scholarly journals Pathogens of diseases of the digestive tract of rabbits in the parasitocenosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (102) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
M. P. Prus ◽  
Y. V. Duda
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Current State ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Different Types

Among the causes that cause significant economic damage to the rabbit industry are parasitic and infectious diseases. In different geographical areas, most protozoan and helminthic diseases exist as monoparasitosis and various associations. Associative invasions occur in various combinations. There is not enough information in the literature that could give a complete picture of the current state of infections and invasions of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits in Ukraine. The aim of our work was to establish the epizootic situation regarding the pathogens of invasive and infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits. The work was performed during 2019–2020. Monitoring of the epizootic situation regarding parasitosis of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits was carried out based on the results of coproscopic studies of animals from different regions of Ukraine. The spread of the disease was established by clinical observation, helminthoscopic, helminthovoscopic, helmintholarvoscopic studies of animals and incomplete helminthological autopsy of rabbits aged from birth to 4 years. According to our research, it was found that spirochetosis as a monoinfection was registered in 3.32 % of animals, eimeriosis as a monoinvasion – in 10.70 %, passalurosis – in 3.33 %, strongyloidosis – in 4.79 %, cysticercosis – in 1.85 %. Parasitosis of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits most often occurred in the form of myxinvasions (76.01 %). Most often associative parasitosis of rabbits was detected as part of two-component mixinvasions (54,85%), less often recorded in the form of three-component mixinvasions (37.38 %) and four-component mixinvasions (7.77 %). Polyinvasions consisted of associations: prokaryotes, protozoa and nematodes (32.52 %), protozoa and nematodes (30.10 %), different types of nematodes (11.17 %), prokaryotes and nematodes (9.22 %), prokaryotes and protozoa (6.80 %), protozoa and cestodes (3.88 %), cestodes and nematodes (2.91 %), prokaryotes and cestodes (2.43 %), prokaryotes, protozoa, cestodes and nematodes (0.97 %), protozoa, cestodes and nematodes (0.49 %). In the parasitocenoses of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits are most often registered in the form of associations with Eimeria sрp. and Treponema cuniculi (19.42 %), Eimeria sрp., Passalurus ambiguus and Treponema cuniculi (18.45 %), Eimeria sрp., Treponema cuniculi and Strongyloides papillosus (13.11 %), Passalurus ambiguus and Strongyloides papillosus (11.17 %). In total, 11 combinations of different types of parasites were identified, the co-members of which are passalurus, 10 – eimeria, 7 – strongyloides and treponema, 6 – cysticercus.

scholarly journals Associative parasitoses of the gastrointestinal tract of horses and assessment of anti-parasitic drugs efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-231
Author(s):  
M. P. Sinyakov
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
The Republic

Invasive diseases of horses are an urgent problem in the horse breeding industry of the Republic of Belarus, as well as in the near and far abroad countries. The main role among the parasitic pathology is occupied by helminths of the small and large intestine, as well as larvae of gasterophilus. In associative course, they are the cause of significant economic losses associated with the growth and development of sick young animals, reduced performance, endurance of animals, increased susceptibility to other diseases, and even the death of animals. Planned therapeutic and preventive measures using broad-spectrum anthelmintics is a priority measure to reduce economic damage in development of the horse breeding industry. The paper provides data on spread of parasitoses of gastrointestinal tract in horses in the Republic of Belarus during period of 2004-2020. The paper presents the species composition of horse parasites localized in the stomach, small and large intestines. Data on extensiveness and intensity of invasions of horses by parasitocenosis of digestive tract in terms of age are presented. Therapeutic efficiency of antiparasitic drugs of various pharmacological groups in mono- and polyinfestations of gastrointestinal tract of horses are studied. High extensibility of Avermectin series preparations (Avermectin paste 1 %, Rivertin 1 %) has been determined for nematodes of gastrointestinal tract of horses and gastrointestinal disease. High efficiency has been obtained from a new complex antiparasitic preparation for horses “Prazimax” in mono- and polyinfestations caused by parasites of gastrointestinal tract, including nematodes of the small and large intestines, larvae of gasterophilus and Anoplocephala perfoliata cestodes. Data on spread of associative course of parasitocenoses of the digestive tract of horses, age and seasonal dynamics will allow veterinary specialists to make timely diagnosis, conduct differential diagnostics, determine the optimal timing of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive treatments, taking into account the specifics of parasitocenosis.

