scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Garcinia Kola Seeds in Male Wistar Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Musa Toyin Yakubu ◽  
◽  
Ayodeji Luqman Quadri ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Background: Garcinia kola seed is consumed indiscriminately in Nigeria without recourse to its potential toxicity. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the toxicity of the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds on selected tissues of male rats. Methods: Thirty male rats (215.00 ± 18.58 g) were assigned into four groups: A, B, C and D which received 0.5 ml of distilled water, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively, once daily for 7 days. Biochemical indices of organ damage and toxicity were determined using standard methods. Results: The extract significantly (P<0.05) increased the testes-body weight ratio, activities of testicular alkaline phosphatase (ALP), heart, testes and serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity, serum concentrations of uric acid, K+, creatinine and PO43-. The liver-body weight ratio, activities of kidney and serum ALP, liver, heart and serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), serum and testicular acid phosphatase (ACP), concentrations of serum albumin, globulin, urea, Na+ , HCO3-, conjugated and total bilirubin were reduced. The heart- and kidney-body weight ratios and liver ALP were not significantly (P>0.05) altered. Conclusion: The treatment related alterations in the present study indicates that the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds at the doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight caused functional toxicity to the organs of the animals and thus not safe as an oral remedy.

scholarly journals Effect of Aqueous Extract of Senna occidentalis Leaves on Haematological and Liver Biochemical Parameters in Wistar Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
OWOLARAFE TAJUDEEN ALOWONLE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

This study evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of Senna occindentalis leaves on some biochemical parameters in Wistar rats. Twenty albino rats equally divided into four experimental groups were used. One group served as control and received the carrier solvent treatment. Three test groups were treated with S. occidentalis extract at 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight respectively. The experiment lasted for 14 days after which the rats were sacrificed and blood collected for biochemical and haematological evaluation. Liver-body weight ratio was computed and liver histoarchitecture was investigated. The results showed that all haematological parameters were significantly (P<0.05) affected except the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume. There were also significant (P<0.05) alterations in the activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as the levels of total protein, albumin and globulin in the serum. No significant (P>0.05) alterations were observed in the computed liver-body weight ratio but marked alterations in histoarchitecture of the liver cells were present. These alterations in the haematological parameters, liver function enzymes and histological evaluation suggest a selective toxicity of the extract on the animals.

Mode of cellular toxicity of aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis (Schweinf. Ex Hiern) stem in male rat liver and kidney

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 469-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Yakubu ◽  
AT Oladiji ◽  
MA Akanji
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Cellular Toxicity ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

The mode of cellular toxicity of aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem in male rats was investigated. Rats were grouped into four: A, B, C and D where A (the control) received orally 1 mL of distilled water; B, C and D (test groups) received orally 18, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively, for 28 days. Infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of hydroxyl (OH) and primary amine (CONH). Clinical toxicity symptoms such as respiratory distress, epistasis, salivation, hypo- and hyperactivity were not observed at any period of the experiment. No mortality was also recorded. Extract administration significantly reduced (p < .05) the activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transferase in the liver and kidney with corresponding increases in the serum. Serum malondialdehyde also increased significantly in all the extract-treated groups. The liver and kidney body weight ratios of the extract-treated animals compared well (P > .05) with their controls throughout the experimental period. The extract did not cause any swelling, atrophy or hypertrophy of the organs. The other evidence in this study suggests disruption of the ordered lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of the hepatocytes and nephrons. This might have resulted from peroxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids on the membranes of the hepatocytes and nephrons made possible by the functional groups or the product of metabolism of the extract. This may be responsible for the compromise of the integrity of the plasma membranes of the hepatocytes and nephrons.

