scholarly journals Are there gender differences in delay discounting of monetary losses?

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Adam Karbowski ◽  
Bartłomiej Wiśnicki
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Social Explanations ◽  
Curve Method ◽  
Titration Algorithm ◽  
The Individual

We investigate gender differences in delay discounting of monetary losses. 203 participants solved a discounting task based on the titration algorithm. The individual rates of delay discounting of losses were calculated with the use of AUC (Area Under the Curve) method. The results show that there is no statistically significant impact of gender on delay discounting of monetary losses. We briefly discuss possible biological and social explanations of the above finding.

An adaptive delay discounting procedure for the E-Prime programming environment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Norbury
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Hyperbolic Discounting ◽  
Programming Environment ◽  
Software Suite ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Good Agreement

Background and objective: Delayed rewards are commonly perceived as less valuable than immediate rewards, a phenomenon referred to as either delay discounting or temporal discounting. Here, an adaptive discounting procedure developed for the E-Prime programming environment and an associated analysis script implemented in Excel are described. Methods: The experimental procedure was developed in E-Prime 2.0.10.242 and an associated analysis workbook in Excel 2013. Area under the curve (AUC) and hyperbolic discounting were used to measure delay discounting.Results: Example data from a sample (n= 19, mean age 21, 14 females) are presented. There was good agreement between AUC and log k values (hyperbolic) (AUC 100 and logK 100 was r(19) = -.889, p < .001, AUC 1000 and logK 1000, r(19) = -.906, p < .001 and AUC 10000 and logK 10000, r(19) = -.872, p < .001. At the individual level, the fit of the hyperbolic discounting function to the data was generally good (R2 values ranged between .88 and .97)Conclusions: An adaptive delay discounting procedure within the E-Prime programming environment and an associated analysis script (executed in Excel) are described. This implementation, freely available to the scientific community, may be suited to laboratories with limited programming resources or experience that intend to use this software suite for developing and implementing experimental paradigms.

The True Believers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Risman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gendered Expectations

This is the first data chapter. In this chapter, respondents who are described as true believers in the gender structure, and essentialist gender differences are introduced and their interviews analyzed. They are true believers because, at the macro level, they believe in a gender ideology where women and men should be different and accept rules and requirements that enforce gender differentiation and even sex segregation in social life. In addition, at the interactional level, these Millennials report having been shaped by their parent’s traditional expectations and they similarly feel justified to impose gendered expectations on those in their own social networks. At the individual level, they have internalized masculinity or femininity, and embody it in how they present themselves to the world. They try hard to “do gender” traditionally.

Clinical Score and Machine Learning-Based Model to Predict Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism in Arterial Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1595-1604
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Buffolo ◽  
Jacopo Burrello ◽  
Alessio Burrello ◽  
Daniel Heinrich ◽  
Christian Adolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Clinical Score ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
The Individual

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the cause of arterial hypertension in 4% to 6% of patients, and 30% of patients with PA are affected by unilateral and surgically curable forms. Current guidelines recommend screening for PA ≈50% of patients with hypertension on the basis of individual factors, while some experts suggest screening all patients with hypertension. To define the risk of PA and tailor the diagnostic workup to the individual risk of each patient, we developed a conventional scoring system and supervised machine learning algorithms using a retrospective cohort of 4059 patients with hypertension. On the basis of 6 widely available parameters, we developed a numerical score and 308 machine learning-based models, selecting the one with the highest diagnostic performance. After validation, we obtained high predictive performance with our score (optimized sensitivity of 90.7% for PA and 92.3% for unilateral PA [UPA]). The machine learning-based model provided the highest performance, with an area under the curve of 0.834 for PA and 0.905 for diagnosis of UPA, with optimized sensitivity of 96.6% for PA, and 100.0% for UPA, at validation. The application of the predicting tools allowed the identification of a subgroup of patients with very low risk of PA (0.6% for both models) and null probability of having UPA. In conclusion, this score and the machine learning algorithm can accurately predict the individual pretest probability of PA in patients with hypertension and circumvent screening in up to 32.7% of patients using a machine learning-based model, without omitting patients with surgically curable UPA.