scholarly journals Exosome-Based Vaccines: History, Current State, and Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Santos ◽  
Fausto Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dendritic Cell Vaccines ◽  
Delivery Mechanism

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most cell types as part of an intracellular communication system in crucial processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and immune response. However, EVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as cancer and numerous infectious diseases. An important feature of EVs is their ability to deliver a wide range of molecules to nearby targets or over long distances, which allows the mediation of different biological functions. This delivery mechanism can be utilized for the development of therapeutic strategies, such as vaccination. Here, we have highlighted several studies from a historical perspective, with respect to current investigations on EV-based vaccines. For example, vaccines based on exosomes derived from dendritic cells proved to be simpler in terms of management and cost-effectiveness than dendritic cell vaccines. Recent evidence suggests that EVs derived from cancer cells can be leveraged for therapeutics to induce strong anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, EV-based vaccines have shown exciting and promising results against different types of infectious diseases. We have also summarized the results obtained from completed clinical trials conducted on the usage of exosome-based vaccines in the treatment of cancer, and more recently, coronavirus disease.

scholarly journals A review of the physiology of the canine digestive tract related to the development ofin vitrosystems

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Smeets-Peeters ◽  
Tim Watson ◽  
Mans Minekus ◽  
Robert Havenaar
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Different Types

AbstractFood and nutrition studies in animals and human beings often meet with technical difficulties and sometimes with ethical questions. An alternative to research in living animals is the dynamic multicompartmentalin vitromodel for the gastrointestinal tract described by Minekuset al.(1995) and Havenaar & Minekus (1996). The dynamic conditions that are simulated in this model are peristaltic movements, transit times, pH responses, secretion of enzymes and electrolytes and absorption of nutrients and water. To obtain data for anin vitromodel of the dog gastrointestinal tract, the literature was surveyed for physiological responses to different types of dog food. These included: values of enzyme activities, electrolyte concentrations, gastric emptying and intestinal transit times, pH values, secretion and composition of bile and absorption rates in different parts of the dog gastrointestinal tract. The review focuses on research carried out on healthy, adult dogs of 10–20 kg and on parameters related to the oral cavity, stomach and small intestine. This literature research gives sufficient data on the physiology of the canine digestive tract for the development of anin vitrodynamic model that adequately simulates the functions of the stomach and small intestine of the dog.

scholarly journals Calcineurin Controls Growth, Morphology, and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus fumigatus

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1091-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Steinbach ◽  
Robert A. Cramer ◽  
B. Zachary Perfect ◽  
Yohannes G. Asfaw ◽  
Theodor C. Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Immunocompromised Patient ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Growth Morphology ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hyphal Morphology

ABSTRACT Calcineurin is implicated in a myriad of human diseases as well as homeostasis and virulence in several major human pathogenic microorganisms. The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is a leading cause of infectious death in the rapidly expanding immunocompromised patient population. Current antifungal treatments for invasive aspergillosis are often ineffective, and novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. We demonstrate that a mutant of A. fumigatus lacking the calcineurin A (cnaA) catalytic subunit exhibited defective hyphal morphology related to apical extension and polarized growth, which resulted in drastically decreased filamentation. The ΔcnaA mutant lacked the extensive lattice of invading hyphae seen with the wild-type and complemented strains. Sporulation was also affected in the ΔcnaA mutant, including morphological conidial defects with the absence of surface rodlets and the added presence of disjunctors creating long conidial chains. Infection with the ΔcnaA mutant in several distinct animal models with different types of immunosuppression and inoculum delivery led to a profound attenuation of pathogenicity compared to infection with the wild-type and complemented strains. Lung tissue from animals infected with the ΔcnaA mutant showed a complete absence of hyphae, in contrast to tissue from animals infected with the wild-type and complemented strains. Quantitative fungal burden and pulmonary infarct scoring confirmed these findings. Our results support the clinical observation that substantially decreasing fungal growth can prevent disease establishment and decrease mortality. Our findings reveal that calcineurin appears to play a globally conserved role in the virulence of several pathogenic fungi and yet plays specialized roles in each and can be an excellent target for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Trypsin-Resistant Variants of the Listeria-Active Bacteriocin Salivaricin P

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (16) ◽  
pp. 5356-5362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen F. O'Shea ◽  
Paula M. O'Connor ◽  
Paul D. Cotter ◽  
R. Paul Ross ◽  
Colin Hill
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Cleavage Sites ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Specific Protease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Protease Action