A study on the safety evaluation of buphrenorphine administered through an autoinjector compared with manual injection using haematological and biochemical variables in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 901-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sheela ◽  
R Vijayaraghavan ◽  
S Senthilkumar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Manual Group ◽  
Significant Change

Buprenorphine drug cartridge was made for autoinjector device for use in emergency and critical situations to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Water-filled cartridges were prepared and buprenorphine was injected aseptically in the cartridge, to make 0.05 and 0.10 mg/mL. Rats were injected intraperitoneally, buprenorphine (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg), repeatedly with the autoinjector and compared with manual injection (7 days and 14 days) using various haematological and biochemical parameters. No significant change was observed in the body weight, organ to body weight ratio and haematological variables in any of the experimental groups compared with the control group. Except serum urea and aspartate aminotransferase, no significant change was observed in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase. The autoinjectors deliver the drugs with spray effect and force for faster absorption. In the present study, the autoinjector meant for intramuscular injection was injected intraperitoneally in rats, and the drug was delivered with force on the vital organs. No significant difference was observed in the autoinjector group compared to the manual group showing tolerability and safety of the buphrenorphine autoinjector. This study shows that buprenorphine autoinjector can be considered for further research work.

scholarly journals PROTECTIVE ROLE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS AGAINST TRICHLOROACETATE-INDUCED TOXICITY IN LIVER OF MALE RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Medhat Mostafa Abozid ◽  
Hoda Ea Farid
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Group I ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

 Objective: The current study was designed to estimate the potential protective role of the aqueous extract of rosemary (AER) (Rosmarinus officinalis) against trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-created hepatotoxicity in male albino rats.Methods: Forty male albino rats were separated into four groups of ten: Group I served as control; Group II was given AER (200 mg/kg/day) by gavage; Group III received TCA at the dose 50 mg/kg/day, and Group V was treated with AER (200 mg/kg/day) and received TCA (50 mg/kg/day). The experiment was carried out for 2 months.Results: The toxicity of TCA for rats was revealed by an elevation in liver marker enzymes activities (gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and conjugated bilirubin (CB) level, and a decrease in albumin and total protein (TP) levels. The TCA administration also caused a significant increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and also malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver tissues. These biochemical effects were accompanied by histological indicators of liver damage. Treatment with ARE recovered the liver damage instigated by TCA, as showed by perfection of liver enzyme markers (GGT, ALT, AST, ALP), CB, TP and albumin; as well as antioxidant parameters (CAT, SOD, GPx) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) and amelioration of histopathology changes in the liver tissues.Conclusion: It could be concluded that AER supplementation for 2 months in TCA-induced toxicity in rats benefited hepatic antioxidant status and improved liver injury and damage in male albino rats exposed to TCA.

Toxicological implications of aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves in pregnant Dutch rabbits

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 591-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Yakubu ◽  
BB Bukoye ◽  
AT Oladiji ◽  
MA Akanji
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Bambusa Vulgaris ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris L. leaves at 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight was investigated for toxic effects in pregnant rabbits. Apparently healthy, female rabbits (Dutch) weighing between 1.62 and 1.70 kg as previously used in our abortifacient study were paired overnight with male rabbits in ratio 2:1 and those that became pregnant were completely randomized into three groups (A-C). Group A (the control), received orally 1.85 mL/kg body weight (3 mL) of distilled water thrice daily on days 1-9 of pregnancy while groups B and C were treated orally with the same volume corresponding to 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Clinical signs of toxicity were not observed in all the animals during the study. The extract did not significantly alter (p > .05) the serum follicle stimulating hormone and total protein content of the pregnant rabbits throughout the exposure period whereas, the concentrations of luteinizing hormone, progesterone, albumin, globulin, urea and calcium decreased in the serum of the rabbits. At 250 mg/kg body weight, the extract increased kidney alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity whereas at 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract, the ALP level was similar to the control group. Liver ALP at all doses, as well as the activity of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) at 500 mg/kg body weight was reduced. This reduction was accompanied by an increase in serum ALP and GGT at these doses. At 250 mg/kg, the extract increased kidney GGT. Conversely, at 500 mg/ kg, kidney GGT activity decreased. Liver and serum GGT were not altered by the 250 mg/kg. The extract also increased the serum levels of creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate ions as well as total and conjugated bilirubin. In the hepatocytes of extract-treated animals, there was no evidence of necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis and degenerative changes in the central vein and radiating hepatic cords, while the glomerulus and the tubules of the nephrons also remained intact. The alterations in biochemical parameters by the aqueous extract of B. vulgaris leaves suggests adverse effect on the synthetic, secretory, reabsorptive and excretory functions of liver and kidney of the animals. Therefore, the absence of histopathological lesions in the hepatocytes and nephrons implies that histopathological changes are not a sensitive assay for the assessment of tissue damage by the extract.

