scholarly journals The biology of flesh fly, Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
MZR Majumder ◽  
Mohan Kumar Dash ◽  
Rafia Akhtar Khan ◽  
Humayun Reza Khan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Posterior Spiracle ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Egg Shell

The biology of Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was studied in the laboratory (25 ± 5ºC, R.H. 70 ± 10% and 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle ). There were four definite life stages, such as egg, larva, pupa and adult, in its life cycle. The mean duration of the life cycle was 13.19 ± 1.32 days. The egg was creamy white color, cylindrical, rounded at both ends. The egg shell was comparatively thick and hard. There were three larval instars. The larvae of B. peregrina were acephalous and apodus type. The transparent 12 segmented larva possessed a pair of mouth hook, bands of small backwardly directed black micro spines, a pair of prothorasic spiracle and a pair of posterior spiracle. The 1st larvae were relatively more transparent at the time of hatching. The second instar larvae were voracious feeder. The body size increased largely during the third instar. They were deep creamy to pale brownish in color. The pupae of B. peregrina were coarctate adecticous type. The posterior end of the puparium was rounded and the anterior end was slightly pointed. The adults were metallic brown in color. The males were smaller in size than the females. The mean incubation period was 11.6 ± 2.70 hours, and the larval, post-feeding and pupal periods were 102.22 ± 7.85 hours, 75.4 ± 3.57 hours, and 5.81 ± 1.30 days, respectively. The longevity of the mated male and female adults (36.9 ± 2.46 days and 27.2 ± 2.25 days, respectively) were more than that of the unmated ones (23.6 ± 2.25 days and 18.3 ± 1.5 days, respectively). The protein fed adults lived longer than the protein unfed ones.The male always lived longer than the female. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i2.14312 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(2): 189-196, 2012

Applying skin-size limits for management of trade in Asian reptile skins

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Daniel J. D. Natusch ◽  
Jessica A. Lyons ◽  
Mumpuni ◽  
Awal Riyanto ◽  
Syarifah Khadiejah
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Size Limits ◽  
Harvest Sustainability ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract ContextEach year, millions of reptile skins are commercially exported from Southeast Asia for exotic leathers. Quotas are commonly used to regulate this trade, but quotas are sometimes exceeded and do little to ensure harvest sustainability. AimsTo explore the relationship between the size of live pythons and their skins, and to assess whether skin measurements can be used to enforce the application of limits on the size of harvested snakes. MethodsWe measured the body size of three heavily harvested python species (Malayopython reticulatus, Python breitensteini and Python brongersmai) in Indonesia and Malaysia and examined the relationship with skin length, skin width, the size of the ventral scale and its adjacent dorsal scale. Key resultsMeasurements of 2261 pythons showed strong relationships between the size of live pythons and measurements made on their skins. Skins can be stretched 30% longer than the body length of snakes from which they came and inter-facility and country differences in stretching technique result in different relationships between the sizes of live snakes and the measurements made on their skins. Male and female Malayopython reticulatus differed in their skin dimensions relative to the size of the live snake, but these differences were minor. ConclusionsDespite variations in stretching techniques, in functional terms, this variation is minor (maximum 3.5% relative to each mean measurement) and does not limit application of skin sizes for regulating trade within an acceptable level of error. However, differences in the stretched length of Indonesian and Malaysian skins were much greater (5.9% of the mean length of skins), and, thus, each country should apply its own limits and predictive tools. ImplicationsThe strong relationship between the skin size and the size of the live snake offers great potential for regulating trade by using skin-size limits. Inspection of the size of skins can be used to enforce harvest-size limits and focus harvesting away from sexes and life stages most critical for population persistence. This management tool has numerous advantages over current regulatory practices (quotas) and should be considered for management of trade in Asian reptile skins.

The influence of nutrition on egg-production and longevity in unmated female body-lice (Pediculus humanus corporis: Anoplura)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unmated Female ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Lice

1. Isolated unmated female body-lice were worn in pillboxes between the skin and the clothes. They were kept constantly on the body but, by a simple device, groups of ten were permitted feeding periods of different length. These groups were fed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. per day respectively. Another group of ten were never allowed to feed after the last moult.2. Some of the figures for egg yield were high. Lice in the 24 hr. group were able to maintain a rate of ten eggs per day for 4−5 days at a time.3. No significant difference in longevity or rate of egg-laying was found to exist between the 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. groups nor between the 4 and 8 hr. groups but a pronounced and significant difference exists between the 8 and 12 hr. groups. Below 12 hr. there is a sharp fall in longevity and rate of egg production. The unfed group all died, without laying, on the third day.4. The rate of laying as shown by the mode increases progressively with increase in time allowed daily for feeding.5. With regard to the mean eggs per louse the position is less clear. It is felt that the 24 hr. group may differ significantly from the 12, 16 and 20 hr. groups but this is uncertain.