ABSTRACT Two-component salivaricin P-like bacteriocins have demonstrated potential as antimicrobials capable of controlling infections in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The anti-Listeria activity of salivaricin P is optimal when the individual peptides Sln1 and Sln2 are added in succession at a 1:1 ratio. However, as degradation by digestive proteases may compromise the functionality of these peptides within the GIT, we investigated the potential to create salivaricin variants with enhanced resistance to the intestinal protease trypsin. A total of 11 variants of the salivaricin P components, in which conservative modifications at the trypsin-specific cleavage sites were explored in order to protect the peptides from trypsin degradation while maintaining their potent antimicrobial activity, were generated. Analysis of these variants revealed that eight were resistant to trypsin digestion while retaining antimicrobial activity. Combining the complementary trypsin-resistant variants Sln1-5 and Sln2-3 resulted in a MIC50 of 300 nM against Listeria monocytogenes, a 3.75-fold reduction in activity compared to the level for wild-type salivaricin P. This study demonstrates the potential of engineering bacteriocin variants which are resistant to specific protease action but which retain significant antimicrobial activity.

Lexical-Grammatical Status and Lexicographic Presentation of Two-Component Stable Prepositional Combinations

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Elena V. Generalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Summary Table ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Dictionary Entry ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Unresolved Question ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Theoretical Issues

The aim of the article is to review the ways of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations and the factors essential for their lexical-grammatical status and the type of optimal lexicographic description. The object of the study is twocomponent prepositional combinations with stable meanings and the “preposition+noun” structure. The material of the article is data of different dictionaries of Russian presenting stable prepositional combinations. In the course of the study, the following questions were answered: why the definition and interpretation of the lexical-grammatical nature of stable prepositional combinations are so difficult and ambiguous; what lexicographic interpretation these units have in dictionaries of different types; what the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of dictionary interpretation of such language material are. The following methods were used: introspective (observation, generalization, classification), systematic lexicographic description according to dictionary parameters, dictionary definition analysis. The summary table of the lexicographic presentation of stable combinations allows seeing both the unresolved question of dictionary interpretation of such units and the patterns of their interpretation depending on the type of a dictionary. As a result of the analysis the following conclusions were drawn. 1) In modern Russian there is a rather large (about 2,000 units) class of language units (prepositional combinations), the lexical-grammatical status of which is not defined, and there is no term for their definition; this class is historically formed and continues to replenish. 2) The type of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations is determined by the dictionary concept, grammatical and syntactic properties, presence of figurative meaning and possibility of component variation of such combinations. 3) The unresolved theoretical issues have as a result the lexicographic discrepancy in the presentation of these language units. Extreme lexicographic solutions are a separate dictionary entry for each combination and the presentation of such units only as stable combinations in the entry of a noun (presented in academic explanatory dictionaries). 4) Taking into account only the factor of presence/absence of a gap seems to formalize the dictionary presentation of adverbs with both conjoined and split spelling, really existing in Russian, and the position of recognition of these units with independent words and their isolate presentation is not impeccable for dictionary users. 5) In the author’s opinion, the presentation of stable prepositional combinations exclusively as independent vocabules is inferior to the traditional lexicographic approach because the isolated presentation of this material breaks the semantic connections of these complex lexical units; the most complex issue is the differentiation of adverbs with split spelling and stable combinations.

Analysis of the tendency of development of biosensors based on GaN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.I. Agasieva ◽  
E.A. Smetanin ◽  
A.R. Vechkanov ◽  
A.V. Gubanov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Local Healthcare

Statement of the problem of this article - one of the most important problems is protection from especially dangerous infectious diseases. The use of biosensors in clinical trials will significantly reduce the time for obtaining the results of analyzes, thereby speeding up the appointment of treatment to patients. The purpose of the article is to present modern designs of biosensors based on gallium nitride, the possibilities of their application and characteristics. Consider the principles of operation, areas of application and characteristics. As a result, the design of modern biosensors and modern trends in their use from various sources of literature in recent years are shown. Biosensors, principles of their action, areas of application and characteristics are considered, which will reduce the possible socio-economic damage from temporary disability for sick citizens due to the rapid and timely implementation of anti-epidemic measures. Practical value: the proposed biosensors are of interest as devices for detecting diseases. The use of biosensors in clinical disease research has several potential advantages over other clinical analysis methods, including increased analysis speed and flexibility, multipurpose analysis capability, automation, reduced diagnostic testing costs, and the ability to integrate molecular diagnostic tests into local healthcare systems.

