Healthcare: The case of Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Language Fluency ◽  
Staff Shortage ◽  
Local Staff ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Technical Terms

Japan requires all of the healthcare practitioners to be qualified by national examinations and to be fluent in Japanese. Consequently, the number of immigrant workers remains very low, although Japan is faced with staff shortage. Even under the special bilateral arrangement that allows nurses and certified care workers from Indonesia and Philippines to practice temporally, there are very few who passed the Japan’s national examination: it is difficult for them to read technical terms written in Japanese, especially written in Chinese characters (Kanji). In care subsector, where wage is lower than physicians and nurses and qualifications/licenses are not necessarily required, the number of employed foreign-born residents is rapidly increased. Some local governments have started to support them to complete language and care-work courses. These facts show that language support is necessary if Japan considers that matching local staff demands is important for competitiveness. If Japan considers that development of inbound and outbound business leads to competitiveness, it is necessary for Japan to introduce systematic efforts to bring up foreign-born staffs, but language fluency requirement is not necessary in accepting foreign-born workers.

scholarly journals Ethno-cultural diversity in home care work in Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Martin-Matthews ◽  
Joanie Sims-Gould ◽  
John Naslund
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Negative Context ◽  
Home Care Workers

Worldwide, immigrant workers are responsible for much of the care provided to elderly people who require assistance with personal care and with activities of daily living. This article examines the characteristics of immigrant home care workers, and the ways in which they differ from non-migrant care workers in Canada. It considers circumstances wherein the labor of care is framed by ethno-cultural diversity between client and worker, interactions that reflect the character of this ethno-cultural diversity, and the strategies employed by workers to address issues related to this diversity. Findings from a mixed methods study of 118 workers in the metropolitan area of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, indicate that while the discriminatory context surrounding migrant home care workers persists, issues of ethno-cultural diversity in relationships are complex, and can also involve non-foreign born workers. Multi-cultural home care is not always framed in a negative context, and there often are positive aspects.

scholarly journals Pro-Poor Tourism and Local Practices: An Empirical Study of an Autonomous County in China

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110227
Author(s):  
Shixian Wen ◽  
Xiaomei Cai ◽  
Jun (Justin) Li
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Local Staff ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
Tourism Enterprises ◽  
Study Offer

Pro-poor tourism increases net benefits for the poor or directs profits back into the community by employing local staff and manufacturing. Existing studies have provided a theoretical understanding of how pro-poor tourism can produce environmental, economic, social, and cultural impacts. Little research has been conducted on the power dynamics that are specific to pro-poor tourism, especially in developing countries. This study contributes to pro-poor tourism theory from an operation-level perspective by addressing the alignment and coordination of three stakeholders—local governments, tourism enterprises, and community residents—involved in implementing pro-poor tourism in an ethnic, autonomous county in southern China. The results indicate that in the absence of effective cooperation between the three major stakeholders in strategic tourism development aimed at poverty alleviation, substantially greater benefits will not be delivered to the poor. The findings of this study offer important insights into the roles that stakeholders could play at various stages of sustainable development in the long run. This study can also provide useful information to governments for policy replacements and adjustments.

Academic Labor: Who Cares?

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Cardozo
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Disparate Impact ◽  
Contingent Labor ◽  
Tenure System ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Academic Labor ◽  
Diversity Issues ◽  
Labor Issues ◽  
Predominantly Female

This article analyzes the neoliberal turn to contingent labor in academe, specifically the development of a ‘teaching-only’ sector, through the lens of feminist, interdisciplinary and intersectional studies of care work. Integrating discourses on faculty contingency and diversity with care scholarship reveals that the construction of a casualized and predominantly female teaching class in higher education follows longstanding patterns of devaluing socially reproductive work under capitalism. The devaluation of care may also have a disparate impact on the advancement of women within the tenure system. In short, academic labor issues are also diversity issues. To re-value those who care, intersectional alliances must be forged not only between faculty sectors, but also among faculty, care workers in other industries, and members of society who benefit from caring labor.

Care-Arbeit und Care-Berufe

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 452-458
Author(s):  
Martin Werding
Keyword(s):  
Wage Gap ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Private Households ◽  
A Value ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Professional Care

Abstract Care work can be provided in various forms and in differing institutional settings, ranging from private households over social networks and charitable organizations to public or private entities employing professional care persons. All these forms of care work create a value-added, but are subject to very different economic conditions. Focusing on professional care and building on German micro-data, the article shows preliminary evidence that there might be a »care wage-gap«, i.e., a systematic disadvantage of care workers compared to other professions in terms of their remuneration. It points out how this presumption could be thoroughly scrutinized and suggests possible reasons - among other things, the existence of informal care - that could be tested in subsequent steps.

