Porphyromonas gingivalis and its impact on periodontal health and systemic diseases. A concise review.

Periodontitis is defined as a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease, associated to a dysbiotic biofilm and characterized by the progressive destruction of the periodontal attachment. Clinical studies have revealed the presence of 10 to 15 bacterial species that are potential periodontal pathogens in adults. From these, the most cited are Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia. The aim of this article is to review P. gingivalis’ characteristics and impact on periodontal and systemic health. Different studies have reported a relation between the presence of P. gingivalis and periodontal disease. P. gingivalis was one of the most frequently detected species in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. This is due to its unique ability to avoid the host’s immune response and contribute to the development of the destructive process. P. gingivalis, although only present in low frequency, is pathogenic because of its ability to induce dysbiotic microbial communities. There is more evidence that P. gingivalis might invade cardiovascular cells and tissues causing inflammation. It has been suggested that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in the development of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. The repeated exposure to P. gingivalis, produces neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and formation of intra and extracellular amyloid plaques, which are pathognomonic signs of Alzheimer’s disease.

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Subgingival Microbial Profile And Production Of Proinflammatory Cytokines In Chronic Periodontitis

Folia Medica ◽

10.2478/folmed-2014-0022 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 152-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Velichka T. Dosseva-Panova ◽

Christina L. Popova ◽

Vladimir E. Panov

Keyword(s):

Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Cytokine Expression ◽

The Body ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha

ABSTRACT This review examines literature data concerning the bacterial findings in chronic periodontitis depending on pocket depth, and presents the latest published information on the presence of proinflammatory factors in periodontal environment. It has been found that chronic periodontitis affects as much as 80% of the middle-aged population; by comparison, the prevalence of aggressive periodontitis reaches up to 1-1.5%. It is accepted that this social disease is multifactorial in etiology, but the evidence in the literature suggests that the levels of specifi c Gram-negative organisms in subgingival plaque biofilm play a major role in the initiation and progression of the disease. Of the many bacterial species inhabiting the periodontal environment, three types - Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG), Treponema denticola (TD), Tannerella forsythia (TF) - are strongly associated with the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Microbiological studies suggest that Porphyromonas gingivalis should be considered a major etiologic agent. Currently, Porphyromonas gingivalis is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. On the other hand, the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients with chronic periodontitis may be related to the severity of the disease and thus modify the therapeutic plan. The increased amount of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival area can activate a cascade of defense mechanisms of the body associated with the production of factors causing infl ammation and destruction, which suggests a correlation between the bacterial findings and the body response implemented by enhancing the local cytokine expression. Studies in the literature show that the presence of certain micro-organisms in the periodontal environment is associated to increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the gingival fluid and gingival tissue. These levels have been associated with destructive tissues response. There is little evidence in the literature on the correlation of the levels of periodontal pathogens of sites with different pocket depth with periodontal disease activity defined by the degree of the proinflammatory cytokine expression such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6 ).

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Periodontal Disease: A Risk Factor for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20061414 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 1414 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Daniela Liccardo ◽

Alessandro Cannavo ◽

Gianrico Spagnuolo ◽

Nicola Ferrara ◽

Antonio Cittadini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

Epidemiological Evidence ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Cardiac Disorders ◽

Systemic Health ◽

Lines Of Evidence

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, initiated by the presence of a bacterial biofilm, called dental plaque, which affects both the periodontal ligaments and bone surrounding teeth. In the last decades, several lines of evidence have supported the existence of a relationship between periodontitis and systemic health. For instance, as periodontitis acts within the same chronic inflammatory model seen in cardiovascular disease (CVD), or other disorders, such as diabetes, several studies have suggested the existence of a bi-directional link between periodontal health and these pathologies. For instance, people with diabetes are more susceptible to infections and are more likely to suffer from periodontitis than people without this syndrome. Analogously, it is now evident that cardiac disorders are worsened by periodontitis, both experimentally and in humans. For all these reasons, it is very plausible that preventing periodontitis has an impact on the onset or progression of CVD and diabetes. On these grounds, in this review, we have provided an updated account on the current knowledge concerning periodontal disease and the adverse effects exerted on the cardiovascular system health and diabetes, informing readers on the most recent preclinical studies and epidemiological evidence.