The distribution of endocrine cell progenitors in the gut of chick embryos

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-145
Author(s):  
B. B. Rawdon ◽  
Beverley Kramer ◽  
Ann Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Pancreatic Polypeptide ◽  
Endocrine Cell ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Intact Embryo ◽  
Pancreatic Endocrine Cells ◽  
Gut Endocrine Cells

The aim of this experiment was to find out whether or not, at early stages of development, progenitors of the various types of gut endocrine cells are localized to one or more specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Transverse strips of blastoderm two to four somites in length were excised between the levels of somites 5 and 27 in chick embryos at 5- to 24-somite stages and were cultured as chorioallantoic grafts. The distribution of endocrine cells in the grafts revealed confined localization of progenitor cells only in the case of insulinimmunoreactive cells. Theprogenitors of cells with somatostatin-, pancreatic polypeptide-, glucagon-, secretin-, gastrin/CCK-, motilin-, neurotensin- and serotonin-like immunoreactivity were distributed along the length of the presumptive gut at the time of explantation; indeed, in many cases they were more widespread than are their differentiated progeny in normal gut of the same age. This finding indicates that conditions in grafts must differ from those that operate in the intact embryo. Also it may explain the occurrence of ectopic gut or pancreatic endocrine cells in tumours of the digestive tract.

Histopathological study of gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies in pediatric patients

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faten A Ghazal ◽  
Wesam M Osman ◽  
Sarah A Hakim ◽  
Nada N Tamem
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Gastrointestinal Lesions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Gastrointestinal Inflammation

Abstract Background Non neoplastic GI lesions in pediatrics are variable and differ in types and prevalence among each pediatric age group. Helicobacter pylori is an important pathogen that can cause gastritis and peptic ulcers in adults as well as in children. Celiac disease is a gluten-dependent autoimmune disorder which affects individuals having genetic susceptibility. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases are disorders that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract with eosinophil-rich inflammation in the absence of known causes for eosinophilia. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, mainly affecting the gastrointestinal tract with extraintestinal manifestations and associated immune disorders. It seems that it is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases affecting children in the developed countries. Aim of the work To study different types of paediatric non neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions from gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies received at the Pathology Department in Ain Shams University hospital during a period of 2 years (2017-2018), and to correlate them with the clinicopathological presentations and endoscopic findings. Patients and Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on all pediatric gastrointestinal biopsies received at Pathology Department in Ain Shams University Hospital during the period of two years (2017- 2018). Only cases with information for all the covariates (n = 580) were selected and the results were statistically analyzed. Results Total 580 pediatric cases were enrolled according to inclusion criteria. Nonspecific gastrointestinal inflammation represented (47.1%), Helicobacter pylori associated gastrointestinal inflammation represented (43.5%), Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease represented (3.8%), Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represented (3.7%), Celiac disease represented (1.9%). Conclusion This is the first study conducted in Ain Shams University Hospitals to assess the different types of pediatric non neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions received with clinicopathological and endoscopic correlation. The most common pediatric non neoplastic GI lesion is Helicobacter pylori infection. The diagnosis of pediatric non neoplastic GI disorder necessitates interdepartmental teamwork between GI pediatricians and pathologists.

scholarly journals Computer-Assisted Segmentation of Videocapsule Images Using Alpha-Divergence-Based Active Contour in the Framework of Intestinal Pathologies Detection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Meziou ◽  
A. Histace ◽  
F. Precioso ◽  
O. Romain ◽  
X. Dray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Active Contour ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Contour Segmentation ◽  
Semiautomatic Segmentation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Statistical Similarity ◽  
Wireless Capsule

Visualization of the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract through natural orifices is a challenge for endoscopists. Videoendoscopy is currently the “gold standard” technique for diagnosis of different pathologies of the intestinal tract. Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has been developed in the 1990s as an alternative to videoendoscopy to allow direct examination of the gastrointestinal tract without any need for sedation. Nevertheless, the systematic postexamination by the specialist of the 50,000 (for the small bowel) to 150,000 images (for the colon) of a complete acquisition using WCE remains time-consuming and challenging due to the poor quality of WCE images. In this paper, a semiautomatic segmentation for analysis of WCE images is proposed. Based on active contour segmentation, the proposed method introduces alpha-divergences, a flexible statistical similarity measure that gives a real flexibility to different types of gastrointestinal pathologies. Results of segmentation using the proposed approach are shown on different types of real-case examinations, from (multi)polyp(s) segmentation, to radiation enteritis delineation.

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