The rumen as a water store in sheep

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Hecker ◽  
OE Budtz-Olsen ◽  
M Ostwald
Keyword(s):  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Made In

The rumen fluid volume in sheep was measured by the method of phenol red dilution. Serial determinations made in 22 sheep deprived of food and water for up to 8 days showed that the greatest decrease in rumen fluid volume occurred during the first 2–3 days, the magnitude of the decrease depending on the initial volume. After the third day, the rate of loss of rumen fluid became slower as the rumen fluid volume became depleted. Sheep deprived of food only gave similar results to those deprived of both food and water. This absorption of rumen fluid during the first 2–3 days of food and water deprivation may account for the expansion of plasma volume which has been recorded on the third day. In a group of eight sheep deprived of food and water for 4 days, the mean rumen volume loss for the period amounted to about half the body weight loss. These results support the view that in the sheep, the water balance of the body proper is kept virtually unaltered by fluid drawn from the alimentary tract during the first days of water deprivation. The animal does not become dehydrated, in the physiological sense, until this reserve is depleted. For this reason, the rumen may be regarded as a water "store" in sheep.

scholarly journals Study on the biology of groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus Olivier [Coleoptera: Bruchidae] on stored groundnut in Ganye area, Adamawa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-276
Author(s):  
C.S. Oaya
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Incubation Stage ◽  
Caryedon Serratus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Life

Abstract. Study on the biology of groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus Olivier was carried out in the Laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State from June to September, 2015. The sex of the bruchid (male and female) was assigned the sub-treatment while the period of development was the main treatment and was replicated three times. The work considered the pre-oviposition stage, incubation stage, larval stage, pupal stage, adult stage and the total life cycle of the bruchid (male and female). The experiment was carried out under Laboratory conditions at 30-35°C temperature and 70-90% relative humidity. After the experiment was established, weekly counting of the total number of eggs laid was carried out at intervals. The results showed that, the mean developmental stages in both female and male bruchids were: 6.50 and 6.00 days; 17.00 and 18.00 days; 13.50 and 13.50 days; 12.00 and 13.50 days; 48.00 and 50.00 days for incubation stage, larval stage, pupal stage, adult stage and total life cycle of the bruchids, respectively. Moreover, the mean pre-oviposition and oviposition stages in female adult bruchid were 1.50 and 5.50 days, respectively.

scholarly journals Duration of life-cycle of three parasitic hymenoptera on Saissetia oleαe (Bernard) growing on two different host plants.

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
M.V. Macropodi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Correlation Equation ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
The Third ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Release Area ◽  
The Mean

In this work the duration of the life-cycle of Metaphycus helvolus (Comp.) (parasite mainly on the third stage), Μetaphycus affinis stanley (Comp.) (parasite mainly on the third stage) and Μetaphycus lounsburyi (How.) (parasite mainly on the fourth stage) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on S. οleae, developed on different substrates, i.e. potato sprouts and plants of Nerium oleander, under laboratory conditions was determined. Among the Hymenoptera parasitizing S. oleae on Corfu, M, helvolus and M. lounsburyi, are of particular importance M. affinis stanley was introduced in Corfu in 1976 and despite the fact that the population of S. οleae in the release area was practically eliminated from other factors shortly after the release of the parasite, there is evidence that the parasite was finally established. The above parasites can be successfully reared on S. οleae developed both on potato sprouts and Nerium oleander. The study was carried out at 23±1°C, 65-70% R.H. and 12 hours of artificial light per day. For each species, 3 potato sprouts and three plants of Nerium oleander in pots infested with S. οleae were placed in each 60X30X40 cm cage. The host insects were oviposited in by adult parasites introduced into the cages and left there for two days. The number of emerging adult parasites in each cage was recorded daily (a total number of adults emerged per cage varied from 23 to 195) and the time taken for 50% emergence was calculated from the correlation equation by plotting the cumulative percentage of adults emerged against time. For M. helvolus the mean duration time of the life cycle was estimated to be 19.4 days on scales developed on potato sprouts and 15.1 days on scales developed on N. oleander. For M. affinis stanley the relevant estimates were 18.8 days and 23.4 days, respectively, while for M. lounsburvi the estimates were 21.3 and 18.6 days, respectively. For M. helvolus and M. lounsburyi the duration of the life cycle was shorter when the host insect developed on Nerium plants than on potato sprouts. For M. affinis stanley the reverse was true. These differences show the effect of the host of S. oleae on the time of development of the parasites, possibly reflecting the differences of the scale insect developed on different hosts as food quality for the parasites.

