scholarly journals The perception of the Japanese in the Estonian soldiers’ letters from the Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905)

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Ene Selart
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Media History ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
War News

The Russo-Japanese war (1905-1904) had a great impact on the Estonian society as it instigated the discontent in the society that in the end lead to the turbulent events of the Russian revolution in 1905 and pursue of political independence that was achieved in 1918. It also changed the content of the Estonian printed media as these two years escalated a Japanese boom that was never seen before or after: almost in every single newspaper issue there were articles written about Japan (war news, foreign news, opinion stories, fiction, travelogues, etc). As a new genre, newspapers started to publish the letters of the soldiers who were sent to the battlefield in the Far East. On the whole about 10.000 Estonian men were mobilized that was a considerable proportion of the nation of 1 million and the Estonians back at home were eager to know every piece of information how their men are doing in the distant warfare. Consequently the war created a genre in newspapers that was providing war news without the mediation of foreign languages or journalists. In the context of the research of the Estonian printed media history, the soldiers’ letters have not been researched as a type of journalistic genre in the newspapers. The aim of the current paper is to study how did the Estonian soldiers construct in their letters the Japanese as an enemy and which topics and comparisons did they use while writing about the war. The thematic analysis was used as a research method to study the letters published in three main Estonian newspapers from spring 1904 up to spring 1905. Main topics in the letters have been divided into directly war related issues or descriptions of the surrounding environment. In both categories the positive or negative images of Japanese have been analysed.

scholarly journals Nationalism and the issue of nation-building in the nineteenth century’s Georgian political thought

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-147
Author(s):  
Salome Dundua
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
General Internal ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The Russian Empire

Abstract In this article, we discuss two different directions about the Georgian nationalism of the 19th century: first we consider, thetrinity of language, homeland, faith – maybe one of the best classical formulations of nationalist project. And second, in the process of creation of the nation, in the course of research of the Georgian nation-building of that period, we can not avoid the role of printed media. Georgian intellectuals published their opinions on general internal problems or foreign policy processes and all the most important ideas expressed by them were widespread by the printed media. Under strict censorship, discussing foreign policy processes was an indirect way to disclose the attitudes of Georgian intellectuals to the building Georgian nation, restoration of state, territorial integrity and independence, as well as to the colonial politics in generall. “Let’s be self-sufficient” is a phrase best describing the main purpose of Georgian intellectuals. However, it is noteworthy that the creators of that time Georgian nationalismprimarily sought to gain autonomy within the Russian Empire, while full political independence was due to the reality a far and difficult goal. Generally, Georgian nationalism developed during that period was clearly mild and was far from ethno-cultural discrimination that is o”en characteristic for nationalism.

scholarly journals Žiniasklaida užsienio kalbomis Lietuvoje: ką renkasi vartotojai

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 144-159
Author(s):  
Laima Nevinskaitė
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Foreign Media ◽  
Watching Tv ◽  
Media Choices

Straipsnyje pateikiama žiniasklaidos užsienio kalbomis pasirinkimo tarp Lietuvos didmiesčių gyventojų lietuvių analizė, atlikta remiantis reprezentatyvios šių miestų gyventojų apklausos duomenimis. Daugiausiai dėmesio skiriama žiniasklaidos rusų ir anglų kalbomis pasirinkimo analizei: kaip dažnai mokantys rusų ir (ar) anglų kalbas renkasi žiniasklaidą šiomis kalbomis, kaip šie pasirinkimai yra pasiskirstę tarp amžiaus grupių, koks žiniasklaidos užsienio kalbomis vartojimo dažnumas, palyginti su kitomis kalbų vartojimo sritimis. Remiantis skirtingais teoriniais požiūriais į kalbos ir tapatybės santykį, žiniasklaidos užsienio kalbomis vartojimą galima vertinti dvejopai: kaip kultūrinės, lingvistinės ir politinės įtakos šaltinį arba tiesiog vartotojo galimybių rinktis jo poreikius tenkinantį žiniasklaidos turinį išplėtimą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: žiniasklaidos vartojimas, žiniasklaida užsienio kalbomis, globalizacija.Media in Foreign Languages in Lithuania: Consumer ChoicesLaima Nevinskaitė SummaryThe author analyses the use of media in foreign languages, mostly Russian and English, among Lithuanians living in the main cities of Lithuania (Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipeda). The analysis is based on data of a representative survey on the knowledge of languages and their use in these cities, performed within the research project “Cities and Languages” by Vilnius Universit).The use of media in foreign languages is important in several respects, which are discussed in the article. First, it can be regarded as a source of cultural and linguistic influence within the context of cultural and linguistic globalisation. In Lithuania and in other former Soviet Union states, media in Russian are also treated as a potential source of political influence. Second, it is important in respect of media market, since foreign media can be regarded as a source of a wider content choice for media consumer.Results of the analysis have shown that a significant part of Lithuanians (up to 40 per cent) frequently use media in foreign languages, although the number of frequent users still lags behind the amount of those who use the media in Lithuanian. The data show a wider knowledge of Russian and generally a wider use of mass media in Russian. Russian is used more often than English as a language for listening radio and watching TV; the use of printed media (books and periodicals) in Russian is higher, but close to that in English; English is much wider used as a language of the internet use. The trends are clearly more positive for English, since it is more popular among young people, even among those who know Russian as well. The article includes a further analysis of media choices among those who know the languages in question, these choices among the age groups, and the frequency of media use in foreign languages in comparison to the use of those languages in other domains.