Formal and informal long term care work: policy conflict in a liberal welfare state

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 134-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Murphy ◽  
Thomas Turner
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Informal Care ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Formal Care ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Informal Carers

Purpose The undervaluing of care work, whether conducted informally or formally, has long been subject to debate. While much discussion, and indeed reform has centred on childcare, there is a growing need, particularly in countries with ageing populations, to examine how long-term care (LTC) work is valued. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the way in which employment policies (female labour market participation, retirement age, and precarious work) and social policies (care entitlements and benefits/leave for carers) affect both informal carers and formal care workers in a liberal welfare state with a rapidly ageing population. Design/methodology/approach Drawing the adult worker model the authors use the existing literature on ageing care and employment to examine the approach of a liberal welfare state to care work focusing on both supports for informal carers and job quality in the formal care sector. Findings The research suggests that employment policies advocating increased labour participation, delaying retirement and treating informal care as a form of welfare are at odds with LTC strategies which encourage informal care. Furthermore, the latter policy acts to devalue formal care roles in an economic sense and potentially discourages workers from entering the formal care sector. Originality/value To date research investigating the interplay between employment and LTC policies has focused on either informal or formal care workers. In combining both aspects, we view informal and formal care workers as complementary, interdependent agents in the care process. This underlines the need to develop social policy regarding care and employment which encompasses the needs of each group concurrently.

scholarly journals Pelatihan uji kompetensi keahlian siswa sekolah kejuruan menggunakan metode Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Yupi Kuspandi Putra ◽  
◽  
Muhamad Sadali ◽  
Fathurrahman Fathurrahman ◽  
Mahpuz Mahpuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Participatory Learning ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Competency Training ◽  
Participatory Learning And Action ◽  
Academic Units ◽  
Vocational High Schools

National examination for skills competency at vocational high schools is held annually by the central government. The implementation of the national examination is one of the determinants of graduation apart. A national examination is also used for three other things: mapping, selecting to a higher level, and providing assistance or affirmation to the regions. Local governments can also use the national examination to mapping the achievements' standards for students, academic units, and regions. This community service aims to help students increase students' readiness and expertise in solving the national exam for competency skills in the multimedia field. This activity's target is the XII grade students of SMK NW Wanasaba, the main partners. This activity's target and output is the development of skills to work on skills competency National Examination questions, which are skills. The method is Participatory Learning and Action (PLA). This activity was providing practical knowledge and skills to students of SMK NW Wanasaba. This expertise competency training, especially in the multimedia field, can help students prepare for expertise competency exams to get maximum results and improve student competence.

scholarly journals ‘It’s a real fine balancing act’: directly employed care workers’ experiences of engaging with health services

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Wilcock ◽  
Jill Manthorpe ◽  
Jo Moriarty ◽  
Steve Iliffe
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health And Well Being

Little is known of the experiences of directly employed care workers communicating with healthcare providers about the situations of their employers. We report findings from 30 in-depth semi-structured interviews with directly employed care workers in England undertaken in 2018–19. Findings relate to role content, communication with healthcare professionals and their own well-being. Directly employed care workers need to be flexible about the tasks they perform and the changing needs of those whom they support. Having to take on health liaison roles can be problematic, and the impact of care work on directly employed workers’ own health and well-being needs further investigation.

scholarly journals Gendered Articulations of Control and Care on Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katinka Linnamäki
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
System Of Care ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Government

The purpose of this paper is to examine the Hungarian Fidesz-KDNP government´s discursive practices of control and care during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper researches the Hungarian government’s communication on the official Hungarian COVID-19 Facebook page during the first wave of the pandemic. Its aim is to answer the question how the Hungarian government articulated control and care to reinforce sedimented gendered division of care work and institutions of control to tackle the potential disruption of the system of care before the widespread vaccination of the elderly population was available in the country. The paper argues that the pandemic has allowed the government to exert control in areas, such as the crisis in the workforce market and health care system, as well as in the destabilized system of care work. The main finding is that in the material the government performs control over care work, whose intensified discussion during the pandemic could lead to a potential disruption within the illiberal logic on two different levels. First, physical care work related to immediate physical needs, like hunger, clothing, pain enacted by female shoppers, female health care workers and female social workers, is newly defined during the pandemic as local, family-bound and a naturally female task. Second, the government articulates care work, either as potentially harmful (for the elderly population and thus indirectly to the government’s familialist politics), or as vulnerable and in need of protection from outside influences (portrayed through the interaction of health care workers and “hospital commanders”). This enables the government to perform full state control over care workers through the mobilization of police and military masculinity and to strengthen and re-naturalize the already existing hierarchies between traditional gender roles from a new perspective during the pandemic. This state of affairs highlights the vulnerability both of the elderly population, on whom its familialism builds, and of the system of informal care work, which builds on the unpaid care work of female citizens, who paradoxically are also articulated as potential harm for the elderly and for the system.

Culture, institution and diverse approaches to care and care work in East Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ito Peng
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Institutional History ◽  
Family Responsibility ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Private Market ◽  
Care Economy ◽  
Policy Incentives

This article describes two broad approaches to care and care work within a spectrum of approaches that are evident in East Asia: one that accepts care as a core public policy agenda, and tries to leverage it as a potential engine to activate the incipient care economy; and the other, that sees care as strictly private family responsibility, and hence opts to partially underwrite the familial care with a mix of tax and policy incentives through the private market – including creating channels for families to outsource care to foreign migrant care workers. The author uses elder care policies to illustrate ways in which socio-cultural ideas and institutional history shape national policies, and how these policies in turn shape ways in which care is delivered, and care work organized within the family and in the market.

Japan

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Yumi Shindo ◽  
Akira Homma
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Care Services ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
Set Up

There are two strengths of dementia care services available in Japan. One strength is the creation of the Integrated Community Care System, which aims to provide various services that the elderly might need within their areas of residence. It is the responsibility of local governments to set up the ICCS, because each community has different social resources, as well as differences in the local population and the number of elderly individuals. The other strength lies in the various educational opportunities in dementia available to medical and long-term care professionals. In 2001, the national government introduced educational programmes for care workers in the field of dementia care. In addition, educational programmes for medical doctors, managers of facilities/service centres for people with dementia, medical professionals working in hospitals, pharmacists, and dentists are currently provided under the government’s policies.

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