Morphometric and morphological characteristics for identifying the life stages of Xiphinema bakeri Williams, 1961 (Nematoda: Longidorinae)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Sutherland ◽  
T. G. Dunn ◽  
N. Bruce F. Cousens
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Clear Area ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Tail Shape ◽  
Tail Tip

Several morphometric and morphological characteristics were evaluated to determine their usefulness in identifying the life stages of Xiphinema bakeri. The stages can be identified by length of the body, onchiostylet, and replacement stylet of larvae. These values increase lineally from first-stage larva to adult, and fall into five groups corresponding to the nematodes' four larval stages and adult. Each stage has a specific tail-tip shape, which gradually changes from subacute in the first and second stages to subdigitate in adults. At lower magnifications, the body length and the tail shape, used in combination, are best for identification. First-stage larvae also have the replacement stylet overlapping the stylet extension, distinguishing them from the second stage. Frequently the immature vagina of fourth-stage larvae appears as a clear area in the body; this helps to separate them from the third stage.

scholarly journals Significance of Sacral Index in Estimation of Sex in Sacra of Cadavers in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
AHM Mostafa Kamal ◽  
Shamim Ara ◽  
Md Mesbahul Hoque ◽  
Khadeza Khatun ◽  
Kazi Afzalur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pelvic Bone ◽  
Digital Slide ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Mean

Context : The bones of the body are the last to pass away after death, next to enamel of teeth. Hence, in establishing the personal identity with respect to sex, age and stature, medico legal experts, anatomists and anthropologists use the skeletal materials for giving their opinion. Sex-dependent differences have been noted in the pelvic bone anatomy, and so differences exist in male and female sacrum. The aim of this study was to collect data regarding morphometric measurements of maximum length and breadth of sacrum and to find out possible variations of sacral index in different individuals in relation to sex. Material and Methods: A Cross-sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on 172 (one hundred seventy two) adult human dry sacra of unknown sex. The study samples were distributed in male and female sex groups by discriminant function analysis. All the samples were studied morphologically. Sacral length and breadth were measured with the help of digital slide calipers. Result : The mean sacral index in male and female were 97.88±6.16 % and 112.69±10.17 % respectively. Female has the greater sacral index than male (P<0.001) Conclusion: Sexing of sacrum, by sacral index method is relevant and significant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20502 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 11-14

scholarly journals On the comparative osteological forms in the adult euro­pean male and female of the human species

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 207-207
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Human Skeleton ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual

With a view to the future investigation of the osteological developement of the human race, the author gives, in the present paper, the results of a great number of measurements, which he has very carefully made, of the dimensions of the different bones composing the adult human skeleton. The male bones examined were those in the collection of Dr. Monro 3 the female bones were furnished by Dr. Hamilton. The author was anxious to fix on some one dimen­sion in the skeleton which might be taken as the standard of all the measurements: and finding that no bone of the trunk or limbs pos­sessed the requisite characters for that purpose, he sought for it in the cranium; and the result of an extensive series of observations led him to adopt as the standard of measure the distance between the prolongations of the zygomatic ridges, immediately over the meatus auditorius externus, as being that dimension which was less liable to variation than any other of the human cranium. This line he deno­minates the auricular transverse ; and, adopting a scale of which the unit is the 14th part of this line, being generally about the third of an inch, he states at length, in multiples of this unit, the dimensions, in different directions, of almost every bone in the skeleton; noting more especially the differences that occur in those of the two sexes. Of these measurements, which are given in much detail, and in many instances arranged in a tabular form, it is impossible to give any abridgement. The conclusion he deduces from his inquiry is, that every bone in the body exhibits certain modifications, according to the sex of the individual.

scholarly journals One Possible Cause for the Frequent Occurrence and Nonunion of Type II Odontoid Fracture 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixin Dong ◽  
Yong Hu ◽  
Jian-bin Zhong ◽  
Zhen-shan Yuan ◽  
Bing-ke Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Odontoid Fracture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ct Value ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Possible Cause

Abstract Background. To analyze the underlying causes of frequent occurrence and nonunion of type II odontoid fracture.Methods. CT scans along with 3D imaging software (Mimics software) were used to measure the bone density of the axis. The axis was divided into three parts, including the odontoid of the axis (the first part), the base of the odontoid (the second part) and the body of the axis (the third part). The CT value of the axis was measured and analyzed in different axial planes from top to bottom, followed by calculation and comparison of the mean CT value of the three parts of the axis.Results. The mean CT value of the odontoid (the first part), base of the odontoid (the second part) and body of the axis (the third part) was 651.35±188.32, 318.38±98.82 and 397.45±93.59, respectively. In addition, the interval variation of CT value of different axial planes was initially decreased and further increased with the change of axial planes from top to bottom.Conclusion. The mean CT value of the base of the odontoid was significantly lower than that of the odontoid or the body of the axis. Therefore, the base of the odontoid was the transition region of shape and bone density, which may be one possible cause for the frequent occurrence and nonunion in the type II odontoid fracture in axis fracture.

scholarly journals Light-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of Genes of Biogeochemical Interest in the Diploid and Haploid Life Cycle Stages of Emiliania huxleyi

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 3366-3369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Richier ◽  
Marie-Emmanuelle Kerros ◽  
Colomban de Vargas ◽  
Liti Haramaty ◽  
Paul G. Falkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Life Cycle Stages

ABSTRACT The expression of genes of biogeochemical interest in calcifying and noncalcifying life stages of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi was investigated. Transcripts potentially involved in calcification were tested through a light-dark cycle. These transcripts were more abundant in calcifying cells and were upregulated in the light. Their application as potential candidates for in situ biogeochemical proxies is also suggested.

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