scholarly journals Periodontal Disease: The Good, The Bad, and The Unknown

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea M. Sedghi ◽  
Margot Bacino ◽  
Yvonne Lorraine Kapila
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Periodontal Tissues

Periodontal disease is classically characterized by progressive destruction of the soft and hard tissues of the periodontal complex, mediated by an interplay between dysbiotic microbial communities and aberrant immune responses within gingival and periodontal tissues. Putative periodontal pathogens are enriched as the resident oral microbiota becomes dysbiotic and inflammatory responses evoke tissue destruction, thus inducing an unremitting positive feedback loop of proteolysis, inflammation, and enrichment for periodontal pathogens. Keystone microbial pathogens and sustained gingival inflammation are critical to periodontal disease progression. However, recent studies have revealed the importance of previously unidentified microbes involved in disease progression, including various viruses, phages and bacterial species. Moreover, newly identified immunological and genetic mechanisms, as well as environmental host factors, including diet and lifestyle, have been discerned in recent years as further contributory factors in periodontitis. These factors have collectively expanded the established narrative of periodontal disease progression. In line with this, new ideologies related to maintaining periodontal health and treating existing disease have been explored, such as the application of oral probiotics, to limit and attenuate disease progression. The role of systemic host pathologies, such as autoimmune disorders and diabetes, in periodontal disease pathogenesis has been well noted. Recent studies have additionally identified the reciprocated importance of periodontal disease in potentiating systemic disease states at distal sites, such as in Alzheimer’s disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, and oral cancer, further highlighting the importance of the oral cavity in systemic health. Here we review long-standing knowledge of periodontal disease progression while integrating novel research concepts that have broadened our understanding of periodontal health and disease. Further, we delve into innovative hypotheses that may evolve to address significant gaps in the foundational knowledge of periodontal disease.

scholarly journals Calibrated interdental brushing for the prevention of periodontal pathogens infection in young adults - a randomized controlled clinical trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Bourgeois ◽  
Manuel Bravo ◽  
Juan-Carlos Llodra ◽  
Camille Inquimbert ◽  
Stéphane Viennot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Periodontal Bacteria ◽  
Strong Indicator ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Total Bacteria

Abstract Periodontal disease is clearly correlated with systemic disease. The presence of periodontal pathogens in interdental spaces in young, healthy adults is a strong indicator of the need to introduce daily interdental prophylaxis. Twenty-five subjects (aged 18–35 years), diagnosticated clinically as periodontally healthy, were enrolled in this study. One hundred interdental sites were included. Among these sites, 50 “test” sites were cleaned daily with calibrated interdental brushes (IDBs), whereas the other 50 sites were not cleaned and considered “controls”. The interdental biofilm at these interdental sites was collected at the beginning of the study (basal) and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology was used to quantify (i) 19 periodontal bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, and (ii) total bacteria. In the test sites, the quantity of total bacteria decreased over time with the use of IDBs. The bacteria from the red and orange Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal disease, significantly decreased in the test sites but not in the control sites. Bacteria from the yellow, and purple Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal health, increased significantly in both groups whereas bacteria from the blue Socransky complex increased significantly only in the test sites. Furthermore, at basal, 66% of test sites and 68% of control sites bled during interdental brushing. These percentages decreased by 85% in 3 months for the test sites and by 27% in the control sites. In conclusion, the daily use of calibrated IDBs can reduce periodontal pathogens, reestablish symbiotic microbiota and, decrease interdental inflammation in interdental sites of healthy young adults.

Abstract TP85: Impact of Periodontal Disease and -Bacteria on Intracranial Aneurysms

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shotaro Yoshioka
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Periodontal Index

Introduction: Periodontal Gram-negative bacteria and their products can initiate inflammatory responses in periodontal tissues with systemic consequences. They are associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke. Local inflammation and oxidative stress play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of intracranial aneurysms (IAs). Under the hypothesis that the severity of periodontal disease is associated with the formation and rupture of IAs we assessed which periodontal pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of IAs. Methods: We enrolled patients with ruptured- (n=5, age 60±11.9) and unruptured IAs (n=13, age 67±6.1) and controls without IAs (n=7, age 58±8.5); their prior informed consent was obtained. The severity of periodontitis was recorded using the community periodontal index (CPI) of the Treatment Needs code. Subgingival plaques (n=23) were evaluated with the quantitative real-time PCR assay to check for the Gram-negative bacteria Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). Plasma IgG titers of antibody against Pg, Pi, Aa, and Eikenella corrodens were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The CPI was significantly higher in patients with IAs than the controls (2.7 vs 1.9, p<0.05) and their DNA level of subgingival plaques and their plasma IgG titers of Pg were also higher. Periodontal disease was more severe and the plasma IgG titers of Pg were higher in patients with ruptured- than unruptured IAs, suggesting that Pg is associated not only with the formation but also the rupture of IAs. Conclusions: We present evidence that severe periodontal disease and Pg infection may be involved in the pathophysiology of IAs. The management of periodontal diseases may help to prevent the formation and rupture of IAs.

