, secondary metabolite compounds of methanol extract of peada fruit peel which is a pure white compound in the form of powder are identified as alkaloid compounds. In general, alkaloids can be used as an antifungal. Anti-dandruff shampoo is a dosage that is often used daily and can be used to treat and prevent scalp from excessive dandruff where this shampoo contains active antifungal agents which are effective as an anti-dandruff. Pedada fruit was extracted using multilevel maceration method with methanol as a solvent. Pedada fruit extract shampoo is formulated with variations in extract concentration into 3 formulas. Shampoo was tested for physical properties and effectiveness of anti-dandruff using the Kirby-Bauer Diffusion method with PDA media. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the physical properties of the three formulas of pedada fruit extract shampoo (Sonnerratia caseolaris L) include organoleptic, pH , high foam , cycling test, and viscosity produced good physical properties in accordance with the standard test of the physical properties of shampoo, however Homogeneity test results show that formula III shampoo is less homogeneous. All three shampoo formulas are effective as anti-dandruff against the fungus Candida albicans.

scholarly journals PHYSICAL STABILITY TESTING OF P-SYNEPHRINE PREPARED AS TRANSFERSOME GEL

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Amelia Luthfiah ◽  
Erny Sagita ◽  
Iskandarsyah Iskandarsyah
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Polydispersity Index ◽  
Stability Testing ◽  
Span 80

Objectives: While p-synephrine exhibits lipolytic activity, it also has a low oral bioavailability as well as hydrophilic characteristic, so it is difficult forit to penetrate the epidermis if it is made into transdermal preparation. The purpose of this research was to increase the penetration of p-synephrineby preparing it as transfersome gel.Materials and Methods: Three transfersome formulas were prepared—F1, F2, and F3—with the surfactants used at Tween 80, Span 80, and thecombination of Tween 80 and Span 80 with a ratio of 1:1, respectively.Results: The results showed that F1 was the best formula, with the highest entrapment efficiency, of 64.058±0.754%, a particle size average of103.3 nm, polydispersity index 0.269±0.05, and zeta potential of −36.2±0.64 mV, so this formula was employed for the gel formulation. Two gelformulas were then prepared, transfersome gel (GT) and non transfersome gel (GNT).Conclusions: The two gels were evaluated for their physical stability, and GT was found to be more stable than GNT.

scholarly journals Effect of Milk and Xanthan as Egg Replacement on the Physical Properties of Mayonnaise

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 24-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Ghajari Shamooshaki ◽  
Alireza Sadeghi Mahounak ◽  
Mohammad Ghorbani ◽  
Yaya Maghsouldloo ◽  
Aman Mohammad Ziaeifar
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Rheological Models

The milk along with xanthan at levels 0, 1.9, 3.9, 5.9, 7.9, 9.9 and 0.1 and 0.2 % (No 1 (control) to 11 respectively) as egg replacement were used for preparation of mayonnaise. Creaming index, heat stability, physical stability and rheological properties of samples over a were investigated. Also flow behavior of samples were fitted to Power law, Herschel-Bulkley and Casson models. It was found that addition milk along with xanthan to mayonnaise protected from phase separation in comparison to control sample. All the samples had stability higher than 99% except samples 1, 4, 5 and 6. The highest stability was recorded for sample No 11 (99.98%) and the lowest for 5 (74.95%) that compared with control sample had significant differences (p> 0.05). All the samples except No 1 and 5 showed heat stability higher than 99 % and the highest stability recorded for No 11 ( 99.72%) and the lowest for No 5 (67.42 %) and in comparison with control were significantly different (p> 0.05). Apparent viscosity decreased with increase the egg replacement from 40% to 80%, as the highest and lowest viscosity observed in samples contain 100% and 80% replacement respectively. All samples showed shear-thinning behavior and the high coefficients of determination for Power law and Herschel-Bulkley models (0.99) revealed the adequacy of these rheological models to describe flow behavior of mayonnaise.

scholarly journals Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Sediaan Nanoemulgel Serbuk Lidah Buaya (Aloe Vera L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Teguh Imanto ◽  
Roseh Prasetiawan ◽  
Erindyah Retno Wikantyasning
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Oil In Water