Misperceptions of Friendly Behavior as Sexual Interest: A Survey of Naturally Occurring Incidents

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Abbey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Retrospective Reports ◽  
Sexual Intent ◽  
The Individual

The studies described in this article examine retrospective reports of naturally occurring misperceptions of friendliness as sexual interest. Previous research has demonstrated that men perceive other people and situations more sexually than women do. The purpose of this research was to examine how this gender difference in perceptions of sexuality is exhibited in actual interactions between women and men. Two surveys of undergraduates were conducted. The results indicated that a large percentage of both women and men had experienced such misperceptions, although more women had than men. Most of these incidents were quickly resolved without problems; however, others involved some degree of forced sexual activity and left the individual feeling angry, humiliated, and depressed. Gender differences in the characteristics of these incidents and reactions to them are described. The implications of these findings for future research on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent are discussed.

scholarly journals Associations of adverse childhood experiences and social support with self-injurious behaviour and suicidality in adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 214 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhui Wan ◽  
Ruoling Chen ◽  
Shuangshuang Ma ◽  
Danielle McFeeters ◽  
Ying Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Individual

BackgroundThere is little investigation on the interaction effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and social support on non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in community adolescent populations, or gender differences in these effects.AimsTo examine the individual and interaction effects of ACEs and social support on NSSI, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in adolescents, and explore gender differences.MethodA school-based health survey was conducted in three provinces in China between 2013–2014. A total of 14 820 students aged 10–20 years completed standard questionnaires, to record details of ACEs, social support, NSSI, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt.ResultsOf included participants, 89.4% reported one or more category of ACEs. The 12-month prevalence of NSSI, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt was 26.1%, 17.5% and 4.4%, respectively; all were significantly associated with increased ACEs and lower social support. The multiple adjusted odds ratio of NSSI in low versus high social support was 2.27 (95% CI 1.85–2.67) for girls and 1.81 (95% CI 1.53–2.14) for boys, and their ratio (Ratio of two odds ratios, ROR) was 1.25 (P = 0.037). Girls with high ACEs scores (5–6) and moderate or low social support also had a higher risk of suicide attempt than boys (RORs: 2.34, 1.84 and 2.02, respectively; all P < 0.05).ConclusionsACEs and low social support are associated with increased risk of NSSI and suicidality in Chinese adolescents. Strategies to improve social support, particularly among female adolescents with a high number of ACEs, should be an integral component of targeted mental health interventions.Declaration of interestNone.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN BODY SELF-RELATION AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Ranjini Karthikeyan ◽  
Amiya Bhaumik
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Data ◽  
Body Self ◽  
The Individual

Body self-relation is a multidimensional construct defined by persons" perceptions of and attitudes about their body. Body image does not simply reflect the biological enrichment of the individual or the feedback received from the significant others. The way you perceive about your body is your cognitive body image. This can lead to excessive concern with body shape and weight. Behaviors in which you relate as a result of your body image encompass your behavioral body image. A study based on the gender differences in body relation relating to young adults rating the comparison in perception of both male and female data. Hundred participants of both male and female took part in answering the by Multidimensional body selfrelations questionnaire (MBSRQ-AS). Results demonstrated by Mann Whitney U test revealed that there is significant difference between male and female young adults in their relation to body self, p<0.05, (2- tailed) in appearance orientation. There is no statistical sig.>0.05 differences in the other dimensions. Therefore, this study rejects the null hypothesis in (dimension) appearance orientation and accepts the null hypothesis (dimensions) in appearance evaluation, body area satisfaction, overweight preoccupation and self-classified weight. Keywords: body self-relation; gender differences

Image evaluation and breast density categories as a function of mammary positioning in full-field digital mammography

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 868-874
Author(s):  
Irene Tomoko Nakano ◽  
Gabriel Lucca de Oliveira Salvador ◽  
Hugo Reuters Schelin ◽  
Valeriy Denyak ◽  
Helen Jamil Khoury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Density ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Full Field ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
Full Field Digital Mammography ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Background Appropriate mammary positioning is an important factor in optimizing image quality in mammography (MMG). Purpose To study the correlation of quality criteria and breast density classification proposed by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and European Guidelines and its influence to achieve a proper positioning, therefore an adequate MMG. Material and methods A total of 128 routine MMG examinations were reviewed for the definition of breast composition parenchyma and assessment of several quality criteria proposed by the ACR and European Guidelines to achieve an adequate MMG. Adequate MMG was defined as a difference between the posterior nipple line (PNL), difference of the mediolateral oblique (MLO) and craniocaudal (CC) incidences > 1 cm. The quality criteria were analyzed as a function of correlation coefficient in order to evaluate the individual impact of each factor and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all criteria. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to evaluate the performance of the criteria on each type of parenchyma. Results Negative correlation of fatty breasts and visibility of the mammary angle, a greater number of skin folds and PNL > 1 cm (r < 0). Dense MMG presented less visibility of the lateral tissue compared with other categories. Area under the curve of ROC analysis revealed values of 53.1% and 54.7% for the right and left breasts, respectively. Conclusion Several factors influenced in the MMG process, but we find that breast parenchyma has a substantial role in affecting these criteria and therefore a correct position for diagnosis, which could compromise MMG diagnostic performance.