The International Legal Status of Formosa

1968 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 144-163
Author(s):  
D. Barry Kirkham
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Far East ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The United States ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Communist China ◽  
Primary Obstacle ◽  
Formal Relations

We consider that the isolation of Communist China from a large part of normal international relations is dangerous. We are prepared to accept the reality of the victory in mainland China in 1949…. We consider, however, that the effective political independence of Taiwan is a political reality too.—THE HONORABLE PAUL MARTINThe International Legal Status of Formosa has long been a subject of vigorous political and academic debate. Twenty-three years after the termination of the Second World War the matter remains completely unresolved; yet it is of fundamental importance. As one writer has stated, “The question of the international status of Taiwan has been the central issue of dispute between the People’s Republic of China and a number of western states and has constituted the primary obstacle to the establishment of formal relations between mainland China and Canada.” In the words of another scholar:The Formosa problem is perhaps the most important cause of the hostile relationship between the United States and Communist China. Its prolonged unsettlement creates a highly dangerous situation in the Far East. As a result, many international problems, such as Chinese recognition, the seating of Communist China and disarmament remain unsolved. Accordingly, an early settlement of the Formosan problem is necessary.

scholarly journals The organizational basis of the construction of the Soviet militia and the problems of their implementation in the Far East (October 1917 ‒ the beginning of the 1920s)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-282
Author(s):  
Тatyana А. Ornatskaya
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Temporary Suspension ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Important Milestone

Introduction. Currently, the centenary of the Russian revolution is widely celebrated ‒ an important milestone providing an opportunity to draw a line and analyze the events of a century ago. Together there are centuries-old anniversaries and other state structures formed in Soviet Russia. Materials and Methods. The end of the XX century was marked by access of a wide range of researchers to departmental archival materials. Expanding the availability of archival documents allows to critically assessing the formation of the Soviet militia. The author, using a regional approach, reveals little-known pages of the first far Eastern militia. Results. The purpose of this study is to cover the first period, i.e. before the beginning of the Civil war in the region, the activities of Soviet militia officers the article highlights the difficulties of the organizational construction of the Soviet militia in the Far East. The author, noting the remoteness of the region, the small number of the party stratum, rampant banditry that did not allow implementing the principles of the Soviet construction of the militia, defined by the leadership of the country, highlights the process of formation of the Soviet militia apparatus. Discussion and Conclusions. In conclusion, it is concluded that the fall of Soviet power in the Far East predetermined the transition of party leaders to an illegal situation, and, consequently, the temporary suspension of the activities of the Soviet militia.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MEMPELAJARI BAHASA ASING TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN OTAK ANAK

GANEC SWARA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
FURQANUL HAKIM ◽  
SARASWATI HAYLIAN CHIANI
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Good Decision ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
High Intelligence ◽  
Foreign Language Skills

   Children's intelligence shows how we stimulate their brains. At present, all parents are actively looking for the best stimulus for their children's brain growth. But most parents still use traditional methods in stimulating the brains of their children. For example, parents usually use the instant method by giving their children some brain enhancing drugs. Some experts believe that this method is not an effective method to be used.   This study aims to determine the correlation of learning foreign languages with the growth of children's brains, and to find out the benefits of learning foreign languages for the growth of children's brains   This research is conducted at a course called 24 English College Bima NTB, with direct observation methods and conducted interviews based on questionnaires to respondents who are determined by techinique random sampling, then the results of the study are analyzed qualitatively and supported by references (books, printed media or electronically related to the problem).  The results of the study show that: (1). By learning foreign languages such as English, Spanish, French, etc. Can stimulate children's brain growth effectively, and intelligence on children also depends on what type of stimulus they get. (2). The benefits of mastering a foreign language are (a) it maximizes children's brain performance, (b) Children with good foreign language skills have high intelligence and creativity, (c) can decrease senile dimensions, (d). have better cognitive flexibility, (e). delay Alzheimer's disease, (f). Children are able to solve problems if they use a foreign language, (g). Good decision makers. People who think in other languages tend to make rational decisions

Democracy in the Russian Far East during the Revolution of 1905–1907

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 449-475
Author(s):  
Ivan Sablin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Far East ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
North Asia ◽  
The Russian Far East