Aloe vera L. contains antiseptic saponins and anthraquinone complexes as antibacterial. This research was conducted to formulate aloe vera powder into nanoemulgel, characterize and test its physical properties, and to know the effect of gelling agent concentration (carbopol and chitosan) on nanoemulgel. Emulsion type used is oil in water (O / W) with surfactant tween 80 and co-surfactant propylene glycol. Nanoemulsion is characterized by percent of transmittance with UV-Vis spectrophotometer, also potential droplet and zeta size distribution with Particle Size Analyzer. Hydrogels consist of 4 combination formulas of carbopol 0.5%; 1%; 1.5%; 2% and 0.3% chitosan. The formula is tested for physical properties including organoleptic, pH, spreadability, adhesion, viscosity and stability with freeze thaw method. The results showed that the nanoemulsion droplet size was 65.05nm ± 13.49 with zeta potential of -0.1mV and the percent of transmittance above 98%. The result of physical properties of the four formulas shows that the different gelling agent concentration gives different physical properties of viscosity and spreadability. Overall, formula 3 has the best physical properties and physical stability compared to formula 1, 2 and 4.

Potensi Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pepaya terhadap Larva Artemia Salina Leach dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Novia Wahyu Lestari ◽  
Maulidiyah Salim ◽  
Linda Triana
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Abstract: Papaya tree is one of the medicinal plant types which advantages for traditional medicine. The flavonoid, alkaloid and saponin were the compounds of papaya leaves. There potentially as cytotoxic for certain levels. The purpose of this research is to determine the potency cytotoxic ethanol extract papaya leaves against Artemia salina Leach larvae using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Research method by quasi experimental, and purposive sampling used 360 Artemia salina Leach larvae divided to 5 groups treatment. Each group contains 15 larvaes. Each group is done by the replication of research for 4 times. The extract concentration are 1000, 750, 500, 250, 100 and 0 µg/ml as a negative control. Data have been obtained by calculating amount of died larvae 24 hours after treatment. Mean percentage larvae death in the concentration of 1000, 750, 500, 250, 100 and 0 µg/ml consecutively were 95%, 78,33%, 53,33%, 36,67%, 21,67% and 0%. Through the data, LC50 value was analyzed by probit analysis using Microsoft offce excel. The higher of extract concentration cause higher percentage death of the larvae. This result shows that LC50 value of ethanol extract of papaya leaves is 285,693 µg/ml (less than 1000 µg/ml). The conclusion is the ethanol extract of papaya leaves had acute toxicity potency against Artemia salina Leach larva according to Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Abstrak: Tanaman pepaya merupakan satu diantara jenis tanaman obat yang umum dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat secara empiris untuk pengobatan secara tradisional. Tanaman ini mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid dan saponin. Senyawa tersebut diduga berpotensi sebagai sitotoksik pada kadar tertentu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi sitotoksik ekstrak etanol daun pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Metode penelitian ini berbentuk eksperimental semu dengan menggunakan 360 ekor larva Artemia salina Leach yang dibagi dalam 5 kelompok perlakuan. Tiap kelompok terdiri dari 15 ekor. Tiap kelompok dilakukan pengulangan percobaan 4 kali. Konsentrasi ekstrak berturut-turut adalah 1000, 750, 500, 250, 100 dan 0 µg/ml sebagai kontrol negatifnya. Data diperoleh dari menghitung jumlah larva yang mati 24 jam setelah perlakuan. Rata-rata persentase kematian larva pada konsentrasi 1000, 750, 500, 250, 100 dan 0 µg/ml berturut-turut adalah 95%, 78,33%, 53,33%, 36,67%, 21,67% dan 0%. Berdasarkan data, LC50 ekstrak etanol daun pepaya ditentukan dengan analisis probit menggunakan Microsoft offce excel. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak menyebabkan semakin tinggi persentase kematian larva. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan harga LC50 dari ekstrak etanol daun pepaya adalah 285,693 µg/ml (kurang dari 1000 µg/ml). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun pepaya memiliki potensi toksisitas akut terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT).

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