scholarly journals The Human Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide Profile according to the Oral Microbiota in Health, Periodontitis and Smoking

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 432-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Grant ◽  
Ola Kilsgård ◽  
Sigvard Åkerman ◽  
Björn Klinge ◽  
Ryan T. Demmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Selected Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Peptide Profile ◽  
Innate Defense

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse family of peptides that defend the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity and other locations. Many AMPs have multiple functions and properties that influence aspects of innate defense and colonization by microorganisms. The human oral cavity is home to the second-most diverse microbiome, and the health of the mouth is influenced by the presence of these bacteria as well as by extrinsic factors such as periodontitis and smoking. This study hypothesized that the AMP profile is different in the presence of extrinsic factors and that this would also be reflected in the bacteria present. The AMP profile was analyzed by quantitative selected-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry analysis and 40 bacterial species were quantified by DNA-DNA hybridization in saliva donated by 41 individuals. Periodontal status was assessed through dental examination and smoking status through medical charting. Periodontal health (in nonsmokers) was associated with a higher abundance of ribonuclease 7, protachykinin 1, β-defensin 128, lipocalin 1, bactericidal permeability-increasing protein fold-containing family B member 3, and bone-marrow proteoglycan. Nonsmoking periodontal disease was associated with an abundance of neutrophil defensin 1 and cathelicidin. However, 7 AMPs were overabundant in periodontal disease in smokers: adrenomedullin, eosinophil peroxidase, 3 different histones, myeloperoxidase, and neutrophil defensin 1. There were no differentially abundant AMPs in smokers versus nonsmokers with periodontal health. Correlation network inference of healthy nonsmokers, healthy smokers, nonsmoking periodontitis, or smoking periodontitis donors demonstrated very different networks growing in complexity with increasing numbers of stressors. The study highlights the importance of the interaction between the oral cavity and its resident microbiota and how this may be influenced by periodontal disease and smoking.

scholarly journals Periodontopathogens Detection in White-Cheeked Spider Monkey (Ateles marginatus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Andresa De Cássia Martini ◽  
Lianna Ghisi Gomes ◽  
Fernanda Harumi Mruyama ◽  
Luciana Maria Curtio Soares ◽  
Sandra Helena Ramiro Corrêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Spider Monkeys ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
In Captivity

Background: Control of oral lesions contributes directly to the survival, and welfare of captive animals, and studies show that the genus Ateles has a higher prevalence of widespread periodontal disease compared to other genera. Anaerobic microbial species, considered as periodontal pathogens, are part of the biofilm community that contributes to the development of periodontitis. The present study aimed to detect periodontopathogenos in the oral cavity of two captive white-cheeked spider monkeys (Ateles marginatus) submitted for assessment oral and subgingival curettage.Case: We evaluated one pair of captive white-cheeked spider monkeys, one male (A) and one female (B), of 15 years of age with an average weight of 7 kg. Animals were fed daily with rations for primates, including fruit, vegetables, and raw eggs. The animals underwent oral evaluation, and following the charting of odontogram and photographic documentation, both were classified with periodontal disease stage III, according to the AVDC (American College of Veterinary Dentistry). They presented with moderate periodontitis, characterized by a loss of 25 to 50% of periodontal insertion and exposure of furcation degree 2, measured through clinical survey. During intraoral review, animals underwent subgingival curettage with curette of Gracey on the surface of the canine vestibular (C) and four top bilateral premolars (4PM). Antibiotics were not used at the time of collection, for dealing with routine procedures of clinical evaluation. The animals showed an increase in the volume of hemorrhagic features in the vestibular region between C and the second pre molar (2PM) on the upper right. Incisional biopsy was collected immediately at the end of the assessment, for the purpose of histopathological analyses. The samples from subgingival collection were immediately deposited in microtubes containing 500 µL of 0.9% saline solution and kept at -18°C until the time of genomic DNA extraction. The extracted DNA were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Fusobacterium spp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia. All the samples detected in PCR were confirmed by partial sequencing of genes. Fusobacterium spp., P. gingivalis, and T. forsythia were detected in both individuals A and B. The identification of P. intermedia was exclusive to animal A and histopathological analysis of the gingival fragment showed severe and diffuse neutrophilic infiltrates, confirming the of gingivitis for this individual, with greater severity in the disease progression.Discussion: Older animals in captivity have a higher incidence of periodontal disease and high expression of inflammatory cytokines and immune receptors involved in the induction of inflammation as compared to younger animals, as well as free-living animals. Gingivitis and periodontitis are associated with an increase in the frequency of anaerobic, gramnegative microorganisms, whereby the production of pigments and a variety of enzymes damages the periodontal tissues. Knowing that the presence of bacterial species directly affects the periodontal condition and that the participation of these microorganisms favors the installation and progression of the disease, this study describes the first molecular detection of periodontopathogens related to periodontal disease in white-cheeked spider monkeys. We concluded that these pathogens are present in the oral cavity of white-cheeked spider monkeys, highlighting the importance of routine and proper food handling in captive animals.