scholarly journals Early swelling response to phytohemagglutinin is lower in older toads

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Zamora-Camacho ◽  
Mar Comas
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Innate Response ◽  
Early Immune Response ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Epidalea Calamita

The effects of age on performance of life-history traits are diverse, but a common outcome is senescence, an irreversible deterioration of physical and physiological capabilities of older individuals. Immune response is potentially bound to senescence. However, little is known about immune response ageing in amphibians. In this work, we test the hypothesis that amphibian early immune response is reduced in older individuals. To this end, we captured adult natterjack toads (Epidalea calamita) and inoculated them with phytohemagglutinin, an innocuous protein that triggers a skin-swelling immune response whose magnitude is directly proportional to the ability of the individual to mount an immune response. We measured early swelling immune response (corresponding to an innate-response stage) hourly, for six hours, and we calculated the area under the curve (AUC) for each individual’s time series, as a measure of immune response magnitude incorporating time. We estimated toad age by means of phalanx skeletochronology. Swelling and AUC decreased with age. Therefore, in accordance with our predictions, early immune response seems subject to senescence in these toads. Reduced ability to get over infections due to senescence of immune respose might be—together with a worse functioning of other organs and systems—among the causes of lower survival of older specimens.

scholarly journals Pharmacodynamic Analysis of the Activity of Quinupristin-Dalfopristin against Vancomycin-ResistantEnterococcus faecium with Differing MBCs via Time-Kill-Curve and Postantibiotic Effect Methods

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 2188-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Aeschlimann ◽  
Michael J. Rybak
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Postantibiotic Effect ◽  
Curve Method ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Kill Curve ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Time Kill

ABSTRACT Quinupristin-dalfopristin (Q-D) is a new water-soluble, semisynthetic antibiotic that is derived from natural streptogramins and that is combined in a 30:70 ratio. A number of studies have described the pharmacodynamic properties of this drug, but most have investigated only staphylococci or streptococci. We evaluated the relationship between Q-D, quinupristin (Q), and/or dalfopristin (D) susceptibility parameters and antibacterial activities against 22 clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) by using the concentration-time-kill-curve method and by measuring postantibiotic effects. Q-D, Q, and D MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) ranged from 0.125 to 1 and 0.25 to 64, 8 to 512 and >512, and 2 to 8 and 8 to 512 μg/ml, respectively. There were no significant relationships between susceptibilities to the individual components and the susceptibilities to the Q-D combination product. In the time-kill-curves studies, Q-D at a concentration of 6 μg/ml was at least bacteriostatic against all VREF tested. There was increased activity against more susceptible isolates when the isolates were grouped either by Q-D MBCs or by Q MICs. By multivariate regression analyses, the percent change in the inoculum from that at the baseline was significantly correlated with the Q MIC (R = 0.74; P = 0.008) and the Q-D concentration-to-MBC ratio (R = 0.58;P = 0.02) and was inversely correlated with the Q-D MBC-to-MIC ratio (R = 0.68; P = 0.003). A strong correlation existed between the killing rate and the Q-D concentration-to-MBC ratio (R = 0.99;P < 0.0001). Time to 99.9% killing was best correlated with the Q-D MBC (R = 0.96;P < 0.0001). The postantibiotic effect ranged from 0.2 to 3.2 h and was highly correlated with the Q-D concentration-to-MBC ratio (R = 0.96;P < 0.0001) and was less highly correlated with the Q MIC (R = 0.42; P = 0.04). Further study of these relationships with in vitro or in vivo infection models that simulate Q-D pharmacokinetics should further define the utility of these pharmacodynamic parameters in the prediction of Q-D activity for the treatment of VREF infections in humans.

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