The First Russian Revolution demonstrated that there was considerable interest in democracy in the Transbaikal, Amur, and Maritime Regions in 1905–1907, which was widely shared across the empire and in East Asia. Democracy was understood as economic welfare, social justice, civil liberties, popular representation, decentralization, and national self-determination. Like elsewhere in the empire, protests started with economic demands, but many trade and professional political unions, strike committees, and soviets developed political programs. In Vladivostok, unrests among soldiers and sailors erupted into major riots with numerous casualties in October 1905, despite the attempts of Military Doctor Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kudrzhinskii and other intellectuals to make the movement peaceful. In Blagoveshchensk, the Amur Cossack teacher Mikhail Nikitich Astaf’ev joined a group of intellectuals who attempted to turn the municipal duma into a provisional government. In Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, Doctor Nikolai Vasil’evich Kirilov presided over the founding congress of the Ussuri Peasant Union, which discussed the introduction of rural revolutionary self-government. In Chita, Social Democrats under Anton Antonovich Kostiushko-Voliuzhanich took over much of the Transbaikal Railway. Tsyben Zhamtsarano and other Buryat intellectuals assembled for congresses demanding indigenous self-government. The recognition of these territories as the Russian Far East had already begun, but the loosely united Transbaikal, Maritime, and Amur Regions remained part of Siberia or North Asia for contemporary observers. The unity of Siberia from the Urals to the Pacific was reinforced by Siberian Regionalism which attracted the support of regional liberals and moderate socialists and consolidated through joint activities of Siberian deputies.

Exceptional Subjects: Koreans, Settler Colonialism, and Imperial Subjecthood in the Russian Far East, 1860s–1917

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Sergey Glebov
Keyword(s):  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
The Russian Far East

Abstract This article traces debates and policies of the Russian imperial administrators toward the Korean population in the Far Eastern provinces of the Russian Empire. Koreans were initially treated as de facto members of the peasant estate, and in the 1890s many were granted the status of Russian subjects. Yet the rise of settler colonialism and a nationalizing empire from the 1880s, and especially after the Russian revolution of 1905, complicated the issue of Korean subjecthood and led to policies that excluded Koreans from the regulations normally applicable to peasants, such as the right to increased land allotments. At the same time, the neotraditionalist approach to the management of difference in the empire was still present in the 1910s, albeit never clearly articulated to compete with the nationalizing idiom.

Modern Approaches to the Study of Cultural Stereotypes on the Example of Representation of the Image of Russia in the French Media

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Алия Зарипова ◽  
Aliya Zaripova
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
Fifa World Cup ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
Citizen Diplomacy

The article deals with the cultural stereotypes concerning Russia’s image abroad, in particular using the case of the French media. Despite the well-established notion of stereotypes as negative images, today the opposite perception of this phenomenon can be seen much more often: some scholars single out these sings as a separate phenomenon and give such “positive stereotypes” the name of “prototypes”. The author examines the evolution of Russia’s image from the perspective of the French printed media. Special attention is devoted to improving tone of references to Russia, which became possible not only due to a realistic immersion into the environment (such as the recently held FIFA World Cup), but also through the contacts of the so called “citizen diplomacy”. The latter type of cross-cultural interaction is crucial to support, given the existing interest on the part of France which is one of the leading EU countries and an important partner for Russia on the international area.

Some Problems of the Rhode Island Traders in Java, 1799–1836

1965 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharom Ahmat
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Far East ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Triangular Trade

Before the American Revolution, the economic life of Rhode Island was largely dependent on the Caribbean and African trade. But the acquisition of political independence meant also the closing of these highly profitable channels of trade. Just as the need to find means by which to purchase British manufactures had led Rhode Island to join in the famous triangular trade (between New England, the West Indies and Africa); so now the closing of this trade necessitated the search for an alternative commercial avenue. This alternative was found in the establishment of trade with the Mediterranean, the Baltic and most important of all, with the Far East and the East Indies.

scholarly journals Topicality as War News Value: A Pragma – Linguistic Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Fareed Hameed Al-Hindawi ◽  
Hussein Huwail Ghayadh
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
News Values ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
News Reporting ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
News Value ◽  
War News ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Further Development

This paper discusses one of the criteria of war news values in printed media. The current study concerns itself with only Topicality as the target of scrutiny. It explores this value through the application of a model of analysis based on a pragma-linguistic approach. The analysis is intended to achieve the following aims: first, bringing topicality as one criterion of news values to the attention of pragmatists; second, introducing an analytical framework which is hoped to be useful for pragmatists to analyze news values, and to be available in their hands for further development. This framework aims at explicitly revealing the linguistic as well as the pragmatic properties of the war news texts as far as topicality is concerned. In relation to the aims of the study and owing to the fact that people are eager to understand what is going on, it is hypothesized that topicality comes into viewable interaction between grammar and pragmatics. The findings of the data analysis indicate how topicality is transferred to the receiver of the message and how it shapes news reporting.

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