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Evaluation of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus warneri and Staphylococcus aureus species in adults with generalized chronic periodontitis

RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia ◽

10.1590/1981-863720170002000043137 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 121-127

Author(s):

Aretuza FRITOLI ◽

Eduardo LOBÃO ◽

Geisla Soares ◽

Belén RETAMAL-VALDES ◽

Magda FERES

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Hybridization Technique ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Staphylococcus Warneri ◽

Percentage Points

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and quantify the levels of three bacterial species that have recently been identified as potential “new” periodontal pathogens (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus warneri) in subjects with periodontal health and generalized chronic periodontitis. Methods: Thirty adults with generalized chronic periodontitis and 10 periodontally healthy were included in this study. Nine subgingival biofilm samples were collected per subject and individually analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Results: The mean levels of E. faecalis and S. warneri were higher in chronic periodontitis than in periodontal health (p<0.05). Furthermore, a higher percentage of subjects with periodontitis were colonized by the three species evaluated in comparison with healthy subjects (p<0.05). This represented a difference of 40 percentage points between the two groups, for E. faecalis (present in 90% of individuals with periodontitis and 50% of the healthy individuals) and S. warneri (100% and 60%, respectively), and 26 percentage points for S. aureus (86% and 60%, respectively). Conclusion: E. faecalis and S. warneri have the potential to be periodontal pathogens. The role of S. aureus was less evident, since this species was more prevalent and at relatively higher levels in health than the other two species. These data might guide future studies on the role of these microorganisms in the etiology of periodontitis and help to establish more effective treatments for these infections.

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New Bacterial Species Associated with Chronic Periodontitis

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/154405910308200503 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 338-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 320

Author(s):

P.S. Kumar ◽

A.L. Griffen ◽

J.A. Barton ◽

B.J. Paster ◽

M.L. Moeschberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Cloning And Sequencing ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Oral Flora ◽

Bacteroidetes Phylum ◽

Species Specific

Recent investigations of the human subgingival oral flora based on ribosomal 16S cloning and sequencing have shown many of the bacterial species present to be novel species or phylotypes. The purpose of the present investigation was to identify potential periodontal pathogens among these newly identified species and phylotypes. Species-specific ribosomal 16S primers for PCR amplification were developed for detection of new species. Associations with chronic periodontitis were observed for several new species or phylotypes, including uncultivated clones D084 and BH017 from the Deferribacteres phylum, AU126 from the Bacteroidetes phylum, Megasphaera clone BB166, clone X112 from the OP11 phylum, and clone I025 from the TM7 phylum, and the named species Eubacterium saphenum, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella denticola, and Cryptobacterium curtum. Species or phylotypes more prevalent in periodontal health included two uncultivated phylotypes, clone W090 from the Deferribacteres phylum and clone BU063 from the Bacteroidetes, and named species Atopobium rimae and Atopobium parvulum.

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Porphyromonas gingivalis: Major Periodontopathic Pathogen Overview

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2014/476068 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 124

Author(s):

Jaroslav Mysak ◽

Stepan Podzimek ◽

Pavla Sommerova ◽

Yelena Lyuya-Mi ◽

Jirina Bartova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽

Anaerobic Bacterium ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Host Immunity ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Treponema Denticola ◽

High Cell ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Cell Numbers

Porphyromonas gingivalisis a Gram-negative oral anaerobe that is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and is a member of more than 500 bacterial species that live in the oral cavity. This anaerobic bacterium is a natural member of the oral microbiome, yet it can become highly destructive (termed pathobiont) and proliferate to high cell numbers in periodontal lesions: this is attributed to its arsenal of specialized virulence factors. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of one of the main periodontal pathogens—Porphyromonas gingivalis.This bacterium, along withTreponema denticolaandTannerella forsythia, constitute the “red complex,” a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. This review outlinesPorphyromonas gingivalisstructure, its metabolism, its ability to colonize the epithelial cells, and its influence upon the host immunity.