Stimulation of Renal Organic Base Transport by Uranyl Nitrate

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Uranyl Nitrate ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Organic Base ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Kidney Weight ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
Cortical Slices ◽  
Stimulation Of

Administration of 6 mg/kg uranyl nitrate to adult male rats resulted in a significant enhancement of N-methylnicotinamide (NMN) uptake by renal cortical slices when measured 24 or 48 h after injection. The accumulation of another organic base, tetraethylammonium (TEA), by renal cortical slices was also significantly increased by uranyl nitrate treatment, but transport of the organic acid p-aminohippurate (PAH) was not altered in these experiments. The kidney weight to body weight ratio was increased in treated rats. Accumulation of NMN by renal cortical slices was significantly enhanced within 8 h after administration of 6 mg/kg uranyl nitrate. NMN uptake was also significantly enhanced 24 and 48 h after administration of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg uranyl nitrate to rats. The nephrotoxicity produced by uranyl nitrate was not directly related to its induction of organic base transport. The data support the hypothesis that the organic base transport system can be selectively induced by appropriate stimuli. Treatment of rats with potassium chloride did not enhance NMN uptake by renal cortical slices.

Safety Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Crateva adansonii Leaves on Selected Tissues of Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Akanji
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Serum Chloride ◽  
Haematological Profile ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

The phytochemical constituents and safety of aqueous extract of Crateva adansonii leaves on rats were investigated. Forty rats were grouped into 4 (A-D) of 10 animals each. Group A rats received 1 mL of distilled water, while groups B, C and D received equal volume corresponding to 325, 650 and 1300 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively, for seven days. Five rats were sacrificed from each group 24 h after 7 doses, while the remaining five were sacrificed 24 h after discontinuing the administration for another 7 days (recovery period, day 14). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins (2.36%), alkaloids (1.34%), tannins (0.94%), phenolics (1.06%), flavonoids (0.09%), phlobatannins (0.54%) and anthraquinones (0.47%). The extract significantly increased (P<0.05) the kidney, small intestine and serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), liver and serum γglutamyl transferase (ϒ-GT), levels of serum globulin, white blood cells and lymphocytes, whereas the liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity decreased. By the end of the recovery period, the levels of these biomolecules compared well (P>0.05) with their respective controls. In contrast, the increases in the serum total protein, ALP and AST as well as decreases in liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum chloride and sodium ions were sustained during the recovery period. Furthermore, the levels of serum albumin, total and conjugated bilirubin, urea, creatinine, potassium, bicarbonate, haematological parameters and computed organ-body weight ratios were not significantly (p>0.05) altered. The histology of the kidney and small intestine were preserved whereas there was mild degeneration and congestion of the hepatocytes surrounding the central veins in the liver. Overall, the extract caused mild, selective and reversible changes in the haematological profile and biochemical parameters of organ function. Therefore, because the rats recovered from the assault of the extract, the plant may still be explored as oral remedy.

Training and bradycardia in rats

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (6) ◽  
pp. 1089-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Weight Percentage

Bradycardia produced by training was investigated in 228 mature male rats belonging to normal, vagotomized, diencephalon-lesioned, immunological sympathectomized, and hypophysectomized groups. During a 70-day experimental period, resting heart rates of trained unanesthetized rats were significantly lower than those of non-trained rats at approximately 40 days after the training program had been initiated. Resting heart rates were correlated with body weight, wet and dry heart weight, percentage of solids, and the heart weight/body weight ratio (heart ratio). Several coefficients were statistically significant but the majority of the coefficients were below ±0.60 and exhibited a low relationship between the various parameters. Heart ratios for the trained vagotomized, diencephalon-lesioned, and immunological sympathectomized were significantly lower than the ratios from normal trained animals. Similar trends were observed with the nontrained subgroups when these ratios were compared with normal nontrained animals. The only exercising group that exhibited statistical evidence for cardiac hypertrophy was the normal trained group. It was concluded that other aspects beside the weight of the heart must be considered in any satisfactory explanation for this form of bradycardia.