Regenereation in periodontics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murtaza Kaderi ◽  
Mohsin Ali ◽  
Alfiya Ali ◽  
Tasneem Kaderi
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
Guided Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Extensive Documentation

The goals of periodontal therapy are to arrest of periodontal disease progression and to attain the regeneration of the periodontal apparatus. Osseous grafting and Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) are the two techniques with the most extensive documentation of periodontal regeneration. However, these techniques offer limited potential towards regenerating the periodontal tissues. Recent surgical procedures and application of newer materials aim at greater and more predictable regeneration with the concept of tissue engineering for enhanced periodontal regeneration and functional attachment have been developed, analyzed, and employed in clinical practice

scholarly journals MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF ORAL FLORA IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH GINGIVITIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Samira Hsaine ◽  
Fatima Zahrae Fethi ◽  
Reda Charof ◽  
Khadija Ounine
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Oral Flora ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation

Objective: Given the importance of the association between diabetes and periodontal disease, the main objective of the present study was to compare the microbial diversity responsible for gingivitis in patients with and without type 2 diabetes.Methods: Samples were collected from the oral cavity of 134 patients with gingivitis and categorised into 3 groups (68 non-diabetic patients and 66 diabetic patients; 33 with controlled diabetes and 33 with poorly controlled diabetes). Sample culture was carried out on selective culture media. The identification of isolated strains involved a series of biochemical tests including miniature galleries (API 20E and 20 Strep), the traditional biochemical gallery (tubes) and automated bacterial identification (BD Phoenix™).Results: Identification by biochemical methods made it possible to differentiate 14 bacterial species and one yeast. There was greater bacterial diversity in diabetic patients as compared to non-diabetic patients. Periodontal pathogens were isolated from both diabetic and non-diabetic populations; however, certain microbes such as Streptococcus acidominimus, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were present only in diabetics, with a much higher percentage in those with poorly controlled diabetes.Conclusion: Poorly controlled diabetes causes metabolic dysregulation that can increase the severity of periodontal disease.

scholarly journals MICRO BIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE- A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jageer Chinna ◽  
Jannat Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Campylobacter Rectus ◽  
Periodontal Tissues

Periodontal diseases are inflammatory and destructive diseases of the dentogingival complex associated with specific periodontal pathogens inhabiting periodontal pockets. Periodontal diseases lead to damage of the periodontal tissues supporting the teeth (bone and connective tissue) and affect the quality of life of the affected individuals: poor alimentation, tooth loss, social and financial problems. Although it is generally considered that the disease has multifactorial etiology, data show that some specific Gram-negative microorganisms in the subgingival plaque biofilm play a major role in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia form a consortium in the subgingival biofilm and are regarded as the principal periodontopathogenic bacteria. Other microorganisms that have been implicated as predominant species in the disease process are: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Peptostreptococcus migros, Eikenella corrodens. In periodontitis, the initiation of the disease is the colonization of the tissues by these pathogenic species. The next step is bacterial invasion or invasion by pathogenic products into the periodontal tissues, interactions of bacteria or their substances with host cells, and this directly/indirectly causes degradation of the periodontium, resulting in tissue destruction. Keywords: periodontal disease, periodontal pathogens, microbiology.