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The Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on Atherosclerosis-Related Cells

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.766560 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jiaqi Zhang ◽

Mengru Xie ◽

Xiaofei Huang ◽

Guangjin Chen ◽

Ying Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽

Fibrous Materials ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

T Helper ◽

Specific Mechanism ◽

Infective Disease ◽

New Perspective ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (AS), one of the most common types of cardiovascular disease, has initially been attributed to the accumulation of fats and fibrous materials. However, more and more researchers regarded it as a chronic inflammatory disease nowadays. Infective disease, such as periodontitis, is related to the risk of atherosclerosis. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), one of the most common bacteria in stomatology, is usually discovered in atherosclerotic plaque in patients. Furthermore, it was reported that P. gingivalis can promote the progression of atherosclerosis. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of P. gingivalis in atherosclerosis attracted attention, which is thought to be crucial to the therapy of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is much complicated, and many kinds of cells participate in it. By summarizing existing studies, we find that P. gingivalis can influence the function of many cells in atherosclerosis. It can induce the dysfunction of endothelium, promote the formation of foam cells as well as the proliferation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells, and lead to the imbalance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th) cells, ultimately promoting the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. This article summarizes the specific mechanism of atherosclerosis caused by P. gingivalis. It sorts out the interaction between P. gingivalis and AS-related cells, which provides a new perspective for us to prevent or slow down the occurrence and development of AS by inhibiting periodontal pathogens.

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Periodontal Disease: The Good, The Bad, and The Unknown

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.766944 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Lea M. Sedghi ◽

Margot Bacino ◽

Yvonne Lorraine Kapila

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Disease Progression ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Periodontal Tissues

Periodontal disease is classically characterized by progressive destruction of the soft and hard tissues of the periodontal complex, mediated by an interplay between dysbiotic microbial communities and aberrant immune responses within gingival and periodontal tissues. Putative periodontal pathogens are enriched as the resident oral microbiota becomes dysbiotic and inflammatory responses evoke tissue destruction, thus inducing an unremitting positive feedback loop of proteolysis, inflammation, and enrichment for periodontal pathogens. Keystone microbial pathogens and sustained gingival inflammation are critical to periodontal disease progression. However, recent studies have revealed the importance of previously unidentified microbes involved in disease progression, including various viruses, phages and bacterial species. Moreover, newly identified immunological and genetic mechanisms, as well as environmental host factors, including diet and lifestyle, have been discerned in recent years as further contributory factors in periodontitis. These factors have collectively expanded the established narrative of periodontal disease progression. In line with this, new ideologies related to maintaining periodontal health and treating existing disease have been explored, such as the application of oral probiotics, to limit and attenuate disease progression. The role of systemic host pathologies, such as autoimmune disorders and diabetes, in periodontal disease pathogenesis has been well noted. Recent studies have additionally identified the reciprocated importance of periodontal disease in potentiating systemic disease states at distal sites, such as in Alzheimer’s disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, and oral cancer, further highlighting the importance of the oral cavity in systemic health. Here we review long-standing knowledge of periodontal disease progression while integrating novel research concepts that have broadened our understanding of periodontal health and disease. Further, we delve into innovative hypotheses that may evolve to address significant gaps in the foundational knowledge of periodontal disease.

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Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Local Doxycycline and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy during Supportive Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10030277 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 277

Author(s):

Raluca Cosgarea ◽

Sigrun Eick ◽

Ionela Batori-Andronescu ◽

Søren Jepsen ◽

Nicole B. Arweiler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Periodontal Therapy ◽

Local Drug Delivery ◽

Control Group ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Supportive Periodontal Therapy ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Attachment Level

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival instrumentation (SI) alone or combined with either local drug delivery (LDD) or photodynamic therapy (PDT) in persistent/recurrent pockets in patients enrolled in supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). A total of 105 patients enrolled in SPT were randomly treated as follows: group A (n = 35): SI +PDT and 7 days later 2nd PDT; group B (n = 35): SI+LDD; group C (n = 35): SI (control). Prior intervention, at 3 and 6 months after therapy, probing pocket depths, clinical attachment level, number of treated sites with bleeding on probing (n BOP), full mouth plaque and bleeding scores (gingival bleeding index, %BOP) were recorded. At the same time points, 8 periodontopathogens were quantitatively determined. All three treatments resulted in statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) of all clinical parameters without statistically significant intergroup differences (p > 0.05). Several bacterial species were reduced in both test groups, with statistically significantly higher reductions for LDD compared to PDT and the control group. In conclusion, the present data indicate that: (a) In periodontal patients enrolled in SPT, treatment of persistent/recurrent pockets with SI alone or combined with either PDT or LDD may lead to comparable clinical improvements and (b) the adjunctive use of LDD appears to provide better microbiological improvements for some periodontal pathogens than SI alone or combined with PDT.

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