P6377Cardiopulmonary effects of nitric oxide supplementation in a model of chronic hypoxia pulmonary hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Reinero ◽  
M Beghetti ◽  
M Samaja ◽  
G Milano
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Chronic Hypoxia ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Medial Wall ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Medial Wall Thickness ◽  
Pulmonary Remodeling

Abstract Objective We previously demonstrated that the inhibition of phosphodiesterase type-5, an enzyme that degrades cGMP into inactive 5'-GMP, attenuates pulmonary remodeling and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy (RVH) during exposure to chronic hypoxia (CH). The nitric oxide (NO) pathway is thought to play a major role in these changes. In this study, we investigate whether L-Arginine (L-ARG), a substrate of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and molsidomine (MOL), a NO donor, might alleviate the cardiovascular and pulmonary dysfunction led by CH. Methods Male rats (n=80; 10/group) were maintained in normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic chambers (10% O2) for 14 days. Hypoxic rats were subdivided in four groups: untreated control, treated with L-ARG (45 mg/kg), eNOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 45 mg/kg) or MOL (15 mg/kg). Drugs were given daily in the drinking water. After sacrifice, we measured RV systolic pressure (RVSP), RV contractility (dP/dt), RVH, the lung/body weight ratio, the pulmonary vessels medial wall thickness, and the cardiac and pulmonary eNOS phosphorylation. Results Although CH increased RVSP, RV contractility and RVH, these increases were attenuated by L-ARG and MOL. Whereas L-ARG attenuated the RVH increase, MOL and L-NAME were ineffective. No treatment prevented the increase in lung/body weight ratio. Under all conditions, the lung tissue water content was unchanged, indicating no edema development. By contrast, CH rats developed a marked increase in medial wall thickness of small (0–100 mm) pulmonary arteries, while larger arteries were not affected. This increase was attenuated by L-ARG or MOL. Although CH decreased cardiac and pulmonary phosphorylated eNOS, L-ARG and MOL restored the normoxic level. Conclusions NO supplementation during CH attenuates RVSP, RVH and pulmonary remodeling, probably due to increased phosphorylation of eNOS. Despite normalizing RVSP, MOL does not influence RVH development.

Abstract 532: BIA 5-1058, Beyond Blood Pressure, Improves Cardiometabolism and Decrease End-organ Damage

Hypertension ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Igreja ◽  
Nuno M Pires ◽  
Lyndon C Wright ◽  
Patrício Soares-da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) can alter blood pressure (BP) by modulation of cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance and renal function. One strategy for controlling sympathetic nerve function is to reduce the biosynthesis of norepinephrine (NE) via inhibition of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH). BIA 5-1058 is a new peripheral DβH inhibitor that decreases NE levels in sympathetically innervated tissues and slows down the drive of SNS. In order to evaluate the cardiometabolic effects of BIA 5-1058 in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 12 male SHR 50-week-old were randomized into two groups and one group was treated with BIA 5-1058 (30 mg/Kg/day) mixed in the diet for 9 weeks. During week 8 of treatment, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured by tail cuff. At the end of the study, 24-hour urine and plasma was collected and organs weight was recorded. BIA 5-1058 treatment reduced systolic BP (224±5 vs 183±8 mmHg, p<0.05) with no significant effect on HR. The heart/body weight ratio was decreased in animals treated with BIA 5-1058 (3.66±0.08 vs 3.45±0.04 mg/g, p<0.05), while the ratio kidney/body weight was unchanged. BIA 5-1058 significantly decreased plasma levels of the inflammatory markers CRP (447.3±7.1 vs 401.2±7.1 μg/ml, p<0.05), MCP-1 (90.3±10.5 vs 58.2±9.0 pg/ml, p<0.05) and ASAT (91.7±8.0 vs 67.3±4.0 U/l, p<0.05) but no significant effect on ALAT was observed. Concerning lipid metabolism, there was a decrease in plasma triglycerides (0.94±0.05 vs. 0.70±0.05 mmol/l, p<0.05) and free fatty acids levels (0.23±0.03 vs 0.11±0.01 mmol/l, p<0.05) induced by BIA 5-1058, while total cholesterol plasma levels was similar in both groups. BIA 5-1058 significantly reduced the 24-hour urine excretion (13.5±1.6 vs 8.9±1.2 ml, p<0.05), but had no significant effect in the amount of protein excreted in urine nor in the creatinine clearance rate. In conclusion, the new DBH inhibitor, BIA 5-1058, presents cardiometabolic benefits in aged SHR.

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