Analysis of the Salivary Microbiome in the Periodontal Disease patients with hypertension and non-hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhua Li ◽  
Rexidan Zaker ◽  
Xueqian Chu ◽  
Reyida Asihati ◽  
Chong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Differential Abundance ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Hypervariable Regions ◽  
Microbiota Diversity

Background: An improved comprehension of the oral microbiota function in the pathogenesis of disease will contribute to diagnosis and treatment for both hypertension and periodontal disease. In our study, a comparison of the salivary microbiome between hypertension and Non-hypertension cohorts was designed to reveal microbial signatures. <P> Methods: Patients were divided into four sub-groups: Gingivitis, Periodontitis (stage 2, 3 and 4). Then the hypertension and Non-hypertension cohorts were split into periodontal health and periodontitis subgroups. The salivary samples were processed for DNA extraction (n=246). The V3-V4 hypervariable regions of microbiome 16S rRNA genes were amplified. Finally, sequencing libraries was constructed and subjected them to bioinformatics and statistical analyses. <P> Results: The oral microbial diversity decreased in both hypertension and periodontal disease groups compared to the healthy. At the genus level, the diversity showed 100 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for differential abundance testing. The first trend showed OTUs decreased in relative abundance with increasing periodontal disease, and as well as hypertension groups and non-hypertensive. For this trend OTUs comprised a mix of primarily anaerobic commensals and potential acute diarrhea pathogens. The second trend was that the diversity of genera was decreased in hypertension relative to non-hypertension, including other anaerobic bacteria related with periodontal disease. <P> Conclusions: Microbiota diversity decreased in both hypertension and different stages of periodontal disease groups, however, Neisseria and Solobacterium genera increased in co-existing hypertension and periodontal disease. Obviously, these findings indicate that the abundance of genera continues to change due to additional stresses caused by co-existing conditions

scholarly journals Porphyromonas gingivalis and its impact on periodontal health and systemic diseases. A concise review.

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Pablo Jasma ◽  
Patricio Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Cardiovascular Cells ◽  
Systemic Health

Periodontitis is defined as a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease, associated to a dysbiotic biofilm and characterized by the progressive destruction of the periodontal attachment. Clinical studies have revealed the presence of 10 to 15 bacterial species that are potential periodontal pathogens in adults. From these, the most cited are Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia. The aim of this article is to review P. gingivalis’ characteristics and impact on periodontal and systemic health. Different studies have reported a relation between the presence of P. gingivalis and periodontal disease. P. gingivalis was one of the most frequently detected species in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. This is due to its unique ability to avoid the host’s immune response and contribute to the development of the destructive process. P. gingivalis, although only present in low frequency, is pathogenic because of its ability to induce dysbiotic microbial communities. There is more evidence that P. gingivalis might invade cardiovascular cells and tissues causing inflammation. It has been suggested that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in the development of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. The repeated exposure to P. gingivalis, produces neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and formation of intra and extracellular amyloid plaques, which are pathognomonic signs of Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of microbial contamination in and periodontitis and periimplantitis. Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
N. A. Tuneva ◽  
◽  
N. V. Bogacheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Dental Implantation ◽  
Therapeutic Measures

At the present stage of the development of dentistry, dental implantation occupies a leading place in the system of complex rehabilitation of patients with defects in the dentition. The success of dental implant placement depends on many factors. Among the significant reasons influencing the positive outcome of transplantation, the state of microbiocinosis of the oral cavity of patients should be noted. The perimplant zone is a favorable habitat for anaerobes. The pathological process in the form of periodontitis, which is often the reason for the loss of teeth and the placement of implants, contributes to the progression of the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues. This article provides an overview of the scientific litera-ture devoted to the study of microflora in inflammatory periodontal diseases. We conducted a comparative assessment of the microbiota in periodontitis and peri-implantitis, which, according to individual authors, are different ecosystems in terms of the composition of microorganisms. Alternative views on this issue were considered. Based on the analyzed scientific data, we made a conclusion about the similarities and differences in the oral microbiota in periodontitis and peri-implantitis, as well as in their combined course. We substantiated the feasibility of assessing microbial pathogens in the peri-implant area in order to develop preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at the long-term survival of dental implants.

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